RNA-dependent structures of the RNA-binding loop in the flavivirus NS3 helicase

Abstract

The flavivirus NS3 protein is a helicase that has pivotal functions during the viral genome replication process, where it unwinds double-stranded RNA and translocates along the nucleic acid polymer in a nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis-dependent mechanism. An increased interest in this enzyme as a potential target for development of antiviral therapeutics was sparked by the 2015 Zika virus epidemic in the Americas. Crystallographic and computational studies of the flavivirus NS3 helicase have identified the RNA-binding loop as an interesting structural element, which may function as an origin for the RNA-enhanced NTPase activity observed for this family of helicases. Microsecond-long unbiased molecular dynamics as well as extensive replica exchange umbrella sampling simulations of the Zika NS3 helicase have been performed to investigate the RNA-dependence of this loop's structural conformations. Specifically, the effect of the bound single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) oligomer on the putative "open" and "closed" conformations of this loop are studied. In the Apo substrate state, the two structures are nearly isoergonic (ΔG_O→C = -0.22 kcal/mol), explaining the structural ambiguity observed in Apo NS3h crystal structures. The bound ssRNA is seen to stabilize the "open" conformation (ΔG_O→C = 1.97 kcal/mol) through direct protein-RNA interactions at the top of the loop. Interestingly, a small ssRNA oligomer bound over 13 Å away from the loop is seen to affect the free energy surface to favor the "open" structure while minimizing barriers between the two states. The mechanism of the transition between "open" and "closed" states is characterized as are residues of importance for the RNA-binding loop structures. From these results, the loop is hypothesized to be a viable region in the protein for targeted small-molecule inhibition and mutagenesis studies, where stabilization of the "closed" RNA-binding loop will negatively impact RNA-binding and the RNA-enhanced NTPase activity.