1. Introduction
Banking depends largely on IT to provide convenient, reliable, and expedient services, and retain banks’ demanding and discerning customers. Banks have enhanced investments in Internet services, decreasing automated teller machines (ATMs) and branch offices accordingly. To gain a competitive advantage, more financial institutions are attempting to understand factors that dictate customer satisfaction with online banking services so that they can devise strategic plans and capture market share better. Investments in Internet banking, also referred to as online banking, affect bank performance positively, and high bank performance affects the decision to invest in Internet banking. The implementation of e-banking projects has shown digital transformation’s importance to contemporary organizations’ survival in the digital economy [1,2].
The global luxury market continuously expands and because of the enormous market expansion fueled by the emerging markets like China and India, better insights on why customers purchase luxury products [3,4] has turned out to be a crucial research or business issue. The word “luxury” represents very high standard products or services. While there has been a number of IS (Information Systems) studies of Internet banking [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14], factors affecting the satisfaction with or the adoption of Internet banking [13,15,16,17,18,19,20,21], and there is a large marketing literature on customer perceptions of luxury brands [22,23,24,25], research on luxury brands’ service quality in the context of Internet banking is scarce. While many previous literatures have studied the interplay among the factors that drive adoption [8,26], those that distinguish different types of customers, i.e., general versus VIP customers, and the way customer type, which plays a role of moderating variable for customer satisfaction relates to satisfaction with banking services, are lacking. Our study purports to fill this void in previous literature. As the most important task for luxury brands’ continued success is to provide value by delivering novel products to customers [22,23,25], this study applies the theories related to luxury brands to online banking, and studies the differences between general and VIP customers with respect to online banking service quality’s effect on customer satisfaction.
The implementation of banking systems, which have become part of an ecosystem in which multiple actors, system elements, and settings provide ample and varied opportunities [27], demands examination of various service factors. Because customer relations management has a great influence on relationship quality, such as satisfaction and trust in e-banking [28], we investigated various factors of service quality and the way they affect general and VIP customer satisfaction with Internet banking services. Based on a web survey of general and VIP customers, we studied the moderating role of customer type on service quality and customer satisfaction. A discussion and implications of the results also are provided.
2. Theoretical Background 2.1. VIP Internet Banking Services
While luxury goods are difficult to purchase, they offer pleasure and comfort. Apart from functional utility, the consumption of such luxury goods confers prestige on people [29,30]. The understanding of luxury goods is still elusive because of significant customer’s involvement, the effects of contexts and others’ perception of their value [22,30,31,32]. While VIP subscriptions offer a steady revenue stream in social networks, the factors that lead users to participate in VIP services remain elusive [33,34].
Cheng et al. [35] examined the role of usefulness, ease of use, and security in Internet banking on the behavioral intention to use. Shah and Siddiqui [36] performed a case study to investigate the factors critical in adopting e-banking, such as customer service, resources availability, brand names, top management support integrated channels, e-channel marketing, security, and flexibility. Vatanasombut et al. [37] suggested a model in which commitment, shared value, and relationship benefits determine the continuance usage intention in online banking. Liao and Cheung [38] suggested that service quality attributes potentially affect consumer satisfaction with responsiveness, ease of use, usefulness security, and reliability. Lee [7] indicated that the usage intention for Internet banking is decided negatively by the risk of security, finance, and privacy and is determined largely by perceived usefulness and benefit, as well as attitude. Compeau and Wilson [39] suggested computer self-efficacy, and Lee and Jung [40] found that self-efficacy affects the usage of online banking in Korea. Yoon and Steege [14] indicated that openness to advanced technology, website usability, perceived security concern, and concerns about conserving nature resources affect Internet banking use. Martins et al. [8] used the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to study behavioral usage intention and actual usage of online banking. Chauhan et al. [41] investigate the factors affecting consumers’ intention to adopt internet banking including consumer innate innovativeness, domain-specific innovativeness and perceived security risk.
Asia Pacific markets have undergone a rapid shift towards digital banking [42]. For instance, South Korea has 18 internet banking service providers (mobile banking service providers are also included) as of August 2020. Therefore, South Korea’s internet banking users continued to grow in 2016–2020, coming to about 159.2 million as of end-2019 [43]. This means that the same person may count multiple times toward the sum according to the Bank of Korea.
