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Abstract
Situated at over 5,000 meters above sea level in the Himalayan Mountains, Roopkund Lake is home to the scattered skeletal remains of several hundred individuals of unknown origin. We report genome-wide ancient DNA for 38 skeletons from Roopkund Lake, and find that they cluster into three distinct groups. A group of 23 individuals have ancestry that falls within the range of variation of present-day South Asians. A further 14 have ancestry typical of the eastern Mediterranean. We also identify one individual with Southeast Asian-related ancestry. Radiocarbon dating indicates that these remains were not deposited simultaneously. Instead, all of the individuals with South Asian-related ancestry date to ~800 CE (but with evidence of being deposited in more than one event), while all other individuals date to ~1800 CE. These differences are also reflected in stable isotope measurements, which reveal a distinct dietary profile for the two main groups.
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1 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; The Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
2 Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
3 Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
4 Deccan College, Pune, India
5 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
6 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
7 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
8 Institutes of Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
9 Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
10 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Jena, Germany
11 Anthropological Survey of India, North West Regional Centre, Dehradun, India
12 CSIR Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
13 Gautam Budh Health Care Foundation, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
14 Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
15 CSIR Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
16 The Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA