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1. Introduction

Shipping is one of the most economical transportation methods and it plays an important role in the development of the world’s economy. However, due to increases in the volume of world trade and energy demands, the environmental pollution associated with shipping has become increasingly acute. At present, 90% of the world’s cargo is transported by bulk ships [1]. These large-scale, ocean-going vessels use a lot of fuel, and emit large amounts of environmentally harmful gases (e.g., NOX, SOX, CO2, and CO) and particulate matter [2].

These emissions not only cause atmospheric pollution, but also have a serious impact on people’s health [3]. Therefore, international organizations are constantly issuing instructions to limit the discharge of ships [4]. Faced with the global energy crisis and increasingly stringent regulatory requirements, shipping companies are actively seeking novel and efficient strategies (i.e., the development and utilization of clean energy) to save energy and reduce the emissions from ships. Solar energy is a well-known type of clean and renewable energy. Moreover, the use of solar energy to supply a ship’s electricity requirements and power for electric propulsion systems has a number of advantages, including decreases in a ship’s fuel consumption and a reduction in emissions [5,6,7]. Furthermore, solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is becoming increasingly mature, and thus solar energy has broad application prospects for ships in the near future.

Currently, some developed countries (e.g., European and North American countries), as well as China, are developing technologies related to the design and manufacture of solar ships. These studies have mainly focused on the integrated design of solar energy systems [5,6,7], energy conversion devices [8], energy management systems [9], optimization and matching of system parameters [10,11], and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) [12], and some significant results have been achieved. However, when a ship’s existing solar system is studied, the characteristics of a ship’s electrical load are a major consideration. A key issue when designing a solar-diesel hybrid ship is how to optimize the power output of the solar collectors and diesel generators in order to meet the needs of the entire ship’s electricity load, so that the economic efficiency of its fuel is optimal and the generator also remains highly efficient.

With regard to energy management strategies for solar-diesel hybrid systems on land, several researchers have conducted extensive studies on the design [13,14], modeling, control and simulation [15,16,17], experimental performance [18], optimal management of hybrid power systems [19,20,21,22,23], optimum size of hybrid power systems [24], advanced controller design [25], and optimal operation of hybrid energy systems [26]. However, few studies have concentrated on strategies for energy management in solar-diesel hybrid ships. Liu et al. [27] investigated a solar-diesel hybrid ship consisting of solar energy, a storage battery, and a super capacitor. By establishing a mathematical model of the ship’s movement, the characteristics of the solar power output were studied, and a method for suppressing its fluctuation using a dual-energy storage system was developed. Moreover, Guo et al. [28] proposed a load-flow calculation method for solar energy, a diesel generator, and battery hybrid ships, and also carried out a numerical simulation. Their results provided a theoretical basis for improving the stable and flexible output of PV systems. Kenan et al. [29] designed a hybrid energy ship for a shore power system and also proposed a new energy management strategy. Through an analysis of five cases, it was proved that the proposed energy management strategy could achieve energy savings and a reduction in emissions. Cao et al. [30] designed a solar-diesel hybrid system for the high energy consumption of the vapor compression cycle of a cruise ship’s air-cooled equipment. A control strategy was established under three cabin cooling conditions, which effectively reduced the emission of greenhouse gases. Park et al. [31] and Lan et al. [32] focused on solar-diesel hybrid ships, using batteries and flywheels, respectively, in order to smooth the fluctuation of the solar output power caused by environmental factors. Based on the experimental data of a PV system, a numerical analysis was carried out, with the results showing that the proposed method could effectively reduce a ship’s fuel consumption. Divyajot et al. [33] and Zhang et al. [34] designed an energy management controller for a hybrid ship composed of solar energy, an energy storage system and a diesel generator set, taking the demand power of the hybrid system as the input and the power of the DC bus as the output. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) was used to solve the problem while meeting the goal of minimum fuel consumption. Simulation results showed that the energy management strategy optimized by PSO effectively reduced fuel consumption.

The studies above were all focused on energy management strategies designed for solar power stability or flexible output, and these methods can, to a certain extent, be effective for saving energy and reducing emissions. However, when the efficiency of solar and diesel generators under different sailing conditions is considered, the system’s overall performance is not very efficient when the maximum amount of solar power is injected into the grid. For example, when a ship’s electrical load is relatively low, if more power is injected into the grid, the fuel consumption of the overall system will decrease. However, this may cause the diesel generator to run for a long time under a low load, resulting in more wear of the engine parts, deteriorative effects of the combustion process on the environment, and a reduction in the lifetime of the engine. Therefore, to resolve the aforementioned problems, this paper used a solar-diesel hybrid generator system on a ship as the research object, established a multi-objective optimization model with the ship’s minimum equivalent specific fuel consumption and the diesel generator’s maximum efficiency, and used the PSO algorithm to solve this multi-objective optimization problem. Consequently, the optimal output power of the solar energy under different power loads could be calculated. The novelty of this study is that the proposed energy management strategy takes both the ship’s economy and the efficiency of the diesel generator into account, and it could reduce a ship’s fuel consumption and increase the diesel generator’s work life.

The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the system configuration of the ship and the solar-diesel hybrid generator system used in the study; Section 3 establishes a multi-objective optimization mathematical model of the ship’s solar-diesel hybrid electrical generator system; Section 4 uses the PSO algorithm to solve a multi-objective problem; Section 5 presents the results of the analysis; and Section 6 draws the main conclusions of the paper.

2. A Solar-Diesel Hybrid Electrical Generator System of a Ship

This paper takes an offshore ocean vehicle roll-on roll off (ro-ro) ship as the research object, the basic parameters of which are presented in Table 1. Based on the ship’s original power system, a large-scale on/off grid integrated solar power generation device was designed using a battery storage system, and then installed to form a solar-diesel generator hybrid power system (see Figure 1).

According to the measured data, the unobstructed area of the ship’s upper deck is approximately 1300 m2. With regards to the needs of the maintenance channels, a solar PV system with a total capacity of 143 kWp was installed. The solar module is a 400 mm series monocrystalline silicon solar panel, its peak power under standard test conditions is 265 W, and it measures 1650 × 990 × 40 mm3 and weighs 19.1 kg. According to the standard irradiance conditions (1000 W/m2, panel temperature: 20 °C), 18 in-series and 30 in-parallel panels were used, accounting for a total of 540 solar panels. The energy storage system uses a marine-use 3.2 V/100 Ah lithium-ion battery, which is composed of 120 units connected in-series and 17 strings in-parallel, resulting in a total of 2040 battery cells. The rated capacity is 652.8 kWh. The battery cell’s output voltage is set up to be DC 384 V. The energy storage system unit was designed according to the ship’s actual requirements, while the thermal issues and protection under a high-temperature environment were also fully considered. The battery management system (BMS) is used to manage the battery pack. Three diesel generators produced by YANMAR (Osaka, Japan) were installed on the ship, namely, two 1020 kW 6N21AL-GV diesel generators and one 960 kW 6N21AL-UV diesel generator. When the ship is sailing normally, one 1020 kW diesel generator is turned on. When the ship is arriving at, or departing from a port, both 1020 kW diesel generators are turned on. The 960 kW diesel generator is on standby, and is turned on when any of the 1020 kW engines do not work.

The schematic diagram of the hybrid electrical energy generation system after it was remodeled is shown in Figure 2. The system has four operating modes which can be manually selected:

  • During an off-grid operation, the PV modules charge the battery through the PV controller, and the battery and/or PV voltage is converted directly to AC 450 V. After that, the voltage is stepped-down through a three-phase transformer and powers the load directly.
  • In a grid-connected operation, the PV modules charge the battery via the PV controller, and the energy of the battery and/or PV is fed back to the grid. To prevent current reverse in the ship’s synchronous generator, a set of anti-backflow devices are equipped with a Busbar system.
  • When the PV system’s output power drops sharply, and the battery’s energy is insufficient to support the load, the bypass backup function is activated and the ship’s electric power system is used to supply energy to the lighting load.
  • When a fault in the PV system occurs, the single-pole, double-throw switch is switched to the original ship’s power grid and diesel generator sets to supply energy to the lighting load.

3. A Multi-Objective Optimization Model for Energy Management According to the operation mode of the solar-diesel generator hybrid system, when the system is operating in the off-grid mode, the solar PV system and battery system only provide power for cabin lighting, while the diesel generator provides power for other power loads. These are mutually independent power supply circuits, and their output power is only affected by the load fluctuation in their own circuits. Therefore, this study only discusses optimization related to energy management in the grid-connected mode.

With regard to the aforementioned solar-diesel generator hybrid system, one of the main objectives of the energy management strategy is to reduce the entire ship’s fuel consumption. Since the battery is only charged by the solar PV system and a diesel generator does not charge the battery, when there is additional fuel consumption and new energy is injected into the power grid, the diesel generator’s fuel consumption will reduce, however, its specific fuel consumption will increase as it is running at a low efficiency level. During the diesel generator’s operation, its fuel consumption will increase due to the influences of vibration, friction and wear, the temperature of cooling water, and other factors. In order to facilitate the calculation and ignore the influence of the above factors, it is assumed that the diesel generator is always running in good technical condition. Therefore, the equivalent specific fuel consumption can be used to evaluate the economic advantages of hybrid systems [35].

g˜t=PDEt·gtPLt=PLt−PNtgtηtPLt=∑i=1nPOitηitgitPLti=1,2,⋯,n

where,g˜tis the equivalent specific fuel consumption (g/kWh);PLtis the load power (kW),250 kW≤PLt≤700 kWaccording to the instructions given for the calculation of a ship’s power load;PDEtis the diesel engine’s power (kW);PNtis the output power (kW) of the new energy system (solar and battery);gitis the current specific fuel consumption of the ith diesel generator (g/kWh);Poitis the output power of the ith diesel generator (kW); andηitis the efficiency of the ith diesel generator.

With regard to the decrease in a ship’s fuel consumption, it is necessary to ensure that diesel generators work at a higher efficiency in the long run, so that the engine remains in service for a long period. A diesel generator’s efficiency is calculated by Equation (2) [36]:

ηit=3600·POitρfi·Qit·LHV

where ρfi is the fuel density of the ith diesel generator, setting ρfi = 820 kg/m3; Qi(t) denotes the fuel consumption of the ith diesel generator (kg/h); and LHVrepresents the lower heating value of the fuel, setting LHV = 43.2. MJ/kg

A diesel generator’s fuel consumption can be expressed by Equation (3) [36]:

Qit=ait·Pri+bit·POiti=1,2,⋯,n

where, ai(t) and bi(t) represent the fuel intercept coefficient and fuel slope coefficient of the ith diesel generator, which are 13.44 and 207.58 g/kWh respectively; and Pri denotes the rated power of the ith diesel generator (Pr1 = Pr2 = 1020 kW)

Formula (4) can be obtained from Formulas (2) and (3):

ηit=3600·POitρfi·ait·Pri+bit·POit·LHV

In summary, the energy management strategy based on multi-objective optimization can be described by Equation (5):

ming˜t=∑i=1nPOitηit·gitPLtmaxηt=1n·∑i=1n3600·POitρfi·ait·Pri+bit·POit·LHVst.PLt=PNt+∑i=1nPOiti=1,2,⋯,nPNt=PPVt+PBatt0≤PPVt≤143 kW250 kW≤PLt≤700 kWPmin≤PBatt≤Pmax

where,PPVtis the solar output power (kW); andPBattis the battery power (kW). WhenPBatis positive, it means there is a discharge; when it is negative, it means there is a charge;Pminrepresents the battery’s minimum output power, which is 0; andPmaxdenotes the battery’s maximum output power as a restriction of the output power of the inverter,Pmaxset as 250 kW.

In March 2016, we conducted tests on the parameters of the solar PV systems, batteries, diesel generator sets, and fuel consumption under the ship’s different operating conditions. According to the experimental data, the relationship between the diesel generator’s specific fuel consumption and the electric generator’s power can be calculated, as illustrated in Figure 3.

Using a polynomial fitting, the relationship between the diesel generator’s specific fuel consumption and the electric generator’s power can be obtained as follows:

git=fPOit=727.86−1.55·POit+0.0012·POit2

Substituting Equation (6) into Equation (5), the multi-objective optimization is formulated by Equation (7):

ming˜t=∑i=1nPOitηit·727.86−1.55·POit+0.0012·POit2PLtmaxηt=1n·∑i=1n3600·POitρfi·ait·Pri+bit·POit·LHVst. PLt=PNt+∑i=1nPOiti=1,2,⋯,nPNt=PPVt+PBatt0≤PPVt≤143 kW250 kW≤PLt≤700 kWPmin≤PBatt≤Pmax

4. The PSO Algorithm

Particle swarm optimization is an algorithm using the random search based on the cooperation of group, which is developed by simulating the foraging behavior of birds. The basic principle of PSO is to find the optimal solution through cooperation and the share of information among individuals in a certain group. The PSO algorithm is used extensively to solve multi-objective optimization problems in practical projects because of its rapid search speed, high efficiency, and simplicity [37]. Therefore, the PSO algorithm is used in this paper to solve the optimization problems related to the strategy of energy management. The algorithm’s steps are as follows:

Step 1: Initialize N1-dimention particles with the output new energy power PN (t), and apply Equation (7) to calculate the fitness value of each particle. Then, an optimal value and optimal population value are calculated.

Step 2: Update the velocity and position of the particles. The updated equation is as follows [38]:

Vk+1=ωVk+c1 r1Pidk−Xk+c2 r2Pgdk−XkXk+1=Xk+Vk+1

where,ωis the inertia weight;r1andr2represent the random numbers distributed in [0, 1];kdenotes the current iteration number;Pidkis the individual optimal particle position;Pgdkrepresents the global optimal particle position;c1andc2are constant;Vdenotes the particle’s velocity; andXis the particle’s position.

Step 3: Recalculate the fitness value of each particle satisfying the constraint of Equation (7). The individual optimal particle is updated according to the dominant relationship between the new particle and the current optimal particle. Step 4: Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the algorithm converges. As a result, the optimal individual value can be obtained, that is, the optimal value of the new energy output power PN (t).

The relevant parameters selected by the PSO algorithm are shown in Table 2.

5. Results

According to the multi-objective optimization model and numerical method referred to above, the non-inferior solution of the multi-objective optimization problem is formulated by programming. The distribution of the Pareto surface formed by these non-inferior solutions is illustrated in Figure 4.

As shown in Figure 4, the equivalent specific fuel consumption of the solar-diesel generator hybrid system increases with the increase in the diesel generators’ efficiency, so the two optimization goals are mutually conflicting and restrictive. In order to simplify the analysis, Figure 5 shows the relationship between the output power of the new energy system and the spatial distribution of non-inferior solutions under different electrical loads.

It can be seen from Figure 5 that under different electrical loads, the ship’s equivalent specific fuel consumption decreases as the new energy injected power increases, and the diesel generator’s efficiency decreases accordingly. Therefore, the solar-diesel generator hybrid system can help to reduce the fuel consumption, although the ship’s economic improvement will be at the expense of the diesel generator’s efficiency. With the aid of the non-inferior solution for the multi-objective problem presented in this study, an optimal energy management strategy for the hybrid power system can be established. By reducing the ship’s fuel consumption, the diesel generators should operate with a higher efficiency as much as possible, in order to prolong the engine’s service life. In order to protect the battery from overcharging and discharging, the best range for the battery’s state-of-charge (SOC) is between 30%–80%.

  • When the battery’s SOC is ≤30%, the battery is in a state where it needs to be charged. Currently, the maximum power of the new energy connected to the grid is the solar energy’s peak power, that isPNmax = 143 kW. Figure 6 shows the distribution of the non-inferior solution withPNin the region (0, 143 kW).

As shown in Figure 6, when the ship’s electrical load is low, its equivalent specific fuel consumption decreases rapidly with the increase in solar power, but when the ship’s electrical load is high, its equivalent specific fuel consumption decreases slowly with the increase in solar energy. However, regardless of the electrical load conditions, the diesel generators’ efficiency decreases with the same trend as the injected solar power increases. When the solar power is the same, the higher the ship’s electrical load, the lower the entire ship’s equivalent specific fuel consumption, and the higher the diesel generator’s efficiency. Thus, it can be concluded that when the ship’s electrical load is high, its economy should mainly be considered, but when the ship’s electrical load is low, full consideration should be given to the entire ship’s fuel economy and the diesel generator’s efficiency.

2

When the battery’s SOC is >30%, the battery is in a state of discharging. At present, the maximum power required for a new energy injection is 390 kW. Figure 7 displays the distribution of the non-inferior solution withPNin the range of 0–390 kW.

Generally, the entire ship’s specific fuel consumption and the diesel generator’s efficiency decrease with the increase in the new energy injection, with the diesel generator’s efficiency basically following the same trend. The ship’s specific fuel consumption shows a more pronounced decline trend when its electrical load is low. When the new energy injection increases from zero, the specific fuel consumption during a low electrical load is greater than that during a high electrical load. However, when the input power of new energy exceeds a critical valueP˜N, the ship’s specific fuel consumption during a low electrical load is lower than that during a high electrical load. When the injection power of new energy continues to increase, the specific fuel consumption declines rapidly, and the diesel generator’s efficiency also decreases rapidly. When the injection power of the new energy is greater than the ship’s electrical load, the diesel generator stops working. At this time, the new energy system provides power for the entire ship and the ship’s economy is optimal. When the ship’s electrical load is relatively high, e.g.,PL = 600 kW and PL = 700 kW, there is a slight difference in the specific fuel consumption with the same injection power of new energy. Hence, it can be concluded that when the ship’s electrical load is less than the power injection of new energy, the new energy system should be given priority to power the ship. At this time, the entire ship has the optimal fuel economy. When the ship’s electrical load is greater than the injection power of new energy and the load is high, the ship should be economically oriented and new energy should be injected as much as possible; if the load is low, the ship’s economy and the diesel generator’s efficiency must be fully considered.

According to the aforementioned optimization method, the output power of the new energy system has been optimized based on different loads. The optimization results are listed in Table 3.

When the ship’s electrical load is low and the battery’s SOC is≤30%, it is necessary to reduce the power of the new energy generation system that is injected into the power grid, and improve the diesel generator’s efficiency. For example, when the electrical load is 300 kW, the injection power of the new energy system should be maintained at about 100 kW. At this time, the diesel generator’s efficiency is 21.32%, which is higher than that before optimization. The equivalent specific fuel consumption is 285.2 g/kWh, which is not significantly higher than that before optimization. When the battery’s SOC is >30%, the new energy generation system can fully meet the needs of the ship’s electrical load. At this time, the diesel generator stops working and the new energy system supplies power to the ship. When the ship’s electrical load is high, no matter whether the battery’s SOC is large or small, its economy should be taken into account, and the injection power of the new energy system should be increased significantly. For instance, when the power load is 600 kW and the SOC is <30%, the injection power of the new energy system is 140.8 kW. At this time, the ship’s equivalent specific fuel consumption is 201.1 g/kWh, which is notably higher than that before optimization, and the diesel generator’s efficiency is 47.8%, which is not significantly lower than that before optimization.

The ship’s average annual operation time is 365 days, which consist of 55 days in port and 310 days in normal navigation. According to the weather statistics for the ship’s route, the solar PV system can work for about 292 days every year, including 44 days when the ship is in port and 248 days during normal navigation. According to the experimental data, when the ship is in port and during normal navigation, the power load is 600 kW for 90% of the time, and for the remaining 10% of the time it is between 300 kW and 500 kW. This gives an average value of 400KW and average sunshine time of 6 h per day for calculation purposes. The ship’s annual fuel consumption and CO2 emission are calculated as shown in Equations (9) and (10), respectively.

Q=PL1·g˜1·73·90%+PL2·g˜2·73·10%·24+PL1·g˜1·18+PL1−PN1·g˜1′·6·292·90%+PL2·g˜2·18+PL2−PN2·g˜2′·6·292·10%

qCO2=Q×α

where Q is the ship’s annual fuel consumption (t);PLii=1,2is theship’s electrical load (kW);g˜i,g˜i′i=1,2is the fuel consumption rate (g/kWh);PNii=1,2is the power of the solar energy connected to the grid (kW); qco2 is the ship annual CO2 emission (t); and α is the carbon emission coefficient, with a value of 3.175.

According to Equations (9) and (10), the energy conservation and emission reduction results for one year using the PSO algorithm method are shown in Table 4.

Before optimization, when solar energy is used as much as possible, the ship consumes 1086.82 t of fuel oil and produces 3450.66 t of CO2 emissions per year. However, when the new energy source is connected to the power grid, the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are 1074.44 t and 3411.66 t, respectively, one year after using the PSO algorithm method. This saves 12.38 t of fuel and 39.31 t of CO2 compared to a year without using this method, and the diesel generator’s efficiency is basically kept at the same level. Therefore, the PSO algorithm method can further reduce the ship’s fuel consumption, and lead to the diesel generator operating in the range of appropriate efficiency. 6. Conclusions This study aimed to improve the energy management of the solar-diesel hybrid generator system on a ship, and took the ship’s economy and the diesel generators’ efficiency into full consideration. A multi-objective optimization model was established, and the PSO algorithm was used to solve the model numerically. The major findings are outlined below. 6.1. The Battery’s SOC is ≤30% When the ship’s electrical load is relatively high, management of the system should be economically oriented, and the input of new energy should be increased appropriately. When the ship’s electrical load is low, its fuel economy and the diesel generator’s efficiency must be taken into account. For example, when the electrical load is 300 kW, the solar power should be controlled at around 100 kW. 6.2. The Battery’s SOC is >30%

WhenPL<PN, it is preferable to use new energy to power the ship; whenPL≥PNand the load is high, the injected new energy should be increased as much as possible. If the load is low, full consideration must be given to the ship’s economy and diesel generator’s efficiency. Therefore, it is preferable to use the solar energy.

This method can be used in solar-diesel hybrid ships with a similar power distribution and different energy storage stations, i.e., medium and small-sized solar energy grid-connected power stations, and micro-grid systems.

Figure 1. A flowchart of the solar-diesel generator hybrid system.

Figure 2. A schematic diagram of the remodeled hybrid electrical energy generation system.

Figure 3. The curve of the specific fuel consumption as a function of an electric generator.

Figure 4. The distribution of non-inferior solutions for ships with different power loads.

Figure 5. The spatial distribution of non-inferior solutions under different electrical loads.

Figure 6. The non-inferior solution ofPNin the range of 0-143 kW

Figure 7. The distribution of non-inferior solution withPNin the range of 0-390 kW.

Overall length182.80 mspeed20.20 kn
Beam32.20 mtotal deadweight tonnage14,759.06 t
Depth14.95 mnumber of parking Spaces5000 pctc
Design draft8.40 m

c1 c2 __max __min xSize MaxIt
220.9-1504000

When SOC≤30% When SOC>30%
Power of Load (kW) Experimental Measurements Optimization Results Experimental Measurements Optimization Results
PN (kW) g¯(g/kWh) η PN (kW) g¯(g/kWh) η PN (kW) g¯(g/kWh) η PN (kW) g¯(g/kWh) η
300130281.817.64%100285.221.32%8032723.1%3000
400121272.527.8%115272.129.6%220288.7811.58%202.5159.825.4%
500111.8237.240.4%140230.337.9%264201.824.5%281.5194.823.76%
600117207.250.3%140.8201.147.8%359.1164.535.5%393.8157.533.2%

Experimental Measurements Optimization Results
fuel consumption (t)1086.82fuel consumption (t)1074.44
CO2 emission (t)3450.66CO2 emission (t)3411.35
efficiency of diesel generator39.05%efficiency of diesel generator38.7%
Fuel saving (t)12.38
Emission reduction (t)39.31

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.Y.; Methodology, T.L.; Software, R.Y.; Validation, R.Y.and B.S.; Formal Analysis, Y.Y. and R.Y.; Investigation, Y.Y.; Resources, Y.Y.; Data Curation, R.Y.;Writing-Original Draft Preparation, R.Y.; Writing-Review & Editing, Y.Y. and B.S.; Funding Acquisition, Y.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by NSFC-Zhejiang Joint Fund for the Integration of Industrialization and Informatization grant number U1709215, Research Project of Advanced Technology Ship grand number MIIT [2016] 548, and the self-determined and innovative research funds of Wuhan University of Technology grant number 2018-ND-C1-19.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Rui Yang1,2, Yupeng Yuan1,3,4,*, Rushun Ying1, Boyang Shen3 and Teng Long31Reliability Engineering Institute, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China

2China Water Transport Research Institute, Beijing 100089, China

3Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK

4National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

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© 2020. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Due to the pressures caused by the energy crisis, environmental pollution, and international regulations, the largest ship-producing nations are exploring renewable resources, such as wind power, solar energy, and fuel cells to save energy and develop more environmentally-friendly ships. Solar energy has recently attracted a great deal of attention from both academics and practitioners; furthermore, the optimization of energy management has become a research topic of great interest. This paper takes a solar-diesel hybrid ship with 5000 car spaces as its research object. Then, following testing on this ship, experimental data were obtained, a multi-objective optimization model related to the ship’s fuel economy and diesel generator’s efficiency was established, and a partial swarm optimization algorithm was used to solve a multi-objective problem. The results show that the optimized energy management strategy for a hybrid energy system should be tested under different electrical loads. Moreover, the hybrid system’s economy should be taken into account when the ship’s power load is high, and the output power from the new energy generation system should be increased as much as possible. Finally, the diesel generators’ efficiency should be taken into consideration when the ship’s electrical load is low, and the injection power of the new energy system should be reduced appropriately.

Details

Title
A Novel Energy Management Strategy for a Ship’s Hybrid Solar Energy Generation System Using a Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
Author
Yang, Rui; Yuan, Yupeng  VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Rushun Ying; Shen, Boyang  VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Long, Teng
First page
1380
Publication year
2020
Publication date
2020
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
19961073
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061380
ProQuest document ID
2379959273
Copyright
© 2020. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.