Targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway overcomes enzalutamide resistance by inhibiting induction of the glucocorticoid receptor

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The PI3K-AKT pathway has pleiotropic effects, and its inhibition has long been of interest in the management of prostate cancer, where a compensatory increase in PI3K signaling has been reported following Androgen Receptor (AR) blockade. Prostate cancer cells can also bypass AR blockade through induction of other hormone receptors, in particular the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Here we demonstrate that AKT inhibition significantly decreases cell proliferation through both cytostatic and cytotoxic effects. The cytotoxic effect is enhanced by AR inhibition and is most pronounced in models that induce compensatory GR expression. AKT inhibition increases canonical AR activity and remodels the chromatin landscape, decreasing enhancer interaction at the GR gene (NR3C1) locus. Importantly, it blocks induction of GR expression and activity following AR blockade. This is confirmed in multiple in vivo models, where AKT inhibition of established xenografts leads to increased canonical AR activity, decreased GR expression, and marked anti-tumor activity. Overall, our results demonstrate that inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway can block GR activity and overcome GR-mediated resistance to AR-targeted therapy. Ipatasertib is currently in clinical development, and GR induction may be a biomarker to identify responsive patients or a responsive disease state.

SIGNIFICANCE Induced GR expression is compensatory for AR blockade and confers resistance to AR-targeted therapy. Here we show that inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway remodels the chromatin landscape, blocks the induction of GR expression and overrides enzalutamide resistance.