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Abstract
Although intermittent increases in inflammation are critical for survival during physical injury and infection, recent research has revealed that certain social, environmental and lifestyle factors can promote systemic chronic inflammation (SCI) that can, in turn, lead to several diseases that collectively represent the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. In the present Perspective we describe the multi-level mechanisms underlying SCI and several risk factors that promote this health-damaging phenotype, including infections, physical inactivity, poor diet, environmental and industrial toxicants and psychological stress. Furthermore, we suggest potential strategies for advancing the early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of SCI.
Details
; Campisi, Judith 2 ; Verdin, Eric 3
; Carrera-Bastos, Pedro 4 ; Targ, Sasha 5 ; Franceschi, Claudio 6 ; Ferrucci, Luigi 7 ; Gilroy, Derek W 8 ; Fasano, Alessio 9
; Miller, Gary W 10 ; Miller, Andrew H 11 ; Mantovani, Alberto 12
; Weyand, Cornelia M 13
; Barzilai, Nir 14 ; Goronzy, Jorg J 15
; Rando, Thomas A 16 ; Effros, Rita B 17 ; Lucia, Alejandro 18 ; Kleinstreuer, Nicole 19
; Slavich, George M 20
1 Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA; Stanford 1000 Immunomes Project, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Research in Translational Medicine, Universidad Austral, CONICET, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Iuve Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA
2 Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
3 Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
4 Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
5 Iuve Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
6 IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Applied Mathematics and Laboratory of Systems Biology of Aging, Lobachevsky University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
7 Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
8 Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
9 MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
10 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
11 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
12 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University, London, UK
13 Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
14 Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
15 Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
16 Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
17 Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
18 Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
19 Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
20 Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA





