Predictors of Mortality in Light Chain Cardiac Amyloidosis with Heart Failure

Abstract

Cardiac involvement in systemic amyloidosis (AL) occurs in ~50% of all AL patients. However once symptomatic heart failure develops, therapeutic options are limited thereby conferring a poor overall prognosis. The median survival is <6 months when AL patients are untreated for the underlying plasma cell dyscrasia. We thus sought to identify risk factors of increased mortality in treatment-naïve, AL cardiac amyloidosis with heart failure. Patients with biopsy-proven AL cardiac amyloid, who presented with heart failure and did not received prior AL treatment, were enrolled between 2004–2014, at the initial visit to the Amyloidosis Center at Boston University Medical Center. Routine laboratory tests, physical examination and echocardiography data were collected. There were 165 predominantly white (76.4%), and male (61%) patients, with a mean age of 61.6 ± 9.5 years. Median survival was 10.9 months (95% CI 6.2–14.7). By multivariate analysis increased relative wall thickness (RWT) [HR 6.70; 95% CI 2.45–18.30), older age (HR 1.04; 95% CI 1.01–1.06), higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (HR 1.50; 95% CI 1.02–2.2), log brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels (HR 1.45; 95% CI 1.15–1.81) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (HR 1.02; 95% CI 1.00–1.04) were significant predictors for increased mortality. In conclusion, in treatment-naïve, AL cardiac amyloidosis patients with heart failure symptoms who lack these high-risk features may have a better outcome. These findings might allow for better risk stratification although outcomes are still poor.