Internet banking provides standardized financial products and services that are comparable across different financial institutions and markets. Further, it increases profits through collaboration among different banks and the use of e-business services. Internet banking also improves customer relationship management by providing a range of types of information to customers and using marketing databases as tools to develop promotional and marketing strategies. 2.2. Service Quality in Internet Banking
For several decades since 1970’s, measuring total quality management and applying it to tangible business facilities like manufacturing plants had been one of crucial factors for an emerging country to remain competitive [44]. However, after the introduction of the e-service concept powered by Internet since 1995, the quality of e-service is a significant factor in business competitiveness and performance and can be assessed only subjectively because of the difficulties created by the intangibility of service and the inseparable nature of consumption and production. Providing excellent quality service is highly important for customer satisfaction and market growth in Internet banking. In the context of the internet, e-service quality is described as a customer’s overall judgement and evaluation on the quality of the services that is provided through the internet [45]. Previous studies suggest concepts and dimensions of e-service quality crucial for organizational performance. Carlson and O’Cass [46] posited that customers perceive several s-service quality dimensions which include delivery quality, outcome quality, and environment quality. Thaichon et al. [47] suggested that e-service quality is affected by information support network quality, privacy and security, and customer service. Namahoot and Laohavichien [18] further shows that service quality can include tangibles, security risk, reliability, assurance, and responsiveness. Dospinesc et al. [48] or Dospinesc [49] suggested the most important indicators that affect the expectations when using the bank card or e-wallet.
3. Research Model
This study focuses on the role of service quality for customer satisfaction in Internet banking. Customer satisfaction was posited as a dependent variable because customer satisfaction increases service reputation and reputation mediates the relation between satisfaction and loyalty in part [50]. Previous literature have shown that service quality enhances satisfaction and trust [51,52], as well as survival [53]. Customers’ beliefs about the quality of online banking can influence satisfaction [13,16] and the adoption of Internet banking as a result [17,19,21]. Thus, this study proposed two hypotheses: (1) Internet banking service’s quality affects customer satisfaction (H1), and (2) customer type exerts a moderating role in the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction (H2).
We focus on the role of six factors of service quality for customer satisfaction: usefulness; ease of use; safety; reliability; responsiveness, and empathy. These factors were adapted from previous studies published by Parasuraman et al. [54,55] and George and Kumar [56] to show a theoretical background for service quality. Zhu and Chen [57] examined service fairness in predicting online customer satisfaction in the internet banking context. Namahoot and Laohavichien [18] further shows that service quality for increased usefulness can be important for behavioral intention to use Internet banking.
This study proposes usefulness, ease of use, and safety as important factors of service quality. Second, SERVQUAL, which Parasuarman et al. [54] proposed, is the service quality assessment model used most frequently. SERVQUAL includes five dimensions, as described above. This study also included three more factors: reliability; responsiveness, and empathy, and excluded tangibles and assurance, as they do not apply in the Internet banking context.
Useful service allows customers solving their issues and setting up relationship quality through B2C e-commerce [58]. Useful service may help customers have the complete benefits satisfactorily by matching their expectations. If banking service cannot be offered as suggested, it leads to undesirable experience discontinuing Internet banking use. If customers perceiving useful services, they continue their activities to more accomplish their task goals, which enhances their satisfaction with Internet banking service. Thus, service usefulness exerts a positive impact on customer satisfaction.
Hypothesis 1a (H1a).Increased usefulness of Internet banking affects customer satisfaction positively.
