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Contents
- Abstract
- Observations of Disgust-Like Behavior in Chimpanzees
- Experimental Investigations of Disgust-Like Behavior in Primates
- The Present Study
- Method
- Overview
- Participants
- Time observing great apes
- Locations of stations/facilities/zoos
- Target group of apes
- Survey
- Domains of great ape aversions
- Pathogen disgust and Ape Aversions Scale
- Results
- 14-Item Ape Aversions Scale
- Approach to analysis
- Time observing and Ape Aversions Scale
- Respondents’ disgust sensitivity and Ape Aversions Scale
- Captive versus wild apes
- Chimpanzees
- Gorillas, orangutans, and bonobos
- Domains of Aversion
- Analysis of Open Responses to Domains of Aversions
- Taste
- Instances of expelling bad tasting substances
- Other behavior accompanying bad tasting substances
- Summary of open responses for the domain of taste
- Smell
- Instances of withdrawing after sniffing a putrid odor
- Other behavior accompanying bad smelling objects
- Summary of open responses for the domain of smell
- Contamination
- Instances of avoiding desirable food/objects that have been in contact with undesirable food/object (contamination avoid)
- Other behavior accompanying contaminated food/objects
- Attempts to neutralize contaminated desirable food/objects (contamination neutralize)
- Social contamination
- Social contamination expressive and neutralizing behavior
- Additional comments on social contamination
- Summary of open responses for the domains of contamination and social contamination
- Tool sharing
- Additional comments on tool sharing
- Summary of open responses for the domain of tool sharing
- Contact with body products
- Other behavior accompanying contact with body products
- Contact with conspecifics’ body products versus contact with own body products
- Additional comments on contact with body products
- Summary of open responses for the domain of contact with body products
- Coprophagy
- Summary of open responses for the domain of coprophagy
- Final comments from respondents about disgust in great apes
- Discussion
- Evidence of Disgust-Like Behavior in Great Apes
- Muted Expression of Disgust-Like Behavior in Great Apes
- Expressions, Sex, and Age
- Why Is Disgust-Like Behavior Muted in Great Apes?
- Strengths and Limitations
- Future Research
- Conclusion
Figures and Tables
Abstract
Intrinsic to an evolved disease avoidance account of disgust is Darwin’s assumption of continuity between the emotional lives of humans and animals. However, beyond the case of avoiding stimuli that taste bad, there has been little exploration of the existence of basic disgust...