Abstract

Psychiatric disorders are thought to have a complex genetic pathology consisting of interplay of common and rare variation. Traditionally, pedigrees are used to shed light on the latter only, while here we discuss the application of polygenic risk scores to also highlight patterns of common genetic risk. We analyze polygenic risk scores for psychiatric disorders in a large pedigree (n ~ 260) in which 30% of family members suffer from major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. Studying patterns of assortative mating and anticipation, it appears increased polygenic risk is contributed by affected individuals who married into the family, resulting in an increasing genetic risk over generations. This may explain the observation of anticipation in mood disorders, whereby onset is earlier and the severity increases over the generations of a family. Joint analyses of rare and common variation may be a powerful way to understand the familial genetics of psychiatric disorders.

Simone de Jong et al. examine the balance of common and rare risk for psychiatric disorders in a large family with high incidence of Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder. They find that increased polygenic risk over generations could be partially due to assortative mating, which may explain the observation of anticipation in mood disorders.

Details

Title
Applying polygenic risk scoring for psychiatric disorders to a large family with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder
Author
de Jong Simone 1 ; Diniz Mateus Jose Abdalla 2 ; Saloma Andiara 2 ; Gadelha Ary 3 ; Santoro, Marcos L 4 ; Ota, Vanessa K 5 ; Noto Cristiano 3 ; Wray, Naomi R 6 ; Ripke Stephan 7 ; Mattheisen Manuel 8 ; Trzaskowski Maciej 9 ; Byrne, Enda M 9 ; Abdellaoui Abdel 10 ; Adams, Mark J 11 ; Agerbo Esben 12 ; Air, Tracy M 13 ; Andlauer Till F M 14 ; Silviu-Alin, Bacanu 15 ; Bækvad-Hansen, Marie 16 ; Beekman Aartjan T F 17 ; Bigdeli, Tim B 18 ; Binder, Elisabeth B 19 ; Blackwood, Douglas H, R 11 ; Bryois Julien 20 ; Buttenschøn, Henriette N 21 ; Jonas, Bybjerg-Grauholm 22 ; Cai Na 23 ; Castelao Enrique 24 ; Christensen, Jane Hvarregaard 25 ; Toni-Kim, Clarke 11 ; Coleman, Jonathan R, I 26 ; Colodro-Conde Lucía 27 ; Couvy-Duchesne Baptiste 28 ; Craddock, Nick 29 ; Crawford, Gregory E 30 ; Davies, Gail 31 ; Deary, Ian J 31 ; Degenhardt Franziska 32 ; Derks, Eske M 27 ; Direk Nese 33 ; Dolan, Conor V 10 ; Dunn, Erin C 34 ; Eley, Thalia C 26 ; Escott-Price, Valentina 35 ; Kiadeh Farnush Farhadi Hassan 36 ; Finucane, Hilary K 37 ; Forstner, Andreas J 38 ; Frank, Josef 39 ; Gaspar, Héléna A 26 ; Gill, Michael 40 ; Goes, Fernando S 41 ; Gordon, Scott D 27 ; Grove Jakob 42 ; Hansen, Christine Søholm 16 ; Hansen, Thomas F 43 ; Herms, Stefan 44 ; Hickie, Ian B 45 ; Hoffmann, Per 44 ; Homuth Georg 46 ; Horn, Carsten 47 ; Jouke-Jan, Hottenga 10 ; Hougaard, David M 16 ; Ising Marcus 48 ; Jansen, Rick 17 ; Jones, Ian 29 ; Jones, Lisa A 49 ; Jorgenson, Eric 50 ; Knowles, James A 51 ; Kohane, Isaac S 52 ; Kraft, Julia 53 ; Kretzschmar, Warren W 54 ; Krogh Jesper 55 ; Kutalik Zoltán 56 ; Li, Yihan 55 ; Lind, Penelope A 27 ; MacIntyre, Donald J 57 ; MacKinnon, Dean F 41 ; Maier, Robert M 58 ; Maier, Wolfgang 59 ; Marchini, Jonathan 60 ; Mbarek Hamdi 10 ; McGrath, Patrick 61 ; McGuffin, Peter 26 ; Medland, Sarah E 27 ; Mehta Divya 62 ; Middeldorp, Christel M 63 ; Mihailov Evelin 64 ; Milaneschi Yuri 17 ; Milani Lili 64 ; Mondimore, Francis M 41 ; Montgomery, Grant W 9 ; Mostafavi, Sara 65 ; Mullins, Niamh 26 ; Nauck Matthias 66 ; Ng, Bernard 67 ; Nivard, Michel G 10 ; Nyholt Dale R 68 ; Oskarsson Hogni 69 ; Owen, Michael J 29 ; Painter, Jodie N 70 ; Pedersen, Carsten Bøcker 12 ; Pedersen, Marianne Giørtz 12 ; Peterson, Roseann E 18 ; Pettersson, Erik 20 ; Peyrot, Wouter J 17 ; Pistis Giorgio 24 ; Posthuma Danielle 71 ; Quiroz, Jorge A 72 ; Qvist Per 25 ; Rice, John P 73 ; Riley, Brien P 15 ; Rivera, Margarita 74 ; Mirza, Saira Saeed 75 ; Schoevers, Robert 76 ; Schulte, Eva C 77 ; Shen, Ling 50 ; Shyn, Stanley I 78 ; Sigurdsson Engilbert 79 ; Sinnamon Grant C B 80 ; Smit, Johannes H 17 ; Smith, Daniel J 81 ; Stefansson Hreinn 82 ; Steinberg, Stacy 82 ; Streit Fabian 39 ; Strohmaier, Jana 39 ; Tansey, Katherine E 83 ; Teismann Henning 84 ; Teumer, Alexander 85 ; Thompson, Wesley 86 ; Thomson, Pippa A 87 ; Thorgeirsson Thorgeir E 83 ; Traylor, Matthew 88 ; Treutlein Jens 39 ; Trubetskoy Vassily 53 ; Uitterlinden, André G 89 ; Umbricht, Daniel 90 ; Van der Auwera Sandra 91 ; van Hemert Albert M 92 ; Viktorin, Alexander 20 ; Visscher, Peter M 6 ; Wang, Yunpeng 93 ; Webb, Bradley T 94 ; Weinsheimer, Shantel Marie 95 ; Wellmann Jürgen 84 ; Willemsen Gonneke 10 ; Witt, Stephanie H 39 ; Wu, Yang 9 ; Xi, Hualin S 96 ; Yang, Jian 58 ; Zhang Futao 9 ; Arolt Volker 97 ; Baune, Bernhard T 13 ; Berger, Klaus 85 ; Boomsma Dorret I 10 ; Cichon Sven 98 ; Dannlowski Udo 99 ; de Geus E J C 100 ; Raymond, DePaulo J 41 ; Domenici Enrico 101 ; Domschke Katharina 102 ; Tõnu, Esko 103 ; Grabe, Hans J 91 ; Hamilton, Steven P 104 ; Hayward, Caroline 105 ; Heath, Andrew C 106 ; Kendler, Kenneth S 15 ; Kloiber, Stefan 107 ; Lewis, Glyn 108 ; Li, Qingqin S 109 ; Lucae Susanne 48 ; Madden Pamela A F 106 ; Magnusson, Patrik K 20 ; Martin, Nicholas G 27 ; McIntosh, Andrew M 110 ; Metspalu Andres 111 ; Mors Ole 112 ; Mortensen, Preben Bo 113 ; Müller-Myhsok Bertram 114 ; Nordentoft Merete 115 ; Nöthen, Markus M 32 ; O’Donovan Michael C 29 ; Paciga, Sara A 116 ; Pedersen, Nancy L 20 ; Penninx Brenda W J H 17 ; Perlis, Roy H 117 ; Porteous, David J 87 ; Potash, James B 118 ; Preisig, Martin 24 ; Rietschel Marcella 39 ; Schaefer, Catherine 50 ; Schulze, Thomas G 119 ; Smoller, Jordan W 120 ; Stefansson Kari 121 ; Tiemeier Henning 122 ; Uher Rudolf 123 ; Völzke Henry 85 ; Weissman, Myrna M 124 ; Werge, Thomas 125 ; Lewis, Cathryn M 126 ; Levinson, Douglas F 127 ; Børglum, Anders D 25 ; Sullivan, Patrick F 128 ; Meier, Sandra 39 ; Strauss, John 129 ; Xu, Wei 130 ; Vincent, John B 131 ; Matthews, Keith 132 ; Ferreira, Manuel 133 ; O’Dushlaine Colm 134 ; Purcell, Shaun 135 ; Raychaudhuri Soumya 136 ; Ruderfer, Douglas M 137 ; Sklar, Pamela 138 ; Scott, Laura J 139 ; Flickinger, Matthew 139 ; Burmeister Margit 140 ; Li, Jun 139 ; Guan Weihua 141 ; Absher Devin 142 ; Thompson, Robert C 139 ; Meng Fan Guo 139 ; Schatzberg, Alan F 127 ; Bunney, William E 143 ; Barchas, Jack D 144 ; Watson, Stanley J 145 ; Myers, Richard M 142 ; Akil Huda 140 ; Boehnke, Michael 139 ; Chambert Kimberly 134 ; Moran, Jennifer 134 ; Scolnick, Edward 134 ; Djurovic Srdjan 146 ; Melle Ingrid 147 ; Morken Gunnar 148 ; Corvin Aiden 40 ; Anjorin Adebayo 149 ; Kandaswamy Radhika 26 ; Jacob, Lawrence 150 ; McLean, Alan W 151 ; Pickard, Benjamin S 151 ; Bergen, Sarah E 20 ; Nimgaonkar Vishwajit 152 ; Landén Mikael 153 ; Schalling, Martin 154 ; Urban, Osby 154 ; Backlund Lena 155 ; Frisén, Louise 154 ; Langstrom Niklas 156 ; Stahl, Eli 157 ; Dobbyn, Amanda 138 ; Jamain Stéphane 158 ; Bruno, Etain 158 ; Bellivier Frank 158 ; Leber, Markus 159 ; Maaser, Anna 32 ; Fischer, Sascha B 160 ; Reinbold, Céline S 160 ; Kittel-Schneider, Sarah 161 ; Fullerton, Janice M 162 ; Lilijana, Oruč 162 ; Para, José G 163 ; Mayoral Fermin 163 ; Rivas, Fabio 163 ; Czerski, Piotr M 164 ; Kammerer-Ciernioch Jutta 165 ; Vedder, Helmut 165 ; Borrmann-Hassenbach Margitta 166 ; Pfennig, Andrea 167 ; Brennan, Paul 168 ; McKay, James D 168 ; Kogevinas Manolis 169 ; Schwarz, Markus 170 ; Schofield, Peter R 162 ; Mühleisen, Thomas W 171 ; Schumacher, Johannes 172 ; Bauer, Michael 167 ; Wright, Adam 173 ; Mitchell, Philip B 173 ; Hautzinger, Martin 174 ; Kelsoe, John R 175 ; Greenwood, Tiffany A 175 ; Nievergelt, Caroline M 175 ; Shilling, Paul D 175 ; Smith, Erin N 176 ; Bloss, Cinnamon S 176 ; Edenberg, Howard J 177 ; Koller, Daniel L 178 ; Gershon, Elliot S 179 ; Liu, Chunyu 179 ; Badner, Judith A 179 ; Scheftner, William A 180 ; Lawson, William B 181 ; Nwulia, Evaristus A 181 ; Hipolito, Maria 181 ; Coryell, William 118 ; Rice, John 182 ; Byerley, William 183 ; McMahon, Francis J 184 ; Lohoff, Falk W 185 ; Zandi, Peter P 186 ; Mahon, Pamela B 186 ; McInnis, Melvin G 145 ; Zöllner, Sebastian 145 ; Zhang, Peng 145 ; Szelinger Szabolcs 187 ; St Clair David 188 ; Caesar Sian 189 ; Gordon-Smith, Katherine 189 ; Fraser, Christine 29 ; Green, Elaine K 29 ; Grozeva Detelina 29 ; Hamshere, Marian L 29 ; Kirov, George 29 ; Nikolov, Ivan 29 ; Collier, David A 26 ; Elkin, Amanda 26 ; Williamson, Richard 26 ; Young, Allan H 190 ; Nicol, Ferrier I 191 ; Milanova Vihra 192 ; Martin, Alda 123 ; Cervantes, Pablo 193 ; Cruceanu Cristiana 194 ; Rouleau, Guy A 195 ; Turecki Gustavo 193 ; Paciga, Sara 116 ; Winslow, Ashley R 196 ; Grigoroiu-Serbanescu Maria 197 ; Ophoff Roel 198 ; Adolfsson Rolf 199 ; Adolfsson, Annelie Nordin 199 ; Del-Favero, Jurgen 200 ; Pato, Carlos 201 ; Biernacka, Joanna M 202 ; Frye, Mark A 203 ; Morris, Derek 204 ; Schork, Nicholas J 205 ; Reif, Andreas 206 ; Lissowska Jolanta 207 ; Hauser, Joanna 164 ; Szeszenia-Dabrowska Neonila 208 ; McGhee, Kevin 151 ; Quinn, Emma 209 ; Moskvina Valentina 29 ; Holmans, Peter A 210 ; Farmer, Anne 29 ; Kennedy, James L 211 ; Andreassen, Ole A 212 ; Mattingsdal Morten 213 ; Bass, Nicholas J 108 ; Gurling Hugh 108 ; McQuillin, Andrew 108 ; Breuer René 39 ; Hultman, Christina 20 ; Lichtenstein, Paul 20 ; Huckins, Laura M 138 ; Leboyer Marion 158 ; Lathrop, Mark 214 ; Nurnberger, John 178 ; Steffens, Michael 215 ; Foroud, Tatiana M 178 ; Berrettini, Wade H 185 ; Craig, David W 216 ; Shi, Jianxin 217 ; Curtis, Charles 1 ; Newhouse, Stephen J 218 ; Patel Hamel 219 ; Hall, Lynsey S 29 ; O`Reilly Paul F 26 ; Belangero, Sintia I 5 ; Bressan, Rodrigo A 3 ; Breen Gerome 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

1  King’s College London, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764); King’s College London, National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Maudsley Hospital and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764) 
2  Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Department of Psychiatry, São Paulo, Brazil (GRID:grid.411249.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0514 7202); Pax Instituto de Psiquiatria, Aparecida de Goiânia, Brazil (GRID:grid.411249.b) 
3  Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Department of Psychiatry, São Paulo, Brazil (GRID:grid.411249.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0514 7202) 
4  Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Department of Morphology and Genetics, São Paulo, Brazil (GRID:grid.411249.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0514 7202) 
5  Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Department of Psychiatry, São Paulo, Brazil (GRID:grid.411249.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0514 7202); Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Department of Morphology and Genetics, São Paulo, Brazil (GRID:grid.411249.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0514 7202) 
6  The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Australia (GRID:grid.1003.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9320 7537); The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia (GRID:grid.1003.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9320 7537) 
7  Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.66859.34); Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany (GRID:grid.6363.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2218 4662); Massachusetts General Hospital, Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.32224.35) (ISNI:0000 0004 0386 9924) 
8  Aarhus University, iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722); Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.4714.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0626); University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, Würzburg, Germany (GRID:grid.411760.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1378 7891); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.452548.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9817 5300) 
9  The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Australia (GRID:grid.1003.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9320 7537) 
10  Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Biological Psychology & EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands (GRID:grid.12380.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1754 9227) 
11  University of Edinburgh, Division of Psychiatry, Edinburgh, UK (GRID:grid.4305.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7988) 
12  The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.452548.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9817 5300); Aarhus University, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722); Aarhus University, Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722) 
13  University of Adelaide, Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide, Australia (GRID:grid.1010.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7304) 
14  Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (GRID:grid.419548.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9497 5095); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (GRID:grid.452617.3) 
15  Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychiatry, Richmond, USA (GRID:grid.224260.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0458 8737) 
16  The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.452548.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9817 5300); Statens Serum Institut, Department for Congenital Disorders, Center for Neonatal Screening, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.6203.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 0417 4147) 
17  Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands (GRID:grid.16872.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0435 165X) 
18  Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychiatry, Richmond, USA (GRID:grid.224260.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0458 8737); Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric & Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, USA (GRID:grid.224260.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0458 8737) 
19  Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (GRID:grid.419548.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9497 5095); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, USA (GRID:grid.189967.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 0941 6502) 
20  Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.4714.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0626) 
