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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Barnard, a great company executive, a great leader, and a great philosopher said, "Cooperation, not leadership, is the creative process; but leadership is the indispensable fulminator of its forces. " But, the question is, how do leaders recruit cooperation from their followers? Each of the leadership theories speaks differently about recruiting cooperation. The objective of this paper is to use research data to demonstrate effective leadership and effective management by way of analyzing the two important predictors, namely psychological capital and psychological ownership, in predicting the three important leadership behaviors that entice cooperation, e.g., transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and passive avoidance leadership.
Keywords: Leadership Styles, Psychological Capital, Psychological ownership, Professional Competencies, Effectiveness
INTRODUCTION
"Excellence is a better teacher than mediocrity. The lessons of the ordinary are everywhere. Truly profound and original insights are to be found only in studying the exemplary." - Warren G. Bennis
Study the exemplary- I always wanted to know the traits of and truth about 100 greatest leaders of all times in any generation. And, I have always wanted to do research on "American Exceptionalism." Where else will you find such leaders, except in the citadels and within the walls of great American universities? If at all they exist in modern times today, they must exist within the concrete walls or in campuses of American universities as living, breathing professors of repute, imbued with leadership par excellence, as history is the testimony of their greatness!
Exceptionalism, by its definition, is the perception that a country, individual, leader, institution, movement, species, society, or even a time period is considered as "exceptional" (i.e., unusual or extraordinary) in some way.
In its classic form, American exceptionalism refers to the special character of the United States as a uniquely free nation based on democratic ideals and personal liberty. Because of this spirit, individuals exhibit unique behaviors in leadership styles.
Hence, the definition of exceptionalism derived from the above precept is the condition or conviction of being different from the norm- it is also basis of exemplifying personal behavior or style, pertaining to a nation, or in individuals.
We know that such leaders existed in history and the lofty ideals of a young American nation have always promoted the free spirit of being...