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The purpose of this article is to provide organized, synthesized information related to initiatives throughout the world based on knowledge-based development (KBD) such as knowledge cities (KCs), knowledge regions, and knowledge countries. A compilation of information on the topic "knowledge cities" and other topics related to knowledge-based development is presented in 8 sections: 1. a glossary of KC-related terms, 2. a list of knowledge-based development initiatives, 3. a list of associations and organizations related to the topic, 4. a list of urban KBD-related value dimensions and their indicators, 5. a list of international rankings, 6. a list of special editions on KCs, 7. a bibliography, and 8. a directory of related sites on the Internet. This effort resulted in a public service available at the World Wide Web. The information included in this compilation is limited mainly to public domain information available throughout Internet in both English and Spanish, as well as in selected databases.
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Abstract The purpose of this article is to provide organized, synthesized information related to initiatives throughout the world based on knowledge-based development (KBD) such as knowledge cities (KCs), knowledge regions, and knowledge countries. A first search was conducted using the Internet and specialized databases under the keywords "knowledge cities". The information compiled led to other related keywords which branched out the search. All resulting information was then collated and integrated into a number of categories all unified under the field of knowledge-based development. A compilation of information on the topic "knowledge cities" and other topics related to knowledge-based development. The information is presented in eight sections: a glossary of KC-related terms, a list of knowledge-based development initiatives, a list of associations and organizations related to the topic, a list of urban KBD-related value dimensions and their indicators, a list of international rankings, a list of special editions on KCs, a bibliography, and a directory of related sites on the Internet. This effort resulted in a public service available at the World Wide Web. The information included in this compilation is limited mainly to public domain information available throughout Internet in both English and Spanish, as well as in selected databases.
Keywords Knowledge management, Development
The idea of creating this compilation came during a graduate course on capital systems which is part of the KM specialization program at Tecnológico de Monterrey. During the project we received advice and technical support from Professor Javier Carrillo who taught the course and Mónica Espinosa who is Relational Capital Manager at the Center for Knowledge Systems (CKS) of the same institution. This project has now evolved into a public consultation service available on the lnternet[1j.
This compilation provides information from the Internet and specialized databases (Emerald, Factiva and Taylor & Francis Group) of knowledge-based development initiatives throughout the world such as knowledge cities, knowledge regions and knowledge countries.
The information is classified into the following eight categories: glossary of terms; KBD initiatives; associations and international organizations; urban KBD-related value dimensions; rankings; special editions; bibliography; and electronic references.
The information presented in this compilation is that which was available in the public domain and selected databases up to the time of writing of this work.
Glossary of terms
In this section, ideas expressed about a number of KC-related topics are collected. For each topic, a number of definitions or clarifying concepts by one or more authors are provided. Also, related concepts offered by some authors are synthesized.
We believe that this part is relevant because it lays down the foundations for the understanding of "knowledge cities" and provides a framework for making sense of the information presented in the following sections.
Many of the terms are similar in meaning because they present the same idea according to different points of view or they describe projects at different levels of government. Terms are ordered alphabetically, except "knowledge city" which is the first we introduce because its precedence upon the rest.
Knowledge city (KC)
For the Australian firm SGS the term KC is short hand for a regional economy driven by high value added exports created through research, technology and brainpower[2]. Edvinsson defines knowledge city as "a city that is purposefully designed to encourage the nurturing of knowledge[3]". We suggest that a KC is one that searches for the creation of value in all its areas and develops high standards of life, cultural support and economic development, among other aspects. Compared to other cities in advanced economies, we have found that KCs invest significantly more of the community's income in education, training and research.
Based in different viewpoints[4], we propose the following common KC attributes
* creation of more rewarding and well paid employment;
* faster growth in community income and wealth;
* a more sustainable economy;
* promotion of measured risk taking that helps build an entrepreneurial culture;
* creation and innovation are central elements of its development;
* constant connection between universities/enterprise/creators;
* leader in cultural production and the culture industry
* instruments that make knowledge accessible to citizen;
* access to the new communication technologies for all citizens;
* network of school connected;
* leader in the incorporation of premise of the digital area;
* an urban design and architecture that incorporate the new technologies;
* uses and exploits its monumental, architectural and natural heritage as one of its main factors of attractiveness; and
* improved capacity to improve and repair the environment, and greater community commitment to pro-environment decision making.
SGS identifies seven key success factors; skills; research excellence; networks of commercial influence; a business culture which is at once collaborative and competitive; infrastructure for connectivity; market access and awareness; and open, tolerant and merit based culture and inclusive society.
Carrillo[5] suggests the following KC success factors for KBD initiatives:
* a leadership committed, above all, with the sustainable wellbeing of its community;
* a critical mass of change agents having a sufficient understanding of the qualitative differences of KBD;
* a conceptual and technical capacity to articulate and develop the social system of capitals;
* a rigorous and transparent state of knowledge-based social capital;
* a series of strategic initiatives to reach an optimal capital balance, feeding on best global practices; and
* an international network of relationships with leading entities in knowledge-based innovation.
Other related terms such as knowledge village, knowledge island, knowledge region, knowledge country, etc., are subsumed within the concept of KC for the purpose of this work.
Emerging-technology city
Kotkin and DeVoI suggest that emerging-technology cities have the following characteristics: "Populations are near or less than 500,000 persons offer several advantages to firms, knowledge workers and entrepreneurs over their first-tier counterparts. These include far lower costs of living, a supportive business environment and an often concerted effort by local officials and business leaders to lure and nurture new industries. These cities excel in making products or services based upon an infrastructure and supply network that supports high value-added, cost-effective production. World-class manufacturers gravitate toward execution cities[6]".
Indicator
Indicators represent the status of a group of people, objects, institutions, or elements under study. The indicators are pieces of information that summarize the characteristics of a system. The role of an indicator is to make complex systems understandable or perceivable. An indicator or an indicating group of aid to determine where one is, to where one goes away, and what so far one is of selected goals[7].
Innovative region
According to a Heinz Endowments report, the geographic clustering of people, companies, and institutions is a powerful mechanism for transferring and augmenting personal knowledge quickly, Sharing knowledge, skills, and experience is simply easier when the components of the learning network are in the same place[8].
Intelligent city
Toh, from the IDA, indicates that in an intelligent city, the government has the responsibility to ensure the community has access to advanced information and communication services. Additionally, she suggests that intelligent cities work towards positioning their citizens, businesses and public-sector to prosper in the information age. She also thinks that this kind of cities embrace the growth industries of tomorrow and work to create the advanced infrastructure of telecommunications and IT needed to gain a competitive edge in attracting these growth industries that create a knowledge-based economy[9].
Knowledge-based development
Carrillo[10] suggests that KBD is a theoretical and technical field which itself derived from the convergence of a discipline and a movement. According to him, it has three levels: (1) social knowledge infrastructure; (2) human capital development; and (3) development of the social capital system. He further suggests that KBD is consolidating as a strategic approach in regions and countries which have achieved the highest levels of sustainability[11],
Knowledge cluster
According to Arbonies and Mosso[12], a structure to acquire and disseminate knowledge. Structure of co-operation that includes all actors of the innovation system in a country or region. These authors describe it as a network of universities, business schools, management consultants, and other service providers including agencies, public bodies promoting economic development and, lastly, companies and their associations. They suggest that the rationale behind such a heterogeneous range of members is one of the key points and distinctive features of the knowledge cluster.
