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Abstract
Pacing tools that support small animals and can serve as models for pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases are currently not available. Here, the authors report a miniaturized wireless battery-free implantable multimodal and multisite pacemaker that provides unlimited stimulation to test subjects.
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1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Surgery, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
5 Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
6 Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
7 Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
8 Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Radiology, and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
9 Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
10 AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
11 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
12 DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
13 Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Simpson Querrey Institute and Feinberg Medical School, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA