Joint Trajectory and Scheduling Optimization for The Mobile UAV Aerial Base Station: A Fairness Version

Abstract

According to the characteristics of the air-to-ground channel model, users far away from UAV-BS have higher path losses than users close to the UAV-BS [14]. [...]the QoS requirements of users at the edge of the coverage area cannot be reached; that is, the UAV-BS cannot provide wireless service for users at the edge of the coverage area. After UAV hovers over the target area for a period, all users obtain service in turn. [...]a matrix BN×N is constructed according to the number of users N . Each element in the matrix represents the value of the corresponding user objective function within the corresponding time slot, and the element in the matrix BN×N can be written as follow: bi,j=(SNRmax−SNRj[i])2, where the elements of each row in BN×N represents the value of the objective function of all users in a certain time slot, and the element of each column represents the value of the objective function of a user in all the time slots. For any given r , the corresponding matrix BN×N can be acquired. [...]the fitness function can be expressed as follows: f(r)=∑i=1Nbi,d(1,i), where b is an element of matrix BN×N , and d(1,i) is the first row and the i-th column element of D . The GA is also called the classical genetic algorithm.

1. Introduction

Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have attracted wide attention in many research fields for their ability to provide wireless service [1]. Using UAVs as base stations is considered a promising way to improve wireless network coverage and rate performance. Moreover, UAV-BSs can assist in terrestrial communication in a variety of scenarios, such as surveillance, monitoring, aerial imaging, and cargo delivery. UAVs can be deployed to assist the existing communication infrastructure when ground stations are unable to provide communication services, due to various incidents [2]. For example, the base station cannot work normally, due to a fault or the network congestion caused by high user density. UAVs cannot only be used as wireless relay to improve a wireless connection and cover the ground device, but also as an aerial base station to provide reliable downlink and uplink communication for ground users [3].

At present, the research of mobile UAV as an aerial base station is increasing day by day. In Reference [4], the coexistence of UAVs and D2D networks transmitting data in downlink is studied. The work of Reference [5] shows that for cases of Rician fading, there exists optimum height that maximizes the coverage area. In References [6,7], the coverage probability performance of multiple UAVs is studied, and the flexibility of the scalable dynamic network is considered. In Reference [8], a new method is proposed to deploy UAVs to collect uplink data from mobile ground IoT devices. The work in [9] considers the deployment of two UAVs with and without interference. The work in Reference [10] studied how to reduce the transmission energy of UAVs, while meeting the requirement of users. In Reference [11], the trajectory and heading of multiple UAVs are deduced when the ground user is stationary. The work in Reference [12] improves the network throughput significantly by jointly optimizing relay trajectory and power distribution. The work in Reference [13] studies the 3D deployment of multiple UAVs in consideration of fairness. The work in Reference [14] established the channel model of LoS probability, and the relation between maximum coverage radius and height is given. The work in Reference [15] studied the deployment of the UAV in a novel way. The work in Reference [16] studied the emergency deployment of UAV base station to minimize transmission delays. The work in Reference [17] studied the deployment of UAVs in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. The work in Reference [18] studies the 3D deployment of the UAV in the case that users have different QoS. The work in Reference [19] maximized the weighted sum-rate for the downlink transmission in Multi-cell Multi-association OFDMA heterogeneous networks. The work of Reference [20] studies UAV’s energy-saving deployment can optimize the trajectory of UAV. The work of Reference [21] proposed a new cyclical multiple access scheme.

UAVs are able to change its location based on user requirements, which is quite different from ground base stations. Although UAV-BS haves many advantages, many challenges remain in UAV-aided communication. Fairness is an important indicator metrics in communication or disaster-affected network, and they should be considered for the trajectory of the UAV-BS [13]. According to the characteristics of the air-to-ground channel model, users far away from UAV-BS have higher path losses than users close to the UAV-BS [14]. Therefore, the QoS requirements of users at the edge of the coverage area cannot be reached; that is, the UAV-BS cannot provide wireless service for users at the edge of the coverage area. The deployment of multiple UAVs with the consideration of fairness is studied in Reference [13]. However, multiple UAVs are needed, and the hardware costs are high. The total logarithm rate of users is considered in Reference [13], and the fairness of the user transmission rate is measured by optimizing the average logarithm rate of users connected to each UAV. We consider a single UAV to serve ground users taking advantage of the mobility of the UAV. In order to maximize network capacity with the consideration of fairness, trajectory and scheduling of the mobile UAV aerial base station are jointly optimized.

