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Introduction
Osteoporosis is a bone metabolic disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass due to reduced bone matrix and minerals accompanied by microarchitecture damage from bone tissue, with a consequent decrease in bone strength, resulting in a tendency for bones to break easily.1 Osteoporosis is a disease that is classified as a silent disease because it does not show specific symptoms.2 Osteopenia is a sign of osteoporosis that begins with low bone density, if it lasts for a long time it can lead to decreased bone strength resulting in osteoporosis.3
A lifestyle that occurs in adolescent aged 18-24 years such as smoking, consumption of different types of baverages, not exercising, not drinking milk, sedentary lifestyle, consumption of fast food which is generally high in protein and inappropiate calcium intake are the factors lead to an increase the risk of osteoporosis at this time.4 Research in high school adolescents showed that 76.2% of adolescents are in a situation of lack of calcium consuming category. The average calcium intake is only 559.05 mg/day or 55.9% of the Daily Value (DV).5
Calcium intake recommended for women who have not yet menopause is around 1000-1200 mg /day.6 The main sources of calcium found in foods are milk and other dairy products such as cheese or yogurt, green vegetables such as broccoli, fortified juices with calcium, and soybeans and soy products.7 Indonesia has a variety of soy products such as soybean milk, tofu, tempeh, soy sauce, tauco, and tempeh gembus which can be an alternative affordable source of calcium.8
Meatballs are a type of food that is shaped like a ball made from meat and flour. In general, meatballs in the community vary in name according to the types of basic ingredients such as fish meatballs, chicken meatballs, and beef meatballs or original meatball.9
Tempeh gembus is one of the functional food products that is widely eaten by Indonesians. Tempeh gembus are usually made from tofu residue from soybeans which are commonly used as animal feed. When compared with other soybean products, such as tofu and tempeh, tempeh gembus has relatively a little nutrient content. This is because tempeh gembus is the residual of tofu...