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Abstract
With the rapid development of short-pulse intense laser sources, studies of matter under extreme irradiation conditions enter further unexplored regimes. In addition, an application of X-ray Free-Electron Lasers (XFELs) delivering intense femtosecond X-ray pulses, allows to investigate sample evolution in IR pump - X-ray probe experiments with an unprecedented time resolution. Here we present a detailed study of the periodic plasma created from the colloidal crystal. Both experimental data and theory modeling show that the periodicity in the sample survives to a large extent the extreme excitation and shock wave propagation inside the colloidal crystal. This feature enables probing the excited crystal, using the powerful Bragg peak analysis, in contrast to the conventional studies of dense plasma created from bulk samples for which probing with Bragg diffraction technique is not possible. X-ray diffraction measurements of excited colloidal crystals may then lead towards a better understanding of matter phase transitions under extreme irradiation conditions.
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1 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453)
2 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453); National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University (TPU), Tomsk, Russia (GRID:grid.27736.37) (ISNI:0000 0000 9321 1499)
3 University of Utrecht, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5477.1) (ISNI:0000000120346234); Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.7177.6) (ISNI:0000000084992262)
4 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453); Cornell University, Ithaca, USA (GRID:grid.5386.8) (ISNI:000000041936877X)
5 University of California, San Diego, USA (GRID:grid.266100.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2107 4242); Cornell University, Ithaca, USA (GRID:grid.5386.8) (ISNI:000000041936877X)
6 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA (GRID:grid.445003.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0725 7771)
7 Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (GRID:grid.40602.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 2158 0612); Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Görlitz, Germany (GRID:grid.40602.30)
8 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453); Lund University, Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund, Sweden (GRID:grid.4514.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0930 2361)
9 Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (GRID:grid.40602.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 2158 0612); Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (GRID:grid.4488.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2111 7257)
10 Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (GRID:grid.40602.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 2158 0612); Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (GRID:grid.4488.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2111 7257); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA (GRID:grid.184769.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2231 4551)
11 Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (GRID:grid.40602.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 2158 0612)
12 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453); European XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany (GRID:grid.434729.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0590 2900)
13 Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.466493.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0390 1787)
14 Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.466493.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0390 1787); Universität Hamburg, Department of Physics, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.9026.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2287 2617)
15 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA (GRID:grid.445003.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0725 7771); European XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany (GRID:grid.434729.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0590 2900)
16 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA (GRID:grid.445003.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0725 7771); NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA (GRID:grid.202665.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2188 4229)
17 Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.466493.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0390 1787); Institute of Nuclear Physics, PAS, Krakow, Poland (GRID:grid.418860.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0942 8941)
18 University of Utrecht, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5477.1) (ISNI:0000000120346234); Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven, Netherlands (GRID:grid.6852.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0398 8763)
19 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453); National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow, Russia (GRID:grid.183446.c) (ISNI:0000 0000 8868 5198)