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for optimizing the trajectory and scheduling of the UAV to provide wireless to service ground users while maximizing network capacity with the consideration of fairness. We consider the business requirements for delay tolerance, so the number of slots divided over a hovering period is equal to the number of users. So that all users in the area can be served, we considered a UAV-BS hovering with a circular trajectory. We divided the period of the UAV-BS into time slots according to the number of users, and each user only uses one slot. We take the square of the difference between the average signal-to-noise ratio of each user within a time slot and the maximal signal-to-noise ratio available to the user as the metric to measure fairness. Our goal is to maximize fairness by jointly optimizing the hovering radius of the UAV-BS and the users schedule. The formulated problem is a mixed-integer non-convex optimization problem that is challenging to solve. In addition, we adopted the ant colony algorithm and the genetic algorithm to optimize the above two parameters.

The main contribution of this paper as follows: Firstly, we considered a UAV-BS hovering with a circular trajectory so that all users in the area can be served. Joint trajectory and scheduling optimization are considered to maximize the network capacity with the consideration of fairness. Secondly, an alternate iteration approach that contains ant colony algorithm and genetic algorithm are proposed to solve this problem. Finally, the simulation results evaluate our algorithm.

2. System Model

To set up the system model, a large area containing the number of users can be considered. The terrestrial base stations are failed to work, due to some accident. In order to solve the communication problems of ground users, a UAV-BS is hovered over the target area to provide wireless service. The hovers in a circular trajectory with a radius of r and the period are T . Let u represent the set of users that UAV-BS needs to serve. Let (_xi,_yi) denote the horizontal location of the users i ; and the UAV locate at (_xo,_yo,h) .

The air-to-ground (A2G) channel model proposed by the author’s name [4] is adopted. The path losses of Line-of-Sight (LoS) _LLoS and non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) _LNLoS are respectively proposed in Reference [4]:

_LLoS=20log(4πf_dic)+_ηLoS,

_LNLoS=20log(4πf_dic)+_ηNLoS,

where f and c are respectively the carrier frequency and the speed of light. The distance between the UAV-BS and user i is denoted by _di=^h2+_ri2 , where _ri=^(_xi−_xo)2+^(_yi−_yo)2 . Furthermore, _ηLoS and _ηNLoS are respectively additional loss for Line-of-Sight (LoS) and non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS). The value of _ηLoS and _ηNLoS depend on the environment, and are given by Reference [4] in different environments. In addition, the Line-of-Sight (LoS) probability as follows:

_PLoS=11+αexp(−β(180π_θi−α)),

where α and β are environmental constants, and _θi=arctan(h_ri) is the elevation angle of the user i in the set u . In addition, the probability of non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) is _PNLoS=1−_PLoS . Let A=_ηLoS−_ηNLoS , B=20log(4πfc)+_ηNLoS , and the probabilistic mean path loss as follows:

L=_{PLoS LLoS}+_{PNLoS LNLoS},

L(h,_ri)=A1+αexp(−β(180πarctan(h_ri)−α))+10log(^h2+_ri2)+B.

Equation (5) can be further rewritten as follows:

L(_θi,_ri)=A1+αexp(−β(180π_θi−α))+20log(_ricos_θi)+B.

For a given transmission power _pt , the received power _pr at the user i is: _pr=_pt−L(h,_ri) . It is assumed that the user i is covered if the received power _pr exceeds a certain threshold _pmin . If the link experiences a path loss less than a certain threshold _Lth , the user i is covered by the UAV-BS. According to References [17,18], for any QoS requirement _Lth , the optimal elevation angle ^θ* that maximizes the coverage radius is a constant and only depends on the environment. In addition, ^θ*=^20.34°,^42.44°,^54.62°,^75.52° can be obtained for the suburban, urban, dense urban, and high-rise urban environments by solving Equation (6). The maximum coverage radius can also be evaluated by solving Equation (6). Finally, the optimal height ^h* of the UAV-BS can be evaluated.

Next, a scenario is discussed such that the UAV-BS at a height of ^h* hovers in a circular trajectory with a radius of r and the period is T . In addition, the instantaneous location of the UAV-BS is assumed to be (x,y) . The system model is shown in Figure 1.

