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Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century is the provocative title used by Howard Gardner in his essay that appeared in the February 1990 Atlantic Monthly. It is one of the essays written by Gardner in the 1990s, many of which form the basis of Intelligence Reframed.
In this collection of essays, Gardner offers the reader a brilliant report of his landmark theory of multiple intelligences (MI). Gardner wanted to discuss how his revolutionary theories about multiple intelligences and creativity apply to the 21st century. Also, since the publication of Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (1983), in which he first proposed the existence of seven separate human intelligences, a substantial body of literature has emerged regarding his theory. Appendix B in Intelligence Reframed lists 135 selected books and monographs about the theory of multiple intelligence and lists hundreds of articles, theses, videos and reviews. From this vast literature, he offers many astute observations about how his theories have been interpreted and misinterpreted.
Gardner has based Intelligence Reframed on the premise "that intelligence is too important to be left to intelligence testers." He challenges the widespread belief held by many psychologists that intelligence is a single faculty and "that one is either 'smart' or 'stupid' across the board." The challenge facing educators, academics, scientists and others, and one which Gardner hooked on to, was...