Knowledge society
In the "Panel to give shape to 'knowledge society' concept", Venkatasubramanian[13] mentioned that a knowledge society makes greater use of technology of information and communication technologies and increase skills and knowledge of people to achieve social and individual development. Drucker[14] suggest that in a knowledge society the access to the acquisition of knowledge will no longer be dependent on obtaining a prescribed education at any given age.
Learning region
Stavrou[15], Deputy Director Cedefop European Forum for Local Development and Employment, has mentioned that the distinctive feature of a learning region is "the co-operation between different actors, i.e. educational bodies, research and development agencies, statutory bodies, enterprises and non-governmental organizations ('civil society') - in 'learning together' on how to devise solutions and produce new knowledge to address local needs". Also, "A learning region is harnessing knowledge and expertise from disparate sources for the achievement of a common goal. The learning which characterizes a learning region is focused on implementing common actions. It is 'collective learning by doing' ".
Network cities
According to D'Auria[16], network cities are connections between cities. This author explains how these networks can be of different nature and of different importance. He explains that in modern conceptions of cities, these networks play an important role in understanding the nature of cities. He also suggests that networks cities can be physical connections to other places, such as railways, canals, or scheduled flights. Furthermore, D'Auria indicates that networks cities also exist in immaterial form, such as trade, global finance, markets, migration, cultural links, shared social spaces or shared histories.
Smart community
According to the World Foundation for Smart Communities[17], a community in which members of local government, business, education, healthcare institutions and the general public understand the potential of information technology, and form successful alliances to work together to use technology to transform their community in significant and positive ways.
Technopolis
Joe Horn and Scott Henson provide alternative ideas of this term, as quoted by Okubo[18]. For the first, it is an euphemism for the creation of a national industrial policy. For the second, it reflects the vision of liberal economic and social planners to create a new form of city-state centered around high-tech industry. Okubo himself suggests the following criteria for technopolis development: "Incorporates technological advances in a basic infrastructure and utilities; comprises institutions and resources that hasten the application and diffusion of technological innovation; enhances or protects the quality of life and overall human condition; and links the inhabitants of the technopolis globally for the widest possible rang of forms of communication and transaction".
Urban innovation engine
For Dvir[19], a system which can trigger, generate, foster, and catalyze innovation in the city. According to him, typically it is a complex system that includes people, relationships, values, processes, tools and technological, physical and financial infrastructure. Dvir suggest that universities, museums, bookstores, the digital infrastructure and industrial districts are possible innovation engines, He suggests that there is always a unique combination of intangible factors which turn a specific ordinary urban construct into an innovation engine, He also indicates that this set might include, for example, a strategic intention, an explicit vision to use it as an innovation engine, an exceptional leadership, an urgent need, and a special team.
Value dimension
A value dimension is an attribute or characteristic of an entity or an event expressed in an indicator. Value dimension is all that which is considered valuable for the organization including all stakeholders[20]. In the case of the cities, the citizens are the main stakeholders since the objective of a public organization is to generate value to the citizen.
KBD iniciatives
Following is a list of the most representative KBD efforts not only of cities but also of regions and countries. There are already several cities across the world that identify themselves as a knowledge city or have strategic plans to become one.
Aarhus (Denmark)
www.aarhuskommune.dk/files/aak/aak/content/filer/borgmesterens_afdeling/jridisk_afdeling/ kommuneJnformation/engelsk_hjemmeside/GrowthJo_AarbusJll.pdf
Aberdeen (UK)
www.tradecentre.com/tradeweb/localuserpage.asp?page=1694
Almere (Netherlands)
www.nweurope.org/page/projetldea.php?p=22&id=362
www.flevoland.nl/download/europa/Programma_lnnovatieve_Acties_eng.doc
Amsterdam (Netherlands)
www.amsterdampartners.nl/index.html7/service/aboutus.php
www.onstat.amsterdam. nl/pdf/2003_yearbook_region. pdf
Atlanta (USA)
www.seattle.gov/
Austin (USA)
www.ci.austin.tx.us/
Bangalore (India)
www.bangalore.com/
Barcelona (Spain)
www.observatoribarcelona.org/cast/Temes.php?ldentificador=3
www.imim.es/quark/num28-29/028124.htm
www. lafactoriaweb. com/articulos/rojo 12. htm
Bhubaneswar (India)
www.idcoindia.com
Bilbao (Spain)
www.bm30.es/
Birmingham (UK)
www.birmingham.gov.uk/
Boston (USA)
www.cityofboston.gov/
Calgary (Canada)
www.smartcalgary.ca/
Cambridge (UK)
www.cambridgema.gov/index.cfm
www.cgkp.org.uk
Cardiff (UK)
www.cf.ac.uk/news/03-04/031103.html
Córdoba (Spain)
www.cordobatercermilenio.com
Chicago (USA)
http://egov.cityofchicago.org/city/webportal/home.do
Coruña (Spain)
www.arenotech.org/2004/nouvelles_2004/coruna_ciudad_del_conocimiento.htm
Delft (Holland)
www.delft.nl/kennisstad/en/
http://ep.eur.ni/retrive/1996/paper_delft.pdf
Denmark
www.denmark.dk/
Dhirubhai Ambani (India)
www.domain-b.com/companies/companiesjYrelianceJnfocom/20021227_knowledge_city.html
Dos Hermanas (Spain)
www.desados.com/ciudaddelconocimiento.htm
Dubai Knowledge Village
www.kv.ae/
Dublin (Ireland)
www.dubchamber.ie/Uploads/2020%20Vision.pdf
Edinburgh (UK)
http://download.edinburgh.gov.uk/CityVisionMay.pdf
Ennis (Ireland)
www.ennis.ie/cgibin/eiat.cgi?page=information_age_town.htm
Groningen (Netherlands)
www.groningen.nl/functies/pagfunctie.cfm?parameter=544
Helsinki (Finland)
www.helsinki.fi/
Hull (UK)
http://hull.localknowledge.co.uk/
Houston (USA)
www.cityofhouston.gov/
Kyoto (Japan)
www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.html
Korea
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL7NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20019656~menuPK: 34460~pagePK:64003015~piPK:64003012~theSitePK:4607,00.html
Lillestrøm (Norway)
www.lillestrom.no/
London (UK)
www.knowledgeboard.com/cgi-bin/item,cgi?id=125574&d=pnd
Los Angeles (USA)
www.lacity.org/
Lyon (France)
www.cities-lyon.org/fr/vilnius-knowledge-economy
Málaga (España)
www.planestrategicodemalaga.com/foros/display_forum.asp?fid=2&as_idses
Malmö (Sweden)
www.malmo.se/html/
www/index. html
Manchester (UK)
www.manchesterknowledge.com/pages/knowledge_economy.html
Manhattan (USA)
www.ci.manhattan.ks.us/
Manukau (New Zealand)
www.manukau.govt.nz/reports/sm-response.pdf
Mataró (Spain)
www.aui.es/biblio/bolet/bole029/ponencias/mataro-eciudad-tecnocampus.pdf
www.terra.es/personal7/jm_viedma/publicaciones/CICBStrad.pdf
Medellín (Colombia)
www.cta.org.co/publicaciones/Agenda.pdf
Melbourne (Australia)
www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/cityplan/infopage.cfm
Manizales (Colombia)
www.mec.gov.co/html/noticias.htm
Monterrey (Mexico)
http://gobierno.nl.gob.mx/SalaPrensa/Entrevistas/Febrero2004/26Feb/26-02-04-5
Montreal (Canada)
www.montrealinternational.com/docs/MtlSavoir_En.pdf
www.ccmm.qc.ca/asp/bulletin.asp?ID=21&item=124&lang=2&Rubrique=4978
Munich (Germany)
www.muenchen.de/
Navarra (Spain)
www.plantecnologico.com/recursos/boletin/object.php?o=432
Navi Mumbai (India)
www.flonnet.com/fl2025/stories/20031219002808900.htm
www.cdacindia.com/html/pdf/geomat/Paper-Kale-Ravan-Kaushal.pdf
New England (USA)
www.creativeeconomy.org
New Zealand (Australia)
www.govt.nz/
New York (USA)
www.state.ny.us/
Norway
www.norway.com/
Ohio (USA)
www.ohioknowledgeeconomy.org/
Oslo (Norway)
www.oslo.technopole.no
Palmerston North (New Zealand)
www.pncc.govt.nz/City/Education/Links/Study+Here.htm
Panama (Panama)
www.ciudaddelsaber.org,pa/Eng!ish/city/city.html
Penn State Erie PA (USA)
www.pserie.psu.edu/kpark/
Philadelphia (USA)
www.ipphila.com/
Phoenix (USA)
http://phoenix.gov/
Pittsburgh (USA)
www.city.pittsburgh.pa.us
Qurtuba (Kuwait)
www.jamaat.org/qurtaba(new).html
Rótterdam (Netherlands)
www.rotterdam.nl/
San Diego (USA)
www.thetsector.com/city/
San Francisco (USA)
www.ci.sf.ca.us/
Säo Paulo (Brazil)
www.cidade.usp.br/english/
Seattle (USA)
www.seattle.gov/
Shanghai (China)
www.voyager-ent.com/shanghaisite.html
Singapore
www.gov.sg/
Stockholm (Sweden)
www2.stockholm.se/english/
Strasbourg (France)
www.strasbourg.fr/Strasbourgfr/FR/
Tucson (USA)
www. cityoftucson. org/lv-toc. html
Uppsala (Sween)
www.wtanet.org/eng/wta/data/symposium/syrnposium2/1 -1 .doc
Vilnius (France)
www.cities-lyon.org/fr/vilnius-knowledge-economy
Washington (USA)
http://access. wa.gov/
Zaragoza (Spain)
www.ayto-zaragoza.es/azar/ciudad/ciudad-conocimiento
Associations and international organizations
This section lists associations involved with KC initiatives or related concepts. These associations monitor and support KBD programs.
CITYNET
www.citynet-ap.org/en/index.html
Network of iocal authorities and NGOs that promotes sustainable urban improvement in the Asia-Pacific.
European Union
http://europa.eu.int
Portal of the European Union
* Knowledge Society Homepage
http://europa.eu.int/comm/employrnent_social/knowledge_society/index_en,htm
* Europe's Information Society
http://europa.eu JnVi nformation_society/index_en.htrn
* EU activities - Information society
http://europa.eu.int/pol/infso/index_en.htm
Fundación Iberoamericana del Conocimiento
www.gestiondelconocimiento.com
Promotes KM; measurement and management of intellectual capital and organizational learning.
Global Urban Observatory (GUO)
www.unchs.org/programmes/guo/default.asp
Aims to improve the world-wide base of urban knowledge by helping governments, local authorities and organizations of the civil society develop and apply policy-oriented urban indicators.
Ibero-American Community for Knowledge Systems
www.iberoamericana.org
Promotes the generation, management and conscious use of knowledge as an individual and social development factor, in order to contribute to sustainable development in the region.
ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability
www.iclei.org
International association of local governments implementing sustainable development.
Knowledgeland
http://english.kennisland.nl/english/Home/index.html
Independent Dutch think-tank whose mission is to help establish The Netherlands as one of the key regions in the international knowledge economy.
Learning Towns and Cities
www.lifelonglearning.co.uk/learningcities/
Promotes learning widely; develop effective local partnerships between all sectors of the community; and supports and motivates individuals to learn.
Metropolis
www.metropolis.org
International association of 81 world cities. It works towards developing solutions to issues affecting large cities.
OECD
www.oecd.org
Plays a prominent role in fostering good governance in the public service and in corporate activity.
* Sustainable Development
www.oecd.org/topic/0,2686,en_2649_37425_1_1_1_1_37425,00.html
TeleCities
www.telecities.org
Major European network of cities committed to leadership in the Information and knowledge society.
United Cities and Local Governments
www.cities-localgovernments.org/uclg/
Result of the unification of the two largest generalist international local government associations, the International Union of Local Authorities (IULA) and the United Towns Organization (UTO/FMCU). Promotes policies and experiences of local governments in key areas.
World Bank
www.worldbank.org
Mission: to fight poverty and improve the living standards of people in the developing world.
* Sustainable Development
http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/sdvextnsf/43ByDocName/SustainableDevelopment
* Knowledge for Development
www.worldbank.org/wbi/knowledgefordevelopment/
* Learning Programs: Sustainable Development
www.worldbank.org/wbi/sustainabledevelopment/
World Secretariat of Cities and Local Government
www.camval.org
World alliance of international associations of cities and local authorities committed to responsible and effective local self-government for Sustainable development.
Urban KBD-related value dimensions
A KC is one that searches for the creation of value in all its areas and develops high standards of life, cultural support and economic development, among other aspects. As a result, it becomes important to discover what these areas of value are and how to measure their state.
An exhaustive search for "knowledge cities" initiatives, as well as for frameworks of international organisms that evaluate the development of cities and countries, was made to construe the list of value dimensions.
To present this information, the following format was adopted:
Name of the dimension [initiatives that take into account this dimension = Number of the initiatives that take into account this dimension]. Description of the dimension. Indicators of the dimension.
Example: Clusters (Mg-BI = 2). Association of companies or networks of cities. Number of clusters.
For the list of initiatives that take into account each dimension, an index with an identification code for each participating city was used, according to the following list:
List of value dimensions
Descriptions of dimensions and its corresponding indicators are provided in those cases where they were included in the original.
Ability to work in equipment (Ar-Bb = 2).
Academic entities and organizations (Mt-Bb-Pp = 3). Number of entities and organization; list of entities and organization; number and size of college and university.
Academic events (Mt-Bb-Bt = 3). Number of events; list of events.
Access to information (Bt = 1). Library books in circulation, community newspapers.
Actor's satisfaction (Ar-Mt-Mg-Bl = 4). Satisfaction of the citizens, social organizations and other cities or organizations with which it interacts.
Agreements of work (Mc = 1). Number of links between changing business needs and skills and content of lifelong learning, number of city-business links and networks encourage new forms of cooperative governance.
Agricultural production (WB-Mg-Tc = 3). Multiplicity of use of the land. Total production
Ambient management (Az-WB-Mg-Bb-Lo-Bt = 6). Laws and regulations. Vehicular greenhouse gas emissions, use of clean fuel vehicles.
Atmosphere businesses (Az-Bl-Bb = 3). Number of spaces for congresses; quality of ethics in businesses.
Balance between diversification and economies of location (Bl = 1). Coexistence of diversified and specialized cities.