Therefore, the trajectory of the UAV-BS is ^x2+^y2=^r2 . It can be written as a parametric equation, as follows:

x=rcosθy=rsinθ,

Because of the circular trajectory of the UAV-BS, the parameter θ is given by: θ(t)=2πTt , and (7) can be further written as:

x(t)=rcos(2πTt)y(t)=rcos(2πTt).

The received power is a function of time and can be written as:

_pr,i(t)=_pt−L(h,_ri(t)),

where _ri(t)=^{(_xi−x(t))2}+^{(_yi−y(t))2} . In addition, the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of a user i denoted by SN_Ri(t) is:

SN_Ri(t)=_pt−L(h,_ri(t))−_pN,

where _pN is the noise power.

The UAV-BS can only partially cover the target area at each moment, due to the large target area. To enable all users on the target area to be served in one period, the period T is divided into N segments according to the number of terrestrial users, where N is the number of terrestrial users. The length of each time slot is TN . A binary variable _ui[n] is also defined, which indicates that the user i is served by the UAV in the time segment n if _ui[n]=1 ; otherwise, _ui[n]=0 . As such, _ui[n] indicates each user’s connection with the UAV in each time segments. It is assumed that the UAV only serves one user in each time segment, which yields the following constraints,

∑i=1N_ui[n]=1,∀n∑n=1N_ui[n]=1,∀i_ui[n]∈{0,1},∀i,n.

The minimum path loss _Lmin is the path loss when the user is directly below the UAV and can be calculated, that is, _Lmin=L(h,_ri)_|ri=0 . The maximum SNR, can be expressed as:

SN_Rmax=_pt−_Lmin−_pN.

Furthermore, the average SNR of the user i in time segment n denoted by SN_Ri[n] is:

SN_Ri[n]=_{∫TN(n−1)TNn}SN_Ri(t)dtT/N.

Since SN_Rmax is a fixed value, we take square of the difference between the average signal-to-noise ratio of each user within a time slot (i.e., SN_Ri[n] ) and this fixed value as the metric to measure fairness. It can be written as ^{(SN_Rmax−SN_Ri[n])2} . After UAV hovers over the target area for a period, all users obtain service in turn. The fairness metric can be further written as ∑i=1N∑n=1N_ui[n]^{(SN_Rmax−SN_Ri[n])2} .

After UAV hovers over the target area for a period, all users obtain service in turn. Since UAV cannot completely cover users in a time slot, it is necessary to optimize the hovering radius and user scheduling to ensure the quality of service to each user. Thus, we take the square of the difference between SNR of the user and maximal SNR as the fairness metric, and can make SNR of the user as close to maximal SNR as possible. This metric indicates the degree of difference in the signal-to-noise ratio of users and smaller value means better fair performance.

Let A={_ui[n],∀i,n} . The goal is to minimize the sum of squares of the difference between average SNR SN_Ri[n] and the maximum SNR SN_Rmax by jointly optimizing user scheduling and the hovering radius of the UAV. The optimization problem can be formulated as follow:

minr,A∑i=1N∑n=1N_ui[n]^{(SN_Rmax−SN_Ri[n])2}s.ta)∑i=1N_ui[n]=1,∀nb)∑n=1N_ui[n]=1,∀ic) _ui[n]∈{0,1},∀i,nd) r≤_RO.

Problem (14) is very difficult to solve mainly for the following reasons: Firstly, the optimization variables A for user scheduling are binary, and thus (14a–c) are integer constraints. Secondly, since the variables contain 0 and 1, problem (14) is non-convex optimization problem [22].

3. Proposed Algorithm

Problem (14) is a mixed-integer non-convex problem, which is difficult in general to be optimally solved. In order to be able to ignore the complex process and obtain the results quickly and accurately, we use a heuristic algorithm to solve Problem (14). First, the Ant Colony Algorithm (ACA) is adopted to optimize user scheduling A . Then, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the hovering radius of the UAV.

3.1. User Scheduling Optimization

The ACA is a simulated evolutionary algorithm, which is a heuristic algorithm to solve combinatorial optimization. It is inspired by the foraging behavior of ants, and its inspiration comes from the behavior of ants in finding paths in the process of searching for food. The ACA has been widely applied in various fields, and it has solved many problems in combinatorial optimization, due to its characteristics of partial parallel computation and heuristic searching.

The basic idea of the ACA is as follows: The feasible solution of the problem to be optimized is represented by the ant’s walking path, and the solution space of the problem to be optimized is constituted by all the paths of the entire ant colony. Ants with shorter paths release more pheromones. The concentration of pheromones accumulated on shorter paths gradually increases as the number of iterations increases, and more and more ants choose this path. Finally, the whole ant colony focuses on the optimal path under the action of positive feedback, and this solution is the optimal solution of the problem to be optimized.

For a given hovering radius r of the UAV, the optimal user scheduling A need to be found. When the ACA is used to solve this problem, the user is equivalent to the city in the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), and the value of the objective function is equivalent to the distance in TSP. Our goal is to determine the ordering of all users, that is, the optimal path of the ant, such that the sum of the objective functions is minimized.

The most classical problem solved by the ACA is the TSP. Calculating the distance between cities is a very important link when using ant colony algorithm to solve TSP, because the distance between cities directly affects the updating of the pheromone, thus affecting path choice of subsequent ants. In the traditional TSP, the distance between cities (also known as the value of the objective function) can be calculated before the iteration, and it will not change with the increase of the number of iterations of the algorithm. Different from traditional TSP, when solving Problem (14) with the ACA, the distance between cities with the number of iterations. Therefore, we improved the ACA to solve the problem. The algorithm process is shown in Algorithm 1.

Algorithm 1: Ant Colony Algorithm

1: Initialization: Randomly generate N users, assign value to the number of ants MACA , and other parameters in the ACA. Let the hovering radius of the UAV r=ro . 2: The distance matrix C for the ACA is calculated according to the initial conditions. 3: Repeat 4: For each i∈[1,MACA] do 5:  Randomly generated starting city. 6:  Update the distance between cities according to the current city by using C . 7:  Calculate the transition probability between cities and select the next city. 8:  Calculate the path distance. 9: End for 10: Update pheromone. 11: Update the shortest path. 12: Number of iterations plus one.

Firstly, a matrix _BN×N is constructed according to the number of users N . Each element in the matrix represents the value of the corresponding user objective function within the corresponding time slot, and the element in the matrix _BN×N can be written as follow:

_bi,j=^{(SN_Rmax−SN_Rj[i])2},

where the elements of each row in _BN×N represents the value of the objective function of all users in a certain time slot, and the element of each column represents the value of the objective function of a user in all the time slots.

Secondly, the distance matrix C is calculated for the ACA based on _BN×N , and the size of the matrix C is ^N2×N . The element in the matrix C can be expressed as follows:

_ci,j={_{bi−mod(i,N)N,mod(i,N)}(mod(i,N)≠j)0(mod(i,N)=j).

Thus, rows 1+N(n−1) through the row Nn in the matrix C represent the distance between all the cities within the nth time slot.

The core of the algorithm is the iteration to find the optimal path. The specific steps are as follows: Firstly, to build the solution space of the problem, each ant visits each city one by one until it traverses all the cities. Next, the length of each ant’s path is calculated. Then, the optimal path in the current iteration is recorded, and the pheromones on the connection paths between the cities are updated in real-time. Finally, after several iterations, the optimal path is found. The distance between cities is constantly updated according to the distance matrix C in the process of the ants visiting cities.

For a given hovering radius r of the UAV, an optimal selection path D can be calculated by this algorithm, where D corresponds to user scheduling, that is, the optimal scheduling of the user under the hovering radius can be obtained by this algorithm.

3.2. UAV Hovering Radius Optimization

Genetic algorithms have many advantages compared with the traditional optimization algorithm, among which the most significant is the capacity to deal with complex problems and parallelism. The genetic algorithm starts from the randomly generated initial solution, and generates new solutions by selecting, crossover, and mutation. Then, the fitness of the new solution is calculated by the fitness function designed, and the next generation population is obtained by natural selection. After several iterations, the algorithm converges to the optimal population.

The genetic algorithm takes the objective function value as the search information directly. It only uses the fitness function value transformed by the objective function value to determine the further search direction and search scope, and does not need some other auxiliary information, such as the derivative value of the objective function.

Genetic algorithms simultaneously use search information from multiple search points. The search for the optimal solution by genetic algorithm starts from an initial group composed of many individuals, rather than a single individual. The fitness function is not only the criterion to measure the merits of individuals, but also the only basis for natural selection. Therefore, the design of the fitness function is particularly important. The genetic algorithm basically does not use external information in evolutionary search, only based on fitness function. The objective function is not constrained by continuous differentiability, and its domain can be any set. The only requirement for the fitness function is that the results can be calculated from the input and compared. The algorithm process is shown in Algorithm 2.

