Axonal degeneration of the ulnar nerve secondary to carpal tunnel syndrome: fact or fiction?

Abstract

The distribution of sensory symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome is strongly dependent on the degree of electrophysiological dysfunction of the median nerve. The association between carpal tunnel syndrome and ulnar nerve entrapment is still unclear. In this study, we measured ulnar nerve function in 82 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. The patients were divided into group I with minimal carpal tunnel syndrome (n = 35) and group II with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome (n = 47) according to electrophysiological data. Sixty-one age- and sex-matched subjects without carpal tunnel syndrome were used as a control group. There were no significant differences in ulnar sensory nerve peak latencies or conduction velocities from the 4^th and 5^th fingers between patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and the control group. The ulnar sensory nerve action potential amplitudes from the 4^th and 5^th fingers were lower in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome than in the control group. The ratios of the ulnar sensory nerve action potential amplitudes from the 4^th and 5^th fingers were almost the same in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome as in the control group. These findings indicate that in patients with minimal to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome, there is some electrophysiological evidence of traction on the adjacent ulnar nerve fibers. The findings do not indicate axonal degeneration of the ulnar nerve.

Research Highlights

(1) This study focused on patients with minimal, mild, or moderate carpal tunnel syndrome.

(2) This study used the ratios of the ulnar sensory nerve action potential amplitudes from the 4^th and 5^th fingers to measure changes in ulnar nerve function secondary to carpal tunnel syndrome.

(3) The insignificant reduction in ulnar sensory nerve action potential amplitudes may have been caused by mechanical traction on the ulnar nerve fibers secondary to carpal tunnel syndrome.

INTRODUCTION

Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by entrapment of the median nerve under the transverse carpal ligament at the wrist, and is the most common nerve entrapment syndrome of the upper extremity[1]. Guyon′s canal syndrome is less common. Carpal tunnel syndrome may have complex symptoms causing discomfort and disability[2] and affects up to 4% of the general population, with the highest incidence in late-middle-aged women[3]. The main clinical diagnostic criteria for carpal tunnel syndrome include sensory symptoms in the median nerve territory[4]. Patients complain of nocturnal numbness, pain, tingling, and painful paresthesia in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd fingers or in the whole hand. Forearm, shoulder, and neck symptoms are atypical[5]. Sometimes, pain extends to the ulnar nerve territory[6]. The distribution of sensory symptoms is strongly dependent on the degree of electrophysiological dysfunction of the median nerve. The association between carpal tunnel syndrome and ulnar nerve entrapment is still unclear[4].

This study used nerve conduction studies to evaluate axonal changes in the ulnar sensory nerve fibers from the 4th and 5th fingers, which may cause extra-median distribution of symptoms in patients with minimal, mild, or moderate carpal tunnel syndrome.

RESULTS

Quantitative analysis of subjects

Eighty-two patients were grouped according to the electrophysiological classification of carpal tunnel syndrome severity reported by Padua et al [7], as follows. Group I, minimal carpal tunnel syndrome (n = 35): abnormal median sensory nerve conduction or abnormal comparative median/ulnar sensory nerve conduction with normal median nerve distal motor latency; and group II, mild or moderate carpal tunnel syndrome (n = 47): abnormal finger/wrist median sensory nerve conduction velocity and abnormal median nerve distal motor latency [Figure 1], [Figure 2]. Sixty-one subjects without carpal tunnel syndrome were used as a control group.{Figure 1}{Figure 2}

Background characteristics of the subjects

The 82 patients were 73 females (89%) and 9 males (11%) with a mean age of 41.9 ± 12.1 years, including 42 patients (51%) with unilateral symptoms and 40 (49%) with bilateral symptoms [Table 1].{Table 1}

Comparisons of sensory nerve test results for the 4th finger in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome

There were significant differences in the median and ulnar sensory nerve action potentials from the 4th finger in terms of peak latency, amplitude, and conduction velocity between groups I and II (all P < 0.01; [Table 2].{Table 2}

Ulnar sensory nerve conduction studies for the 4th and 5th fingers in control group subjects

In the control group, there were no differences in ulnar sensory nerve action potentials in terms of peak latency (P = 0.1) or conduction velocity (P = 0.13) between the 4th and 5th fingers. The ulnar sensory nerve action potential amplitude was significantly lower from the 4th finger than from the 5th finger (P < 0.001), with a 4th/5th finger ratio of 0.61 [Table 3].{Table 3}

Ulnar sensory nerve conduction studies for the 4th and 5th fingers in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome

There were no significant differences in ulnar sensory nerve action potentials from the 4th and 5th fingers in terms of peak latency or conduction velocity between group I or group II, and the control group. The ulnar sensory nerve action potential amplitudes from the 4th and 5th fingers were slightly, but not significantly, decreased in both group I (P = 0.15 and P = 0.10, respectively) and group II (P = 0.79 and P = 0.46, respectively). The ratios of the ulnar sensory nerve action potential amplitudes from the 4th and 5th fingers were almost the same in all three groups [Table 3].

DISCUSSION

This study focused on patients with confirmed minimal, mild, or moderate carpal tunnel syndrome only. These patients were selectively studied because previous studies demonstrated that severe carpal tunnel syndrome is associated with pure median nerve distribution of symptoms[8], whereas patients with mild carpal tunnel syndrome usually report symptoms in the whole hand[9]. There is evidence that patients with sensory symptoms in all fingers have enlargement of the hand representation in the sensory cortex[10]. Some authors[9],[11],[12] have suggested that changes in plasticity in the cortical and/or subcortical areas (possibly caused by peripheral de-afferentation and/or ectopic activity due to median nerve compression) may contribute to the radiation of sensory symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome.

The first retrospective study[13] of concomitant ulnar nerve entrapment in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome performed in 1973 reported that 44% of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome had ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist, 39% had decreased ulnar sensory nerve action potential amplitudes, and 4.8% had decreased amplitude and prolonged latency of ulnar sensory nerve action potentials. Symptoms in the 5th finger of patients with median nerve compression in the carpal tunnel could be explained by crossover of median and ulnar sensory nerve fibers at the level of the 7th and 8th cervical roots.

In a retrospective review, 12 out of 14 cases (86%) of idiopathic ulnar tunnel syndrome at the wrist were associated with carpal tunnel syndrome[14]. Although this result suggests an association between idiopathic ulnar tunnel syndrome and carpal tunnel syndrome, the authors stated that their analysis did not confirm clinical relevance or a significant statistical relationship between these two conditions[6]. Gozke et al[15] conducted a cross-sectional study of 53 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and reported that more than 18% had some degree of ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist.

In the present study, we used the ratios of the ulnar sensory nerve action potential amplitudes from the 4th and 5th fingers to evaluate ulnar nerve changes secondary to carpal tunnel syndrome. Although the ulnar sensory nerve action potentials were reduced in amplitude in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, this reduction was not statistically significant, and the 4th/5th finger amplitude ratios were not significantly different between patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and the control group. The ulnar sensory nerve peak latencies were relatively prolonged in patients with early carpal tunnel syndrome, but this difference was not statistically significant. Differences in ulnar sensory nerve conduction velocities were not significant because the values were within the normal range in all groups. These results suggest that sustained compression of the adjacent ulnar sensory fibers by the enlarged carpal tunnel may result in minimal axonal changes in the ulnar nerve, but they do not indicate concomitant ulnar nerve entrapment.

The distal segment of the ulnar nerve is vulnerable to external compression[16]. Increased pressure in the carpal tunnel may affect the adjacent Guyon′s canal, causing indirect compression of ulnar nerve axons. Increased traction on the transverse carpal ligament secondary to increased pressure in the carpal tunnel may also cause compression of the ulnar nerve[2]. The transverse carpal ligament and the roof of the carpal tunnel form the medial wall and floor of Guyon′s canal. We speculate that the insignificant reduction in ulnar sensory nerve action potential amplitudes may have been caused by traction on the adjacent ulnar nerve fibers.

In conclusion, there is some electrophysiological evidence that in patients with minimal to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome, there may be traction on the adjacent ulnar nerve fibers. The evidence does not indicate frank entrapment of the ulnar nerve.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Design

A retrospective clinical study.

Time and setting

This study was performed at the Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Kasr Alaini Hospital, Cairo University, Egypt between May and December 2010.

Subjects

We recruited patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome with and without extra-median symptoms who were from the Clinical Neurophysiology Unit of Kasr Alaini Hospital, Egypt between May and December 2010. The diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome was according to the criteria of the American Academy of Neurology 1993 guidelines[17]. Patients were excluded if they had a history or clinical signs suggesting systemic disease; clinical or electrophysiological signs suggesting myelopathy, polyneuropathy, radiculopathy, myopathy, or other neurological disease; or another condition (such as wrist fracture or pregnancy) predisposing to carpal tunnel syndrome. Sixty-one age- and sex-matched subjects without carpal tunnel syndrome who were seen at the same clinic were used as a control group.

Methods

“Key point” electromyography (Keypoint software V5.13 for Windows 2000/XP/Vista/7, model 9031A006, 2 channels, Denmark) was performed. Surface recording electrodes (Ag/AgCl) were placed over the motor point of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle (3 cm inter-electrode distance) to test median nerve function. Electrical stimuli were delivered by a constant current stimulator through bipolar surface electrodes (2 cm inter-electrode distance, cathode distal). Stimulus intensity was increased in steps until the maximum M-wave was obtained. Median nerve distal motor latency was measured with a distance of 7 cm between the stimulation point of the nerve at the wrist and the active recording electrode over the abductor pollicis brevis muscle. Median nerve motor conduction velocity was calculated from the elbow to the wrist. Compound muscle action potential amplitudes were measured from baseline to negative peak. Antidromic sensory nerve action potentials were recorded (active recording electrode on the distal phalanx) for the median nerve from the 2nd finger at a distance of 13 cm and for the ulnar nerve from the 5th finger at a distance of 11 cm. Sensory nerve action potential peak latency, conduction velocity, and amplitude were calculated.

Comparative sensory studies between the median and ulnar nerves from the 4th finger over a distance of 12 cm were also performed. A difference in sensory action potential peak latency of more than 0.5 ms (calculated manually) was considered significant. The ratios of the ulnar sensory nerve action potential amplitudes from the 4th and 5th fingers were calculated manually. Palmar temperature was not measured, but all subjects were given time to equilibrate in a warm room before testing to minimize the effects of temperature on the recordings.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 2003 (Microsoft Corporation, New York, NY, USA) and SPSS 15.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The Student′s t-test was used to analyze comparisons. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.