Basic education (Mt-Az-Bl-WB-Mg-Bb-Eb-Lo-Tc-Ko-Br-Bt = 12). Activities to develop faculties and aptitudes. Expenditure per student, illiteracy rate, primary completion rate, primary and secondary education, public spending on education, pupil-teacher ratio, repetition rate, school enrollment, ratio of students to teachers in regular education, teachers who have advanced degrees in the subjects they teach.
Capacity of diffusion of scientific, organizational and humanistic knowledge (Mg = 1).
Capacity of innovation of people and equipment (Ar, Mt, Mg, Bl, Bb, Lo, NE, Bt = 8).
Capacity of international relation (Bl = 1).
Capacity of investigation and adaptation to the new technologies (Ar-Mg-Pp-Ko-Bt = 5). Skilled information technology workforce.
Capacity of leadership (Bl-Bb-Mc = 3).
Capital market (Mt = 1). Characteristic of the market: self-containment, self-sufficiency, exports/imports ratio. Situation of the capital of Market.
Citizen participation (Mg-Bl-Bb-Eb-Tc-Bt = 6). Active engagement by stakeholders, whether parents, community members, or by civic and business leaders.
City loyalty (Mt = 1).
Clusters (Mg-Bl = 2). Association of companies or networks of cities. Number of clusters.
Commercial equipment (Az-Mn = 2). Commercial supply, commercial streets, spontaneous commerce. Availability and amount of commercial equipment.
Competitiveness (Mg-Bl-Bt-Bb-Lo = 5). Competitive profile of the city: cultural, academic, sport aspects, among others. Ranking in comparison to other major cities.
Connectivity of the organization (Bl = 1). Access to the markets, the clients and the consumers.
Continuous education (Mt-Bl-Bb-Bg-Eb-Tc-Bt = 7). Availability and success of programs of continuous education. Adult participation rate.
Cultural entities and organizations (Mt-Mg-Bb = 3). Number of entities and organization; list of entities and organization.
Cultural events (Mt-Mg-Bb-Eb-Lo-Bt = 6). Number of cultural manifestations; number of projects.
Culture (Ar-Mt-Bl = 3). Ways of life and customs.
Decentralization and strengthen local authorities. (UB = 1). Level of decentralization
Development assistance and aid (WB = 1).
Development of communities (Bg-Eb = 2).
Diffusion and communication strategies (Ar-Mg-Bl = 3).
Digital economy (NE = 1).
Economic development (Az-Mg-Bl-Bg-Eb-Lo-Tc-NE-Mn-Bt = 10). Rent per capita; number of new created jobs.
Elementary civism (Az-Bl-Bb-NE = 4).
Energy production (WB-Tc = 2).
Enterprise/business (WB-Bg = 2). Growth in number of registered businesses; business death rates.
Enterprising capacity (Mg-Bl-Bg = 3). People's entreprenurial capacity.
Equality/fairness (Bt-Lo-Tc-NE = 4).
Equipment for the culture (Mt-Az-Bl-Bb = 4). Availability and amount of equipment for the culture
Equipment for the development of economic activities (Az-Bl-Bb-Bg-Lo = 5). Enterprise offices, hotels, parks, scientific parks.
Equipment for education (B = 1). Schools with up-to-date technology and libraries, gyms, labs and renovated schoolyards; number of students per computer, schools wired for high-speed Internet access, teachers using technology in teaching.
Equipment for sport and leisure (Az-Bb = 2). Recreational areas, sport facilities, restaurants. Availability and amount of equipment for sport and leisure.
External attendances (WB = 1).
Globalization (NE = 1).
Green areas (Tc = 1).
Groupware (Ar = 1). Availability and use of groupware programs.
Hardware (Mt-Bb-Bg-Eb = 4). Availability and use of hardware. Customary computer users.
Health (WB-Bb-Lo-Bt = 4). Health expenditure per capita, hospital beds, immunization, prevalence, physicians per 1,000 people, improved sanitation facilities, women receiving adequate prenatal care, up-todate vaccinations, youth who engage in risky behaviors.
Higher education (Mg-BI-Bb-Lo-Tc-Ko-Mc-Bt = 8). Density of professionals; number of universities and training programs, proportion of graduate.
Identification of the users/suppliers (Ar = 1).
Image (Ar-Mt-Mg-Bl-Bb-Lo-Mn = 7). Corporate image, international recognition.
Immigration (Az-Bl-Bb = 3) Number of immigrants, immigrants acceptance.
Incubators and workspace (Mg = 1).
Industrial - enterprise parks (Bb = 1).
Information systems (Mt-WB-Mg-Ko-Br-Bg = 7). Availability and use of information systems.
Information technologies (Bb-Eb = 2).
Infrastructure of connection with the outside (Az-Mg-Bt-Bb-Lo = 5). Telecommunications, airport, trains connections and road network infrastructure, commercial port, effectiveness of its connection to the systems of international transport.
Institutional regime (Ko = 1). Corruption perception index, assessment of intellectual property protection.
Integrated approach/social capital (Bl-Bb-Mn-Bt = 4). Network of associations, relationships and affiliations that connect individuals and families to communities.
International projection (Mg-Bl-Bb = 3).
Investment and risk (WB = 1). Internal market quality, domestic credit to private sector, foreign direct investment, total of domestic companies, Private investment.
People typology (Ar-Mt-Bg = 3). Attitudes, knowledge, capacities, abilities and experiences.
Knowledge networks (Mg = 1).
Labor and employment (Mt-Az-BI-WB-Mg-Bb-Bg-Lo-Tc-Mn = 10). Generation of occupation in a frame of labor quality, set of economic activities that generate occupation. Activity rate, registered unemployment rate, employees, labor force total.
Landmarks in urban structure (Az-Mg-Bb-Tc = 4). Number of historical areas, business centers, industrial areas, natural elements.
Legitimacy of the government (Bt-NE-Bt = 3). Registered voters and participation rates; number of contested elections.
Management focus (Mt = 1). Sustain and amplify the output of human capital.
Management models for the cities (Mg-Bl = 2). Generation of schemes for citizens' welfare.
Multilingual capacity (Bl-Bb-Bt = 3).
Municipal services and equipment (Mg-Bl-Bb = 3).
Natural environment (WB-Mg-Bl-Bb-Eb-Lo-Tc-NE = 8). Quality of the environment, quantity of emissions per person, air pollution, wastewater treated, solid waste disposal.
Natural resources (Mg-Bb-Tc = 3).
Opportunities for arts education (Bt = 1 ). Arts education develops skills, stimulates creativity, and enhances our appreciation of new and established artistic forms. Teachers dedicated to visual arts, music and theater in public schools, children and youth participation in after-school arts programs, students in degreegranting schools of visual and performing arts.
Organizational structure (Ar-Mt = 2).
Patents & trademarks (Ko-Br-Mt-WB-NE-Pp = 6). Foreign direct investment as a share of GDP and royalty and licensing fees paid abroad as a percentage of GDP, scientists and engineers in R&D per million population, patents granted in the United States to different countries per million of their population, closeness of research collaboration between universities and industry and how well companies absorb new technology, number of graduated from engineer, mathematics and informatics courses.
Philosophy (Ar-Mt-Bl-Bg = 4). Explicit statement of the philosophy, level acceptance of philosophy by citizens.
Policy of incentives (Ar = 1).
Political and social sensitivity (Az = 1). International confidence, public confidence, mass media.
Population and demographics (WB-Az-BI-UB-Bg-Bt = 6). Promote geographically-balanced settlement structures, urban population growth, age dependency ratio (dependents to working-age population), birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people), contraceptive prevalence (percentage of women ages 15-49), death rate, crude (per 1,000 people), fertility rate, total (births per woman), life expectancy at birth of female/male (years), mortality rate of adult female/male (per 1,000 adults), mortality rate of infant (per 1,000 live births), mortality rate under-5 (per 1,000 live births), population ages 0-14 (percentage of total), population ages 65 and above (percentage of total), population density (people per sq. km.), population growth (annual percentage), population of female/male (percentage of total).
Positive attitude for the creation and attraction of companies (Bl = 1).
Processes of receiving and processing information (Ar =1).
Productive chains (Az-Bl-Bb = 3). Public-private cooperation, cooperation company-university, professional services. Number of identified chains.
Products and services of the city (Ar = 1). Quality of products and services.
Professional training (Mt-Mg-Bl-Bb-Lo-Tc = 6). Capacities to exert an office. Percentage of qualified workers.
Programs for databases development (Ar = 1). Availability and use of bibliographical databases as well as Directories of Institutions, professionals and events.
Programs for statistical analysis (Ar = 1). Availability and use of statistical programs for impact evaluation, users and suppliers profile.
Programs for Web sites design and update (Ar = 1).
Programs of cooperation, participation, leadership (Mg = 1).
International projection (Mg-BI-Bb = 3).
Public support and philanthropy (Tc-Bt = 2).
Regional-national cooperation (Az-Mg-BI-Bb = 4). Regional, national and international relations for competition, cooperation and networking of cities.
Relationship with international markets (Mt-BI = 2).
Research and development (Mt-Mg-BI-Bb-NE-Pp-Ko-Bt= 8). Federal, state and local investment. Scientists and engineers in R&D per million population.
Family role (Bb-Tc = 2).
Sanitary Equipment (Az-Bb = 2). Availability and amount of sanitary equipment.
School choice (Bt= 1). Measured by the availability of various available and accessible models of education, indicates parents' and students' interest in exploring flexible and tailored education. Enrollment in public, private, parochial and charter schools.
Search and development centers (Mt-Mg-Bb = 3). Availability and use of centers. Number of centers; list of centers.
security (Bb-Eb-Lo-Tc-Bt = 4). Crime rates, perception of public safety, partnerships for violence reduction.
Service and support process for the user (Ar-Bb = 1).
Sports entities and organizations (Mt-Mg-Bb = 1). List and number of entities and organizations.
Sport events (Mt-Mg-Bb-Bt = 4). List and number of events.
Social development and quality of life (Az-Mt-WB-Mg-BI-Lo-Mc-Bt = 8). Life expectancy, poverty and income distribution (GINI index, poverty headcount), family self-sufficiency standard, families and children living in poverty.
Social entities and organizations (Mt-Bb = 2). List and number of entities and organization.
Social events (Mt-Bb-Eb-Bt = 4).
Social integration (Az-BI-Bg-Eb-Lo-Bt-NE = 7). Social cohesion, balance parts, feeling property.
Social responsibility (Bb-Mn-Bt = 3). Companies' commitment with human values.
Societies of collaboration (BI-Ko = 2). Strategic partners.
Software (Ar-Mt = 2). Availability and use of computer science programs.
Solidarity (Mg-BI-Bb = 3).
Stability (Ar-BI-Pp-Bt = 4). People living at the same address by number of years and by neighborhood, risk of loosing population, emigrations rate (exodus).
Start-up companies (Mt-Pp = 2). New business start-up.
Strategic alliances (Ar-BI-Ko = 3). Number of strategic alliances.
Strategic planing (Ar-BI = 2). Development of strategic priorities and plans.
Sustainable development (Bb-Bg-Lo-Mn = 4).
Transport system (Az-WB-Mg-Bb-BI-Bg-Lo-Tc-Mn-Br-Bt= 11). Transportation capacity, household income spent on transportation, buses, urban traffic, parking, transport airports, ease of mobility in all area.
Telecommunication networks (Ar-Mt-WB-Mg-BI-Bb-Bg-Br-Ko-Eb-NE-Pp-Ko-Br = 14). Consistent Internet users, availability and use of intranet and Internet, quality of ITC network.
Strategic location (Az-Mg = 2). International location, quality of landscape.
Tolerance (Mg = 1).
Transparent, accountable and efficient governance (LJB = 1). Quality of government.
Travel and tourism (WB-Mg-Bb-Bg-Eb-Lo-Bt = 7). Expenditures, arrivals/departures.
Scene and urban structure (BI-Az-WB-Bb-Eb-Lo-Tc-Pp-Bt = 9). Dowry of services of international rank, diversity metropolitan infrastructures. Urban renovation, attractive image, urban scene, non-stop destination served, water availability; public building and amenities accessible to people with disabilities.
Venture capital (NE, Pp-Bt = 3).
Rankings
This section consists of a list of associations that publish comparisons between cities, regions, or countries using some of the value dimensions included in the previous section as a reference or unit of comparison
While not all sites listed here are necessarily about KBD or KCs, they do make use of some of the value dimensions listed above.
Aneki.com
www.aneki.com/lists.html
Independent, privately operated Web site based in Montreal, Canada. Serves as a comprehensive source of continental and world rankings in an increasing number of categories.
Council on Competitiveness
www.compete.org/et/
Calibrates the innovating capacity and global competitiveness of the US economy. Analyzes national and international data on economic output and productivity, wages and personal income, job growth, saving and investment, trade performance, research and development, and venture capital, among others.
European Competitiveness Index
www.hugginsassociates.com/productJnfo.php/cPath/22/productsjd/31
Examines and measures the competitiveness of Europe's regions and nations. Variables: creativity, knowledge economy, sectorial productivity performance, economic performance, infrastructure and accessibility.
European performance in competitiveness and innovation
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/enterprise_policy/competitiveness/index.htm
Presents economic analyses in competitiveness and results from benchmarking, monitoring and coordinating exercises.
Economic Freedom Network Index
www.freetheworld.com/index.html
Brings the topic of economic freedom into mainstream public debate.
Great North Alliance 2002/2003 Opportunity Forecast Report
www.thegreatnorth.com/forecast.asp
Examines regional capacity for productivity growth and innovation to predict future opportunity. Four stages of the regional innovation economy of 12 high-performance metropolitan areas are benchmarked using 58 objective indicators.
IMD World Competitiveness Index
www02.imd.ch/wcy/
Provides an annual report on the competitive position of nations around the world. Ranks countries using criteria covering current economic performance, government efficiency, business efficiency and infrastructure.
Index of Economic Freedom
www.heritage.org/research/features/index/
Includes country-by-country economic analyses and the up-to-date information. Measures how well 161 countries score on a list of 50 independent variables divided into ten broad factors of economic freedom (trade policy, fiscal burden of government, government intervention in the economy, monetary policy, capital flows and foreign investment, banking and finance, wages and prices, property rights, regulation, and informal market activity).
Index of the Massachusetts Innovation Economy
www. mtpc .org/lnnovationEconomy/The Jndex. htm
Compares Massachusetts with six other "leading technology states" in nine broad clusters, including: software qne communications services, innovation services, postsecondary education, diversified industrial support, financial services, healthcare technology, textiles qne apparel, computer and communications hardware and defense.