The goal here is to find the optimal radius r for a given user scheduling A . The fitness function is designed first. It is assumed that an optimal selection path denoted by D is obtained through the calculation of the ACA. It should be noted that D is a sequence of numbers, which represents the time slot that each user accesses and the size of D is 1×N . The value of the elements in D are 1 to N and are not repeated. For any given r , the corresponding matrix _BN×N can be acquired. Therefore, the fitness function can be expressed as follows:

f(r)=∑i=1N_bi,d(1,i),

where b is an element of matrix _BN×N , and d(1,i) is the first row and the i-th column element of D .

The GA is also called the classical genetic algorithm. Its optimization variables are described by binary coding, and the binary codes of several optimization variables are strung together to form chromosomes. The binary string representing the individual is randomly generated with a certain length of subscript when the initial population is created. The selection operation selects individuals from the old population with a certain probability to form a new population in order to reproduce the next generation of individuals. The probability of an individual being selected is related to its fitness value. The fitness with bigger value will be selected with a higher probability. The crossover operation randomly selects the crossover position on the two chromosomes according to the probability, and exchanges the binary values corresponding to these positions to generate two new individuals. The mutation operation randomly selects the mutation position on the randomly selected individual according to the mutation probability, takes the binary value of the bit, and generates a new individual.

An initial population is first created where the number of individuals is _MGA . Values are assigned to the crossover probability _Pcr and the mutation probability _Pmu . The optimal solution in each generation is denoted by OPT . In addition, let gen be the maximum number of iterations.

The parameters _Vm are set to zero at the beginning of the algorithm. Firstly, the fitness value of each individual in the population is calculated according fitness function. Each population then uses the respective crossover probability _Pcr and mutation probability _Pmu generates the next generation through selection, crossover, and mutation. Finally, the individual with the optimal fitness values is found.

Algorithm 2: Genetic Algorithm

1: Initialization: Assign value to MGA , Pcr and Pmu . Let user scheduling A=Ao . 2: Calculate BN×N based on A 3: While n<gen do 4: For each i∈MGA do 5: the fitness value of each individual in the population is calculated according to the fitness function 6: Select, crossover, and mutation to generate new individuals 7: End for 8: Calculate the fitness value of the new generation of individuals 9: Update parameter Vm 10: End while

4. Simulation Results

This section presents the simulation results to compare the performances of the ACA and the GA. We consider a circular urban area with parameters α=9.61,β=0.16,_ηLoS=1,_ηNLoS=20 . The radius of the circular area is _Ro and the initial value of hovering radius is _ro . The carrier frequency is f=20 GHz . In addition, it is assumed that the path loss threshold is _Lth=100 dB . The optimal height of the UAV can be calculated according to the maximum path loss. Then, the UAV is placed at this altitude and the user scheduling, along with the hovering radius of the UAV, are further optimized. We first use ACA to optimize user scheduling and then GA to optimize the hovering radius of the UAV. The optimal hovering radius of UAVs maximized the fairness was obtained through iterative optimization of ACA and GA.

4.1. Convergence Behavior

An initial value was first assigned to the hovering radius _ro , and then the optimal user scheduling under the current radius were obtained through the ACA. Then, user scheduling is substituted into the GA to obtain the optimal hovering radius of the UAV under the current user scheduling. In the following simulation figures, the objective function of the vertical axis is the fairness metric we defined in the previous section and smaller value means a better fair performance.

Figure 2 shows the iterative process of the optimal solution when optimizing user scheduling with the ACA. Furthermore, the impact of the different initial radius on the ACA optimization process is shown in the figure. As shown, the initial radius with bigger value will be the smaller value of the objective function optimized by the ACA. This is because the optimal radius was obtained at a certain value in the radius of the target area. The objective function takes the minimum value at the optimal value. Therefore, the initial value with a large difference from the optimal value corresponds to a larger objective function value. Figure 3 shows the iterative process of the optimal solution when optimizing the hovering radius of the UAV with the GA. By comparing Figure 2 and Figure 3, it can be seen that the number of iterations required by the GA to optimize hovering radius of the UAV was less than what was required by the ACA to optimize user scheduling. The problem of optimizing the hovering radius of the UAV is much more complicated than that of optimizing user scheduling, and, therefore, it requires a large number of iterations.

