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Abstract
In many countries, a large majority of adults consume caffeine daily. This review summarizes the evidence about the varied physiological effects of caffeine and coffee and the risks of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, gallstones, cancer, and liver disease.
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1 From the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore (R.M.V.D.); and the Departments of Nutrition (R.M.V.D., F.B.H., W.C.W.) and Epidemiology (F.B.H., W.C.W.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School (F.B.H., W.C.W.) — both in Boston.