Innovation & Entrepreneurial Index 2002
www.ipphila.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/document.detail/dooumentlD/9/
Compares Philadelphia to seven other regions through key metrics in three categories - knowledge, capital and location. The seven other metropolitan areas selected are: New York City, Pittsburgh, Boston, Baltimore, Research Triangle Park, Washington, and San Diego.
Metro Area and State Competitiveness Report
www.beaconhill.org/
Indexes of competitiveness for the states and the metropolitan areas of the United States, designed to measure the long-term competitiveness of an area.
New Economy Index
http://neweconomyindex.org
Examines what's actually new about the so-called "new economy" and offers policy makers a framework for economic development strategies aimed at promoting fast, and widely shared economic growth.
OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard.
wvwv.oecd.org/document/21/0,2340,en_2649_33703_16683413_1_1_1_1.00.html
Brings together the latest internationally comparable data on trends in the knowledge-based economy. Indicators cover four key areas: creation and diffusion of knowledge; information society; economic globalization; productivity and economic structure.
Trend Chart on Innovation
http://trendchart.cordis.lu/
Provides innovation policy-makers and managers support schemes with summarized information and statistics on policies, performance and trends in Europe in view to assess the effectiveness of schemes and to identify "good practice".
Tri-Cities, Washington Innovation and Technology Index
www.pnl.gov/edo/documents/innovationtechindex.pdf
Assesses characteristics of the tri-cities (Richland, Kennewick, and Pasco) important for technology-driven economic development and compares the tri-cities index to the Washington state index and to other selected metropolitan areas in the Pacific Northwest.
UN Human Development Index
http://hdr.undp.org/default.cfm
Assesses the relative position of each country with regard to three main dimensions of development. Measures poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, and other factors.
World Bank - World Development Indicators (WDI)
www.worldbank.org/data/wdi2004/index.htm
Includes 800 indicators in 87 tables, organized in six sections: world view, people, environment, economy, states and markets, and global links. Tables cover 152 economies and 14 country groups with basic indicators for a further 55 economies.
The Economist
www.economist.com
Publishes every year a ranking of cities according to several variables (subscribers only).
World Economic Forum
Includes three benchmarks:
* Global Competitiveness Report
www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Global+Competitiveness+Programme%5CGIobal+ Competitiveness+Report
Detailed country competitiveness profiles of 102 economies. Data tables for survey and hard data variables ranking profiled economies. Exclusive data from the Executive Opinion Survey.
* Global Information Technology Report
www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Global+Competitiveness+Programme%5CGIobal-f Information+Technology+Report
Benchmarking tool to determine national ICT strengths and weaknesses, and evaluate progress. Also highlights the continuing importance of ICT application and development for economic growth. Uses the Networked Readiness Index (NRI), covering a total of 102 economies, to measure "the degree of preparation of a nation or community to participate in and benefit from ICT developments". The NRI is composed of three component indexes which assess: environment for ICT offered by a given country or community, readiness of community's key stakeholders (individuals, businesses and governments), and usage of ICT among these stakeholders.
* Environmental Sustainability Index
www.ciesin.columbia.edu/indicators/ESI/
Measures overall progress towards environmental sustainability, in 142 countries. Permits cross-national comparisons of environmental progress in a systematic and quantitative fashion.
World Knowledge Competitiveness Index (WKCI)
www.hugginsassociates.com/productjnfo.php/cPath/23/productsJd/45
Integrated and overall benchmark of the knowledge capacity, capability and sustainability of 125 regions across the globe, and the extent to which this knowledge is translated into the wealth of the citizens of these regions, utilizing 19 knowledge economy benchmarks. Key features: human capital components, financial capital components, knowledge, capital components, regional economy outputs, knowledge sustainability.
Special editions
In this section the contents of former Special Issues related to KCs and KBD by two leading journals: Urban Studies and the Journal of Knowledge Management are listed.
Cities, Enterprises and Society at the Eve of the 21st Century
Urban Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2, March 1, 1995
Frank Moulaert, "Introduction".
Kevin R. Cox, "Globalisation, competition and the politics of local economic development".
Richard V. Knight, "Knowledge-based development: policy and planning implications for cities".
Cedric Pugh, "International structural adjustment and its sectoral and spatial impacts".
David A. Smith, "Conceptualising and mapping the structure of the world system's city system".
Nadine Cattan, "Attractivity and internationalisation of major European cities: the example of air traffic".
David F. Batten, "Network cities: creative urban agglomerations for the 21st century".
Michael Pryke, "Place your bets: towards an understanding of globalisation, socio-financial engineering and competition within a financial centre".
Leslie Budd, "Globalisation, territory and strategic alliances in different financial centres".
Barney Warf, "Telecommunications and the changing geographies of knowledge transmission in the late 20th century".
Luis Rubalcaba-Bermejo and Juan R. Cuadrado-Roura, "Urban hierarchies and territorial competition in Europe: exploring the role of fairs and exhibitions".
Philippe Julien, "French towns, higher urban functions and strategic employment".
The Knowledge-based City
Urban Studies, Vol. 39, Nos 5-6, May 1, 2002
James Simmie and William F. Lever, "Introduction: the knowledge-based city".
W. F. Lever, "Correlating the knowledge-base of cities with economic growth".
Jeremy R.L. Howells, "Tacit knowledge, innovation and economic geography".
James Simmie, "Knowledge spillovers and reasons for the concentration of innovative SMEs".
Christian Wichmann Matthiessen, Annette Winkel Schwarz and Saren Find, "The top-level global research system, 1997-99: centres, networks and nodality. An analysis based on bibliometric indicators".
Edward J. Malecki, "Hard and soft networks for urban competitiveness".
Richard Evans, "E-commerce, competitiveness and local and regional governance in Greater Manchester and Merseyside: a preliminary assessment".
P.W. Daniels and J.R. Bryson, "Manufacturing setvices and servicing manufacturing: knowledge-based cities and changing forms of production".
Peter Wood, "Knowledge-intensive services and urban innovativeness".
Brian Graham, "Heritage as knowledge: capital or culture?".
Jan G. Lambooy, "Knowledge and urban economic development: an evolutionary perspective".
Christopher May, "Trouble in e-topia: knowledge as intellectual property".
Cristiano Antonelli and Michel Quéré, "The governance of interactive learning within innovation systems".
Knowledge-based Development
Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2002
Robin Mansell, "Constructing the knowledge base for knowledge-driven development".
Alejandro Escribá-Esteve and José Urra-Urbieta, "An analysis of co-operative agreements from a knowledge-based perspective: an integrative conceptual framework".
Angel Arbonies and Monica Moso, "Basque Country: the knowledge cluster".
Carlos Scheel, "Knowledge clusters of technological innovation systems".
Thomas F. Malone and Gary W. Yohe, "Knowledge partnerships for a sustainable, equitable and stable society".
Francisco Carrillo, "Capital systems: implications for a global knowledge agenda".
Kathia Castro Laszlo and Alexander Laszlo, "Evolving knowledge for development: the role of knowledge management in a changing world".
End note
This document is a first attempt to compile public material related to the topics of KC and KBD. As from 1 June 2004, the KC Clearinghouse Web site has been operating at www,knowledgecities.com. Updated information, additional contents not included in this report and further KC and KBD materials are available at this site.