4.2. Capacity Performance

The joint optimization of the hovering radius with a different number of users in the target area is shown in Figure 4 The radius of the target region in Figure 4a,b is 1500 m and 2000 m respectively. As the number of iterations increases, the hovering radius of UAV converges gradually. As shown, the optimal solution of the algorithm generally does not change after the fourth and fifth iterations, which also shows the effectiveness and stability of the algorithm. In addition, a different number of users N in the area leads to different results of each iteration. The algorithm eventually converges to a value, which is the optimal hovering radius of the UAV in this scenario.

The change process of fairness performance with the number of iterations is shown in Figure 5. The vertical axis of the figure is the fairness metric, which is ∑i=1N∑n=1N_ui[n]^{(SN_Rmax−SN_Ri[n])2} , as defined above; and the fairness metric is the objective function in ACA-GA. The radius of the target region in Figure 5a,b is 1500 m and 2000 m, respectively. Although the number of users does not affect the convergence of the hovering radius, it does affect the convergence of fairness performance. The fairness performance decreases as the number of user increase. It becomes more difficult to assign each user the time slot that maximizes fairness performance as the number of users increases.

The result, shown in Figure 6, is the network capacity in three different optimization methods. The horizontal line in the figure represents the performance of the system when the UAV is fixed at the regional origin. In this case, no optimization is required, and the total network capacity can be calculated directly from the location of each user, and the result is a fixed value. We can see that when the only genetic algorithm is used to optimize the hovering radius of the UAV without optimizing user scheduling, the performance of the network is lower than that in the case that the UAV is fixed at a point. The reason is that the user is randomly connected to the network during the hovering of the UAV without optimizing user scheduling, and there is no guarantee that each user will have access within the appropriate time slot.

Then we investigate the variation of the throughput with the iteration number in three different optimization methods. We calculate the sum of the transmission rates _Csum based on the SNR of the user SN_Ri[n] and user scheduling, to represent the throughput of the network. Therefore, _Csum can be written as _Csum=∑i=1N∑n=1N_ui[n]⋅Wlog(1+SN_Ri[n]) . W is the bandwidth and we assume W=1 MHz . As shown in Figure 7, the ACA-GA joint optimization has a significant improvement in the throughput of the network, compared with the case that without optimization and only use GA to optimize radius. ACA-GA converges when the iteration number is 10, while GA converges when the iteration number is about 60. The ACA-GA joint optimization approach has better network capacity and better convergence than either of the above two methods.

In order to compare with the ground mobile base station, we consider the situation that the ground mobile base station provides service for users when it moves with a circular trajectory. We adopt the Ground-to-Ground(G2G) channel model, and the channel gain is: h= (c4π_fc⁾²⋅^d−k , where c is the light speed, _fc is the carrier frequency, d is the distance between user and base station, and k is a constant determined by link. The throughput of network is studied at different values of k . Figure 8 compares the influence of ground base station and UAV base station on network throughput when k is 3.5 and 4. As shown in the figure, when the ground mobile base station is used to provide services for users, the network throughput is lower than that of the UAV base station.

5. Conclusions

In this paper, we investigated the effect of the mobile UAV circular trajectory on network capacity with the consideration of fairness. We considered a UAV-BS hovering with a circular trajectory so that all users in the area can be served. In order to maximize network capacity with the consideration of fairness, trajectory and scheduling of the mobile UAV aerial base station are jointly optimized. We divide the time slots by the number of users, and we take the square sum of the average signal-to-noise ratio of each user within a time slot and the maximal signal-to-noise ratio available to the user as the index to measure fairness. By means of the ACA and the GA, a novel approach of the hovering radius of UAV is proposed, which jointly optimized user scheduling and the hovering radius of the UAV. Simulation results showed that the algorithm proposed in this paper reveals a fast convergence rate and a good convergence result.

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Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.C. and X.Z.; Data curation, Y.C. and X.Z.; Formal analysis, Y.C. and X.Z.; Funding acquisition, N.L.; Investigation, X.Z.; Methodology, Y.C.; Project administration, N.L.; Resources, N.L. and W.X.; Software, N.L.; Supervision, W.X.; Validation, W.X.; Visualization, W.X.; Writing-original draft, Y.C.; Writing-review and editing, N.L. and X.Z.

Funding

This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 61871400 and 61571463, the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under grant BK20171401 and National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 61771486.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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