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1. Introduction
Measuring plays an important role in manufacturing industries. Various measurement equipment and instruments have been developed in past years (Pottmann and Wallner, 1999; Katsuki et al., 2011; Tianci et al., 2022; Sommer et al., 2022; Guo et al., 2021). According to sensors, the existing measuring instruments can be categorized into tactile and non-contact measurements. The tactile measuring instruments like Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) have been widely applied in engineering domains, which are high in both reliability and measurement accuracy within the context of dimensional inspection, but they are limited in measuring speed, measurement point density and the measurement surface complexity and are unsuitable for on-machine measuring and automatic measuring since they have a large space requirement and high requirements in work environment, and many researches were conducted for the error compensation of CMMs. In general application case, CMMs are applied on the good operation environment without vibration and noise. To reduce the influences of vibration as an environmental factor on measurement accuracy, a reference part-based measurement model are developed and added into a CMM library and an auto-learning algorithm was proposed to reduce the required process time (Mohammadi et al., 2020, 2022).
As a contrast, non-contact measuring instruments like optical sensors generally have an adequate integration and a lower cost. A major drawback is low in measurement reliability and unknown in measurement uncertainties. They usually are dependent on the surface properties and measuring strategy. As a result, most of optical measuring instruments like white light interferometer, structured light, and focus variation can only be used for measurements orthogonal to the surface for roughness measurement or measurement of small distances (Seokbae et al., 2002). Fortunately, different from general non-contact sensors, laser sensors can achieve high speed and accuracy and have been widely applied in industry, such as online measurement on welding robot for seam tracing (Rout et al., 2022). A laser sensor-based instrument for additive manufacturing was developed, in which a measure path is planned to digitize the part to ensure the shape deviation (Bordron et al., 2019). Since laser sensors, integrated with a light source, are larger in size and unsuitable to measure small diameter hole, few of works are conducted on the laser measurement...