Notes
Except for notes 1 and when the full bibliographic reference is provided, all endnotes are referred to the Electronic References section, where the corresponding electronic address is included.
1. The Knowledge Cities Clearinghouse (www.knowledgecities.com).
2. SGS Economic & Planning (2002), Knowledge cities, Bulletin Urbecon.
3. Edvinsson cited at Dvir (2003), "Innovation engines for knowledge cities: historic and contemporary snap shots".
4. Culture, the motor of the knowledge city - Strategic Plan of the Cultural sector of Barcelona. see also SGS economic & planning (2002), Knowledge cities, Bulletin Urbecon.
5. Carrillo, FJ. (2003), "A note on knowledge-based development", Center for Knowledge Systems (CKS).
6. Kotkin, J. and Devol, R. (2001), Knowledge-Value Cities in the Digital Age, Milken.
7. Notes of SC-00-116 Course "Capital Systems", 1st Term 2004, dictated by Prof. FJ. Carrillo. KM Specialization Program, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico.
8. Heinz Endowments, Pittsburgh Regional Alliance & Innovation Works, Inc. (1999), Innovative regions: The Importance of Place and Networks in the Innovative Economy, Heinz Endowments.
9. Toh, J. (1999), "Singapore awarded first-ever "Intelligent City" award by World Teleport Association and Telecommunications Magazine".
10. Carrillo, FJ. (2002), "Capital systems: implications for a global knowledge agenda", Journal of KnowLedge Management, Vol. 6 No. 4.
11. Center for Knowledge Systems (2003), 2003 Forum on Knowledge-based Development (KBD).
12. Arbonies, A. and Mosso, M. (2003), "Basque Country: the knowledge cluster", Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 6 No. 4.
13. Venkatasubramanian cited at Elcot (2003), Knowledge Society.
14. Drucker, P. (1994), Knowledge Work and Knowledge Society - TheSocial, Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.
15. Stavrou, S. (2003), "Building learning regions - an innovative concept for active employment policy".
16. D'Auria, AJ. (2001), "City networks and sustainability-theroleof knowledge and of cultural heritage in globalization", International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education.
17. The World Foundation for Smart Communities.
18. Masakazu, O. "Future Technopolis changes its form - from visible to invisible".
19. Dvir, R. (2003), "Innovation engines for knowledge cities: historic and contemporary snap shots".
20. Notes of SC-00-116 Course "Capital Systems", 1st Term 2004, dictated by Prof. FJ. Carrillo. KM Specialization Program, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico.
Bibliography
In this section we provide a list of bibliographic references on KCs and KBD.
Bellmann, C. et al. (2003), Trading in Knowledge: Development Perspectives on TRIPS, Trade and Sustainability, Earthscan.
Boekema, F., Knowledge, Innovation and Economic Growth: The Theory and Practice of Learning Regions, Edward Elgar.
Brenner, N. and Keil, R. (2003), The Global Cities Reader, Routledge.
Butler, C. (1999), "Cities in competition: equity issues", Urban Studies, Vol. 36 No. 5-6.
Calthorpe, P. and Fulton, W. (2001), The Regional City: Planning for the End of Sprawl, Island Press.
Cantwell, J. and lammarino, S. (2003), Multinational Corporations and European Regional Systems of Innovation, Routledge.
Cassiolato, J. et al. (2003), Systems of Innovation and Development: Evidence from Brazil, Edward Elgar.
Castells, M. (2000), The Rise of Network Society, Blackwell.
Conceicao, P. et al. (2003), Innovation, Competence Building and Social Cohesion in Europe: Towards a Learning Society, Edward Elgar.
Diederen, P. et al. (1999), Innovation and Research Policies: An International Comparative, Edward Elgar.
Duffy, H. (1995), Competitive Cities Succeeding in the Global Economy, Spon Press.
Dunning, J. (2002), Regions, Globalization, and Knowledge-Based Economy, Oxford Press.
Echenique, M. and Saint, A. (2001), Cities for the New Millennium, Spon Press,
Fornahl, D. (2003), Cooperation, Networks and Institutions in Regional Innovation Systems, Edward Elgar.
Gadrey, J. and Gallouj, F. (2002), Productivity, Innovation and Knowledge in Services: New Economic and Socio-economic Approaches, Edward Elgar.
Gappert, G. and Knight, A. (1989), Cities in a Global Society, Sage.
Goodman, D. and Chant, C. (1999), European Cities and Technology Industrial to Post-Industrial Cities, Routledge.
Gwin, C. (2004), Sharing Knowledge: Innovations and Remaining Challenges, World Bank Publications.
Hargreaves, A. (2003), Teaching in the Knowledge Society, Open University Press,
Harris, J. (2000), Rethinking Sustainability CB: Power, Knowledge, and Institutions, University of Michigan Press.
Haughton, G. and Hunter, C. (2003), Sustainable Cities, Routledge.
Holbrook, J. (2002), Knowledge, Clusters and Regional Innovation, McGill-Queens University Press.
Hospers, G. (2003), "Creative cities in Europe: urban competitiveness in the knowledge economy", lntereconomics, Vol. 38 No. 5.
Jamison, A, (2001), The Making of Green Knowledge: Environmental Politics and Cultural Transformation, Cambridge University Press.
Knight, R. (1995), "Knowledge-based development: policy and planning implications for cities", Urban Studies, Vol. 32 No. 2.
Komninos, N. (2002), Intelligent Cities: Innovation, Knowledge Systems and Digital Spaces, Spon Press.
Kotkin, J. and Devol, R. (2001), Knowledge-Value Cities in the Digital Age, Milken Institute.
Laredo, P. and Mustar, P. (2003), Research and Innovation Policies in the New Global Economy: An International Comparative Analysis, Edward Elgar.
Lesser, E. and Fontaine, M. (2000), Knowledge and Communities, Butterworth-Heinemann.
Lever, W. (1999), "Competitive cities in Europe", Urban Studies, Vol. 36 No. 5-6.
Linsu, K. (1999), Learning and Innovation in Economic Development, Edward Elgar.
Malhotra, Y. (2003), Measuring Knowledge Assets of a Nation: Knowledge Systems for Development, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
Mani, S. (2002), Government, Innovation and Technology Policy: An International Comparative Analysis, Edward Elgar.
Mansell, R. and When, U. (1998), Knowledge Societies: Information Technology for Sustainable Development, Oxford University Press.
Marjolein, C. (2000), Knowledge Spillovers and Economic Growth: Regional Growth Differentials Across Europe, Edward Elgar.
Martinez, R. et a/. (2000), Knowledge Flows in National Systems of Innovation: A Comparative Analysis of Sociotechnical Constituencies in Europe and Latin America, Edward Elgar.
Maskell, P. eta/. (1997), Competitiveness, Localised Learning and Regional Development Specialization and Prosperity in Small Open Economies, Routledge.
Meijer, M. (1993), "Growth and decline of European cities: changing positions of cities in Europe", Urban Studies, Vol. 30 No. 6.
Miller, M. (1997), Knowledge, Identity and Curriculum Transformation in Africa, Longman.
Morgan, K. and Nauwelaers, C. (2002), Regional Innovation Strategies: The Challenge for Less-Favoured Regions, Routledge.
Mulenga, D. (1999), Know/edge, Empowerment and Social Transformation: Participatory Research in Africa, Zed Books.
O'Mara, M. (2004), Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley, Princeton University Press.