21  Aarhus University, iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.452548.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9817 5300); Aarhus University, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722) 
22  Statens Serum Institut, Department for Congenital Disorders, Center for Neonatal Screening, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.6203.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 0417 4147) 
23  Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Cambridge, UK (GRID:grid.10306.34) (ISNI:0000 0004 0606 5382); European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Statistical Genomics and Systems Genetics, Cambridge, UK (GRID:grid.225360.0) (ISNI:0000 0000 9709 7726) 
24  University Hospital of Lausanne, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8515.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0423 4662) 
25  Aarhus University, iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722); Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.452548.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9817 5300) 
26  King’s College London, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764) 
27  QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Genetics and Computational Biology, Brisbane, Australia (GRID:grid.1049.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 1395) 
28  The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia (GRID:grid.1003.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9320 7537); The University of Queensland, Centre for Advanced Imaging, Brisbane, Australia (GRID:grid.1003.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9320 7537) 
29  Cardiff University, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, UK (GRID:grid.5600.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0807 5670) 
30  Duke University, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Durham, USA (GRID:grid.26009.3d) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7961); Duke University, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Durham, USA (GRID:grid.26009.3d) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7961) 
31  University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, UK (GRID:grid.4305.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7988) 
32  University of Bonn, Institute of Human Genetics, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.10388.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2240 3300); University of Bonn, Department of Genomics, Life&Brain Center, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.10388.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2240 3300) 
33  Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Epidemiology, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands (GRID:grid.5645.2) (ISNI:000000040459992X); Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Psychiatry, Izmir, Turkey (GRID:grid.21200.31) (ISNI:0000 0001 2183 9022) 
34  Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.32224.35) (ISNI:0000 0004 0386 9924); Massachusetts General Hospital, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Boston, USA (GRID:grid.32224.35) (ISNI:0000 0004 0386 9924); Cardiff University, Neuroscience and Mental Health, Cardiff, UK (GRID:grid.5600.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0807 5670) 
35  Cardiff University, Neuroscience and Mental Health, Cardiff, UK (GRID:grid.5600.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0807 5670) 
36  University of British Columbia, Bioinformatics, Vancouver, Canada (GRID:grid.17091.3e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2288 9830) 
37  Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.38142.3c) (ISNI:000000041936754X); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mathematics, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.116068.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2341 2786) 
38  University of Bonn, Institute of Human Genetics, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.10388.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2240 3300); University of Bonn, Department of Genomics, Life&Brain Center, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.10388.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2240 3300); University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Basel, Switzerland (GRID:grid.6612.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0642); University of Basel, Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland (GRID:grid.6612.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0642) 
39  Heidelberg University-Mannheim, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7700.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 4373) 
40  Trinity College Dublin, Department of Psychiatry, Dublin, Ireland (GRID:grid.8217.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9705) 
41  Johns Hopkins University, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, USA (GRID:grid.21107.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 9311) 
42  Aarhus University, iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722); Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.452548.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9817 5300); Aarhus University, Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722) 
43  The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.452548.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9817 5300); Rigshospitalet, Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Centre, Glostrup, Denmark (GRID:grid.475435.4); Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center SctHans, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.466916.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0631 4836) 
44  University of Bonn, Institute of Human Genetics, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.10388.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2240 3300); University of Bonn, Department of Genomics, Life&Brain Center, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.10388.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2240 3300); Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Epidemiology, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands (GRID:grid.5645.2) (ISNI:000000040459992X) 
45  University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, Australia (GRID:grid.1013.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 834X) 
46  University Medicine and Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany (GRID:grid.5603.0) 
47  FHoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (GRID:grid.417570.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0374 1269) 
48  Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (GRID:grid.419548.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9497 5095) 
49  University of Worcester, Department of Psychological Medicine, Worcester, UK (GRID:grid.189530.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0679 8269) 
50  Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, USA (GRID:grid.280062.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9957 7758) 
51  University of Southern California, Psychiatry & The Behavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, USA (GRID:grid.42505.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 6853) 
52  Harvard Medical School, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.38142.3c) (ISNI:000000041936754X); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.62560.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 0378 8294); Boston Children’s Hospital, Informatics Program, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.2515.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0378 8438) 
53  Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany (GRID:grid.6363.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2218 4662) 
54  University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK (GRID:grid.4991.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8948) 
55  University of Copenhagen, Department of Endocrinology at Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X) 
56  University Hospital of Lausanne, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8515.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0423 4662); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.419765.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2223 3006) 
57  University of Edinburgh, Division of Psychiatry, Edinburgh, UK (GRID:grid.4305.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7988); Mental Health, NHS, Glasgow, UK (GRID:grid.422655.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9506 6213) 
58  The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia (GRID:grid.1003.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9320 7537) 
59  University of Bonn, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.10388.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2240 3300) 
60  University of Oxford, Statistics, Oxford, UK (GRID:grid.4991.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8948) 
61  Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Psychiatry, New York, USA (GRID:grid.21729.3f) (ISNI:0000000419368729) 
62  The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia (GRID:grid.1003.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9320 7537); Queensland University of Technology, School of Psychology and Counseling, Brisbane, Australia (GRID:grid.1024.7) (ISNI:0000000089150953) 
63  Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Biological Psychology & EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands (GRID:grid.12380.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1754 9227); Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Child and Youth Mental Health Service, South Brisbane, Australia (GRID:grid.12380.38); University of Queensland, Child Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia (GRID:grid.1003.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9320 7537) 
64  University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia (GRID:grid.10939.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 7661) 
65  University of British Columbia, Department of Medical Genetics, Vancouver, Canada (GRID:grid.17091.3e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2288 9830); University of British Columbia, Department of Statistics, Vancouver, Canada (GRID:grid.17091.3e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2288 9830) 
66  University Medicine Greifswald, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany (GRID:grid.5603.0); University Medicine Greifswald, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Greifswald, Germany (GRID:grid.5603.0) 
67  University of British Columbia, Department of Statistics, Vancouver, Canada (GRID:grid.17091.3e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2288 9830) 
68  Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Australia (GRID:grid.1024.7) (ISNI:0000000089150953) 
69  Humus Inc, Reykjavik, Iceland (GRID:grid.1024.7) 
70  The University of Queensland, Centre for Advanced Imaging, Brisbane, Australia (GRID:grid.1003.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9320 7537) 
71  Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands (GRID:grid.16872.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0435 165X); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Complex Trait Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands (GRID:grid.12380.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1754 9227) 
72  Solid Biosciences, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.12380.38) 
73  Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis, USA (GRID:grid.4367.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2355 7002) 
74  King’s College London, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764); University of Granada, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research, Granada, Spain (GRID:grid.4489.1) (ISNI:0000000121678994) 
75  Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Epidemiology, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands (GRID:grid.5645.2) (ISNI:000000040459992X) 
76  University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (GRID:grid.4494.d) (ISNI:0000 0000 9558 4598) 
77  Medical Center of the University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Munich, Germany (GRID:grid.5252.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 973X); Medical Center of the University of Munich, Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Munich, Germany (GRID:grid.5252.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 973X) 
78  Kaiser Permanente Washington, Behavioral Health Services, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.488833.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0615 7519) 
79  University of Iceland, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland (GRID:grid.14013.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 0640 0021) 
80  James Cook University, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Townsville, Australia (GRID:grid.1011.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0474 1797) 
81  University of Glasgow, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow, UK (GRID:grid.8756.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2193 314X) 
82  deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland (GRID:grid.8756.c) 
83  Cardiff University, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff, UK (GRID:grid.5600.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0807 5670) 
84  University of Münster, Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Münster, Germany (GRID:grid.5949.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2172 9288) 
85  University Medicine Greifswald, Institute for Community Medicine, Greifswald, Germany (GRID:grid.5603.0) 
86  The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.452548.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9817 5300); Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center SctHans, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.466916.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0631 4836); University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, USA (GRID:grid.266100.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2107 4242); Oslo University Hospital, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norway Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, Norway (GRID:grid.55325.34) (ISNI:0000 0004 0389 8485) 
87  University of Edinburgh, Medical Genetics Section, CGEM, IGMM, Edinburgh, UK (GRID:grid.4305.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7988) 
88  University of Cambridge, Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge, UK (GRID:grid.5335.0) (ISNI:0000000121885934) 
89  Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Internal Medicine, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands (GRID:grid.5645.2) (ISNI:000000040459992X) 
90  FHoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Medicine Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (GRID:grid.417570.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0374 1269) 
91  University Medicine Greifswald, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Greifswald, Germany (GRID:grid.5603.0) 
92  Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Leiden, Netherlands (GRID:grid.10419.3d) (ISNI:0000000089452978) 
93  The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.452548.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9817 5300); Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center SctHans, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.466916.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0631 4836); Oslo University Hospital, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norway Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, Norway (GRID:grid.55325.34) (ISNI:0000 0004 0389 8485) 
94  Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric & Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, USA (GRID:grid.224260.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0458 8737) 
95  The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.452548.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9817 5300); Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center SctHans, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.466916.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0631 4836) 
96  Pfizer Global Research and Development, Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.410513.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 8800 7493) 
97  University of Basel, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (GRID:grid.6612.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0642) 
98  University of Bonn, Institute of Human Genetics, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.10388.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2240 3300); University of Basel, Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland (GRID:grid.6612.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0642); University of Basel, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (GRID:grid.6612.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0642); Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Juelich, Germany (GRID:grid.8385.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2297 375X) 
99  University of Münster, Department of Psychiatry, Münster, Germany (GRID:grid.5949.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2172 9288) 
100  Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Biological Psychology & EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands (GRID:grid.12380.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1754 9227); Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands (GRID:grid.16872.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0435 165X) 
101  Università degli Studi di Trento, Centre for Integrative Biology, Trento, Italy (GRID:grid.11696.39) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0351) 
102  University of Freiburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany (GRID:grid.5963.9) 
103  Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.66859.34); University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia (GRID:grid.10939.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 7661) 
104  Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Psychiatry, San Francisco, USA (GRID:grid.280062.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9957 7758) 
105  University of Edinburgh, Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK (GRID:grid.4305.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7988) 
106  University of Granada, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research, Granada, Spain (GRID:grid.4489.1) (ISNI:0000000121678994) 
107  FHoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (GRID:grid.417570.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0374 1269); University of Toronto, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, Canada (GRID:grid.17063.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 2938); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (GRID:grid.155956.b) (ISNI:0000 0000 8793 5925) 
108  University College London, Division of Psychiatry, London, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000000121901201) 
109  Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Titusville, USA (GRID:grid.497530.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0389 4927) 
110  University of Edinburgh, Division of Psychiatry, Edinburgh, UK (GRID:grid.4305.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7988); University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, UK (GRID:grid.4305.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7988); University of Edinburgh, Medical Genetics Section, CGEM, IGMM, Edinburgh, UK (GRID:grid.4305.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7988) 
111  University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia (GRID:grid.10939.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 7661); University of Tartu, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Tartu, Estonia (GRID:grid.10939.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 7661) 
112  The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.452548.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9817 5300); Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.154185.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0512 597X) 
113  Aarhus University, iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.452548.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9817 5300); Aarhus University, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722); Aarhus University, Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722) 
114  Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (GRID:grid.419548.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9497 5095); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (GRID:grid.452617.3); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (GRID:grid.10025.36) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8470) 
115  The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.452548.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9817 5300); Copenhagen Universtity Hospital, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.4973.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0646 7373) 
116  Pfizer Global Research and Development, Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Groton, USA (GRID:grid.410513.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 8800 7493) 
117  Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.32224.35) (ISNI:0000 0004 0386 9924); Harvard Medical School, Psychiatry, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.38142.3c) (ISNI:000000041936754X) 
118  University of Iowa, Psychiatry, Iowa City, USA (GRID:grid.214572.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8294) 
119  Heidelberg University-Mannheim, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7700.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 4373); Johns Hopkins University, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, USA (GRID:grid.21107.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 9311); Medical Center of the University of Munich, Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Munich, Germany (GRID:grid.5252.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 973X); University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Goettingen, Germany (GRID:grid.411984.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0482 5331); NIMH Division of Intramural Research Programs, Human Genetics Branch, Bethesda, USA (GRID:grid.416868.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0464 0574) 
120  Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.66859.34); Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.32224.35) (ISNI:0000 0004 0386 9924); Massachusetts General Hospital, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Boston, USA (GRID:grid.32224.35) (ISNI:0000 0004 0386 9924) 
121  Cardiff University, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff, UK (GRID:grid.5600.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0807 5670); University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland (GRID:grid.14013.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 0640 0021) 
122  Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Epidemiology, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands (GRID:grid.5645.2) (ISNI:000000040459992X); Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands (GRID:grid.5645.2) (ISNI:000000040459992X); Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Psychiatry, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands (GRID:grid.5645.2) (ISNI:000000040459992X) 
123  Dalhousie University, Department of Psychiatry, Halifax, Canada (GRID:grid.55602.34) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8200) 
124  Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Psychiatry, New York, USA (GRID:grid.21729.3f) (ISNI:0000000419368729); New York State Psychiatric Institute, Division of Epidemiology, New York, USA (GRID:grid.413734.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8499 1112) 
125  The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (GRID:grid.452548.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9817 5300); Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center SctHans, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.466916.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0631 4836); University of Copenhagen, Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X) 
126  King’s College London, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764); King’s College London, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, London, UK (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764) 
127  Stanford University, Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, USA (GRID:grid.168010.e) (ISNI:0000000419368956) 
128  Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.4714.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0626); University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Genetics, Chapel Hill, USA (GRID:grid.10698.36) (ISNI:0000000122483208); University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, Chapel Hill, USA (GRID:grid.10698.36) (ISNI:0000000122483208) 
129  University of Toronto, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, Canada (GRID:grid.17063.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 2938); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (GRID:grid.155956.b) (ISNI:0000 0000 8793 5925) 
130  Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Biostatistics, Toronto, Canada (GRID:grid.415224.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2150 066X); University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Canada (GRID:grid.17063.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 2938) 
131  Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (GRID:grid.155956.b) (ISNI:0000 0000 8793 5925) 
132  University of Edinburgh, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Edinburgh, UK (GRID:grid.4305.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7988) 
133  University of Washington Medical Center, Alvord Brain Tumor Center and Neurological Surgery Clinic, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.412623.0) (ISNI:0000 0000 8535 6057) 
134  Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.66859.34) 
135  Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, USA (GRID:grid.59734.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0670 2351); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.62560.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 0378 8294) 
136  Harvard Medical School, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.38142.3c) (ISNI:000000041936754X) 
137  Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Psychiatry, Biomedical Informatics, Nashville, USA (GRID:grid.412807.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9916) 
138  Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, USA (GRID:grid.59734.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0670 2351); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, USA (GRID:grid.59734.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0670 2351) 
139  University of Michigan, Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, Ann Arbor, USA (GRID:grid.214458.e) (ISNI:0000000086837370) 
140  University of Michigan, Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Ann Arbor, USA (GRID:grid.214458.e) (ISNI:0000000086837370) 
141  University of Minnesota System, Biostatistics, Minneapolis, USA (GRID:grid.437349.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0519 9645) 
142  HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, USA (GRID:grid.417691.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0408 3720) 
143  University of California, Irvine, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Irvine, USA (GRID:grid.266093.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 0668 7243) 
144  Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Psychiatry, New York, USA (GRID:grid.5386.8) (ISNI:000000041936877X) 
145  University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, USA (GRID:grid.214458.e) (ISNI:0000000086837370) 
146  Oslo University Hospital, Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo, Norway (GRID:grid.55325.34) (ISNI:0000 0004 0389 8485); University of Bergen, Department of Clinical Science, NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Bergen, Norway (GRID:grid.7914.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7443) 
147  Oslo University Hospital, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, Norway (GRID:grid.55325.34) (ISNI:0000 0004 0389 8485) 
148  Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Trondheim, Norway (GRID:grid.5947.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 1516 2393); St. Olav’s University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Trondheim, Norway (GRID:grid.52522.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 0627 3560) 
149  Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Psychiatry, Bracknell, UK (GRID:grid.439510.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0379 4387) 
150  North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Psychiatry, Ilford, UK (GRID:grid.451079.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0428 0265) 
151  University of Edinburgh, Division of Psychiatry, Edinburgh, UK (GRID:grid.4305.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7988); University of Edinburgh, Medical Genetics Section, CGEM, IGMM, Edinburgh, UK (GRID:grid.4305.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7988) 
152  University of Pittsburgh, Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Pittsburgh, USA (GRID:grid.21925.3d) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9000) 
153  Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.4714.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0626); University of Gothenburg, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden (GRID:grid.8761.8) (ISNI:0000 0000 9919 9582) 
154  Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.24381.3c) (ISNI:0000 0000 9241 5705) 
155  Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.4714.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0626) 
156  University of Gothenburg, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden (GRID:grid.8761.8) (ISNI:0000 0000 9919 9582) 
157  Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.66859.34); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, USA (GRID:grid.59734.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0670 2351); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, USA (GRID:grid.59734.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0670 2351) 
158  Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France (GRID:grid.462410.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0386 3258); Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France (GRID:grid.410511.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2149 7878); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Département de Psychiatrie, Hôpital H. Mondor–A. Chenevier, Créteil, France (GRID:grid.50550.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 4109) 
159  University Hospital Cologne, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany (GRID:grid.411097.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 8852 305X) 
160  University of Basel, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (GRID:grid.6612.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0642); University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland (GRID:grid.6612.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0642) 
161  University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Basel, Switzerland (GRID:grid.6612.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0642) 
162  Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (GRID:grid.250407.4) (ISNI:0000 0000 8900 8842); University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, Australia (GRID:grid.1005.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4902 0432) 
163  Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Málaga, Spain (GRID:grid.452525.1) 
164  Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan, Poland (GRID:grid.22254.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2205 0971) 
165  Psychiatric Center Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany (GRID:grid.22254.33) 
166  Kliniken des Bezirks Oberbayern, Munich, Germany (GRID:grid.492012.c) 
167  Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany (GRID:grid.4488.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2111 7257) 
168  International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Genetic Epidemiology Group, Lyon, France (GRID:grid.17703.32) (ISNI:0000000405980095) 
169  Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.417617.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 0592 275X) 
170  Psychiatric Center Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany (GRID:grid.417617.2) 
171  Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Juelich, Germany (GRID:grid.8385.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2297 375X); University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland (GRID:grid.6612.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0642) 
172  University of Bonn, Institute of Human Genetics, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.10388.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2240 3300) 
173  University of New South Wales and Black Dog Institute, School of Psychiatry, Sydney, Australia (GRID:grid.1005.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4902 0432) 
174  University of Tubingen, Department of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Tubingen, Germany (GRID:grid.10392.39) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1447) 
175  University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, USA (GRID:grid.266100.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2107 4242) 
176  The Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps Health, La Jolla, USA (GRID:grid.419722.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0392 9464) 
177  Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, USA (GRID:grid.257413.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2287 3919); Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, USA (GRID:grid.257413.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2287 3919) 
178  Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, USA (GRID:grid.257413.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2287 3919) 
179  University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Chicago, USA (GRID:grid.170205.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7822); University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, Chicago, USA (GRID:grid.170205.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7822) 
180  Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA (GRID:grid.240684.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0705 3621) 
181  Howard University College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Washington, USA (GRID:grid.257127.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0547 4545) 
182  Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA (GRID:grid.4367.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2355 7002) 
183  University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco, USA (GRID:grid.266102.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2297 6811) 
184  NIMH Division of Intramural Research Programs, Human Genetics Branch, Bethesda, USA (GRID:grid.416868.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0464 0574) 
185  University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, USA (GRID:grid.25879.31) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8972) 
186  Johns Hopkins University and Hospital, Department of Mental Health, Baltimore, USA (GRID:grid.411935.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2192 2723) 
187  TGen, Neurogenomics, Phoenix, USA (GRID:grid.250942.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0507 3225) 
188  University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK (GRID:grid.7107.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7291) 
189  Birmingham University, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Birmingham, UK (GRID:grid.6572.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7486) 
190  University of Dundee, Division of Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK (GRID:grid.8241.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0397 2876) 
191  University of British Columbia (UBC) Institute of Mental Health, Vancouver, Canada (GRID:grid.17091.3e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2288 9830) 
192  Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria (GRID:grid.410563.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0621 0092) 
193  McGill University Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Program, Montreal, Canada (GRID:grid.63984.30) (ISNI:0000 0000 9064 4811) 
194  Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (GRID:grid.419548.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9497 5095); McGill University Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Program, Montreal, Canada (GRID:grid.63984.30) (ISNI:0000 0000 9064 4811) 
195  McGill University, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Canada (GRID:grid.14709.3b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8649); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Canada (GRID:grid.416102.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0646 3639) 
196  Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, USA (GRID:grid.38142.3c) (ISNI:000000041936754X) 
197  Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Bucharest, Romania (GRID:grid.440274.1) 
198  UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Psychiatry, Utrecht, Netherlands (GRID:grid.7692.a) (ISNI:0000000090126352); University of California, Los Angeles, Human Genetics, Los Angeles, USA (GRID:grid.19006.3e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9632 6718); University of California, Los Angeles, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles, USA (GRID:grid.19006.3e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9632 6718) 
199  Umeå University Medical Faculty, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå, Sweden (GRID:grid.12650.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 1034 3451) 
200  University of Antwerp, Applied Molecular Genomics Unit, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, Antwerp, Belgium (GRID:grid.5284.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0790 3681) 
201  SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Institute for Genomic Health, Brooklyn, USA (GRID:grid.262863.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0693 2202) 
202  Mayo Clinic, Department of Health Sciences Research, Rochester, USA (GRID:grid.66875.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0459 167X) 
203  Mayo Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Rochester, USA (GRID:grid.66875.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0459 167X) 
204  Trinity College Dublin, Department of Psychiatry, Dublin, Ireland (GRID:grid.8217.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9705); National University of Ireland, Discipline of Biochemistry, Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG) Centre, Galway, Ireland (GRID:grid.6142.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0488 0789) 
205  The Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps Health, La Jolla, USA (GRID:grid.419722.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0392 9464); University of Southern California, Department of Translational Genomics, Los Angeles, USA (GRID:grid.42505.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 6853) 
206  University of Bonn, Institute of Human Genetics, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.10388.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2240 3300); University of Bonn, Department of Genomics, Life&Brain Center, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.10388.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2240 3300); University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Basel, Switzerland (GRID:grid.6612.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0642); University of Basel, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (GRID:grid.6612.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0642); University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland (GRID:grid.6612.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0642) 
207  Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (GRID:grid.418165.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0540 2543) 
208  Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (GRID:grid.418868.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1156 5347) 
209  New South Wales Ministry of Health, Sydney, Australia (GRID:grid.416088.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0753 1056) 
210  Cardiff University, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK (GRID:grid.5600.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0807 5670) 
211  University of Toronto, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, Canada (GRID:grid.17063.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 2938); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (GRID:grid.155956.b) (ISNI:0000 0000 8793 5925); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (GRID:grid.155956.b) (ISNI:0000 0000 8793 5925); University of Toronto, Institute of Medical Sciences, Toronto, Canada (GRID:grid.17063.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 2938) 
212  University of Bergen, Department of Clinical Science, NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Bergen, Norway (GRID:grid.7914.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7443); Oslo University Hospital, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, Norway (GRID:grid.55325.34) (ISNI:0000 0004 0389 8485) 
213  University of Agder, Department of Natural Sciences, Centre for Coastal Research, Kristiansand, Norway (GRID:grid.23048.3d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0417 6230) 
214  McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (GRID:grid.411640.6) 
215  Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Research Division, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.414802.b) (ISNI:0000 0000 9599 0422) 
216  University of Southern California, Department of Translational Genomics, Los Angeles, USA (GRID:grid.42505.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 6853) 
217  National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, USA (GRID:grid.48336.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8075) 
218  King’s College London, National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Maudsley Hospital and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764); King’s College London, Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764); University College London, Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, UCL Institute of Health Informatics, London, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000000121901201) 
219  King’s College London, National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Maudsley Hospital and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764); King’s College London, Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764) 
Publication year
2018
Publication date
2018
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group
e-ISSN
23993642
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-018-0155-y
ProQuest document ID
2389701757
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2018. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.