Freer, R. (1992), The Emergence of Technopolis: Knowledge-intensive Technologies and Regional Development, Greenwood Press.
Purslow, F. (1998), City Smart: Calgary, Avalon Travel Publishing.
Pyka, A. and Kuppers, G. (2002), Innovation Networks: Theory and Practice, Edward Elgar.
Robinson, J. (2002), "Global and world cities", International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 26 No. 4.
Ruttan, V. (2000), Technology, Growth and Development: An Induced Innovation Perspective, Oxford University Press.
Ruttan, V. (2004), Social Science Knowledge and Economic Development, University of Michigan Press.
Ryser, J. (1994), Future of European Capitals: Knowledge Based Development, Goethe.
Sagati, F. (2004), Knowledge and Innovation for Development: The Sisyphus Challenge of the 21st Century, Edward Elgar.
Sassen, S. (2002), Global Networks, Linked Cities, Routledge.
Schamp, E. and Lo, V. (2003), Know/edge, Learning and Regional Development, Lit Verlag.
Schienstock, G. (2004), Embracing the Knowledge Economy: The Dynamic Transformation of the Finnish Innovation System, Edward Elgar.
Scott, A. (2002), Global City-Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy, Oxford Press.
Simme, J. (1997), Innovation Networks and Learning Regions, Routledge.
Simmie, J. et al. (2001), Innovative Cities, Spon Press.
Van Der Knapp, B. and Wever, E. (1986), New Technology and Regional Development, Routledge.
Vazquez, A. (2003), Endogenous Development: Networking, Innovation, Institutions and Cities, Routledge.
Vlachos, E. et al., Knowledge for Inclusive Development, Greenwood Press.
Wagner, C. (2001), "Megacities of the future", The Futurist, Vol. 35 No. 6.
Electronic references
In this section we provide electronic references on KC and KBD.
Bugliarello, G. (2001), "Rethinking urbanization", The Bridge, Vol. 31 No. 1
www.nae.edu/nae/naehome.nsf/66d32a09cf594c7785256cf50048f4a0/ 828366ed59db733885256bb100752ddO/$FILE/2001 Bridget .pdf
BVS Equidad y Desarrollo Humano.
www.bireme.br/crics5/E/grupos/grupo2/Argentina-BVS%20Equidad%20y%20Desarrollo% 20Humano.doc
Carrillo, J. (2003), "A note on knowledge-based development".
www.sistemasdeconocimiento.org/Materiales_de_Difusion/archivos_pdf/notas_tecnicas/2003_PDF/ csc2003-07.pdf
Center for Knowledge Systems (CKS) (2003), "Forum on knowledge-based development".
www.knowledgesystems.org/e100mty
Cooke P. (2002), "Regional innovation systems, clusters & the knowledge economy: European comparisons", Centre for Advanced Studies University of Wales, Cardiff.
www.kommunikation.aau.dk/ddn/Filertildownload/konferencenovember2002/ AalborglTC_PhilCooke.pdf
Cono, N. (2000), "Knowledge strategy and 'Ba' -the practice of knowledge-based management".
www.knowledgeinnovation.org/pdf/kmpres01.pdf
Dvir, R. (2003), "Innovation engines for knowledge cities: historic and contemporary snap shots".
www.knowledgeboard.com/download/3149/innovation-engines-for-knowledge-cities-ron-dvir-22-nov.doc
Drucker, P. (1994), "Knowledge work and knowledge society - the social", Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.
www.ksg.harvard.edu/ifactory/ksgpress/www/ksg_news/transcripts/drucklec.htm
Heinz Endowments, Pittsburgh Regional Alliance & Innovation Works, Inc. (1999), "Innovative regions: the importance of place and networks in the innovative economy".
www.coecon.com/publications/lnnovativeRegions.pdf
Henton, D. (1999), "Innovative regions: the importance of place and networks in the innovative economy".
www.coecon.com/publications/lnnovativeRegions.pdf
Kotkin, J. and Devol, R. (2001), "Knowledge-value cities in the digital age", Milken Institute.
www.milkeninstitute.org/pdf/kvdc.pdf
McDaniel B., "Social change and future of cities".
http://publish.uwo.ca/~mcdaniel/futcommap/FutCit.html
Morón, A. "La administracicen del conocimiento como politica de desarrollo nacional en Ia actualidad".
www.gestiopolis.com/canales/gerencial/articulos/47/kmpp.htm
Okubo, M., "Future Technopolis changes its form - from visible to invisible".
www.wtanet.org/eng/wta/data/symposium/98/3-2.htm
Schwartz, G. "Knowledge city: a digital knowware".
http://thinkcycle.media.mit.edu/thinkcycle/main/development_by_design_2001/ knowledge_city_a_digital_knowware/
Sedeño Y. "La gestión del conocimiento, una nueva alternativa para el desarrollo de la economía latinoamericana - el caso de Cuba".
www.gestiopolis.com/recursos/documentos/fulldocs/ger/kmcuba.htm
SGS Economics and Planning (2002), "Creating and sustaining a knowledge city", Bulletin Urbecon.
www.sgs-pl.com.au/Urbecon%20August%202002.pdf
Sivan, Y, and Rosen, J. (2001), "Note #11: Introducing the knowledge city", WebNet Journal, July-September.
www.k2k.com/Forms/lnterface.pdf?
Stavrou, S. (2003), "Building learning regions: an innovative concept for active employment policy".
www.hp2003ledforum.org/eng/context/stavrou.doc
Toh, J. (1999), "Intelligent city Singapore awarded first-ever 'intelligent city' ".
www.ida.gov.sg/idaweb/media/infopage.jsp?infopagecategory=ncbarchivemediareleases.mr:media& versionid=4&infopageid=11046
Trullén, J. et aL. (2002), "Economia del conocimiento, ciudad y competitividad; Oviedo".
www.revecap.com/veea/autores/T/96.doc
Van den Berg, L. et al., "Cities in the knowledge economy, a literature review and a research framework".
EURICUR, Erasmus University Rotterdam
http://web.eur.nl/alumni/archief/dec2003/italy/discussionpaper.doc
Venkatasubramanian cited at Elcot, 2003. "Panel to give shape to 'knowledge society' concept".
www.elcot.com/itnews/jan03/nh180103.htm
"Culture, the motor of the knowledge city - strategic plan of the cultural sector of Barcelona".
www.bcn.es/accentcultura/angl/webang.doc
Information Technology for Development. "The emerging knowledge based economy in Latin America and The Caribbean".
www.iadb.org/sds/itdev/ictdevemerging.htm
Knowledge City.
http://pbwi2www.uni-paderborn.de/WWW/TEMP/CSteiger/WEBCONNECTOR.NSF/Liste_HTML/ Start?opendocument
www.bireme.br/crics5/E/grupos/grupo2/Argentina
Smart Communities
www.smartcommunities.org/
María del Rosario González Ovalle is Representative of Users' Attendance in the Department Logistic and Technological Support, ITESM Graduated School, Monterrey, México ([email protected]).
José Antonio Alvarado Márquez is a Software Developer at Softtek, Nuevo Léon, México (jalvarado@jaamsoftware. com).
Samuel David Martinez Salomon Is a CCNA Cisco Program Instructor in the Department of Computer Sciences, ITESM Graduated School, Monterrey, Mexico ([email protected]).
Copyright MCB UP Limited (MCB) 2004