Perceived ease of use indicates the extent that customers perceive less difficulty in using Internet banking. In Internet banking, ease of use affects customers’ behavioral usage intention. Internet banking reduces transaction costs, increases direct contact with customers, and increases convenience in banking transactions. Internet sites are not appealing and attractive if they are hard to use. Namahoot and Laohavichien [18] indicates that system tangibles which represent the physical surroundings and the environment that enables customers to feel cared for and the willingness of service providers making customers supported whenever they have some difficulties in using Internet banking as one of the important dimensions for service quality for internet banking. Convenience exerts a positive effect on engagement with retailing m-commerce application after continued retention [59]. Chauhan et al. [41] posited that perceived ease of use positively affects consumer attitude toward adoption of internet banking. Thus, when users perceive an ease in using Internet banking, they tend to have a more favorable attitude and are even more satisfied with the use of Internet banking than when they have difficulty in using Internet banking. Thus, Internet banking sites’ ease of use can affect customer satisfaction positively, as it is related to user friendliness in the design of the interface and user functions.
Hypothesis 1b (H1b).Internet banking’s ease of use affects customer satisfaction positively.
The safety of information systems or e-business also affects customer satisfaction. Internet banking is based on global networks and the safety of transactions is critical for its success. George and Kumar [56] studied the service quality of Internet banking and included items to measure the safety of access to Internet banking sites, and the provision of stable browsing services and transfer service. The intention to use internet banking is positively affected by perceived security [19]. Chauhan et al. [41] suggested perceived security risk has a negative effect on customers’ intention to use internet banking. Their study indicated that delays in system response, system breakdown, errors, failure, and information leaks can cost banks’ tremendous tangible or intangible losses. Thus, system security is related positively to customer satisfaction.
Hypothesis 1c (H1c).Internet banking’s system security affects customer satisfaction positively.
Internet banking customers often complain about uncertainties in service. Online banking’s trust depends on the perceived reliability and risk, and the extent to which it provides the service intended and ensures the safety of transactions. System reliability represents the extent to which a service platform is available on “anywhere” basis and an “any time” [60]. The reliability reflected in a SERVQUAL measure is still important in the e-business environment and leads to customer loyalty and increased customer satisfaction. Perceived risk has been supposed to affect the intention to use Internet banking service [15,21,41]. Rawashdeh, [20] supposed that perceived web privacy has an influence on behavioral intention to use Internet banking service. Namahoot and Laohavichien [18] posited that perceived risk plays a role of mediator variable between service quality and behavioral intentions to use internet banking. Marafon et al. [17] indicated that risk acceptance moderates the effect of risk perception on the intention to use internet banking. Our study considers systems trust based on perceived reliability and risk as one of service quality dimensions affecting customer’s satisfaction. Thus, the following hypothesis was given:
Hypothesis 1d (H1d).Internet banking’s system trust affects customer satisfaction positively.
Responsiveness is defined as the extent that service is provided rapidly or work is processed swiftly and is a core factor that determines online banking’s service quality. Perceived interactivity comprises an influential antecedent that creates consumers’ affective involvement with mobile retail apps [61,62]. Amin [16] suggested that user friendliness and the efficiency of banking website are crucial aspects of service quality for internet banking, especially the extent that customers can complete a transaction swiftly on banking site affects customer satisfaction. Further, Amin indicated that customer satisfaction is greatly affected by site organization, which improves the extent that customers can have a quick access to the website of a banking site. Namahoot and Laohavichien [18] indicates that system responsiveness is one of important dimension for service quality for internet banking. Thus, system responsiveness is correlated positively with customer satisfaction:
Hypothesis 1e (H1e).Internet banking’s system responsiveness affects customer satisfaction positively.
Customized service in cyberspace includes the provision of information that is configured specifically to satisfy individual preferences, which is an aspect of the marketing strategy to attract customers. Customers consider customized service an important benefit of a long-term relationship with companies. System empathy is based on the customization of service in online banking. The empathy of systems service should be provided to users by creating customized service, functionalities to capture user requirements, and a manual to support beginners [63]. Amin [16] indicated that customer satisfaction is affected by the extent that customers’ personal needs have been met when using banking website information is provided according to customers’ preferences. Namahoot and Laohavichien [18] indicates that system empathy, which can be understood as being facilitated from through customization, is an important dimension for service quality for internet banking. Therefore, empathy in service, which manifests in its customization, is related positively to customer satisfaction.
Hypothesis 1f (H1f).System empathy in Internet banking affects customer satisfaction positively.
The moderation analysis in our study is the test of difference between general customers and VIP customers which are created according to customer type. Consumers’ perceived value of luxury brands influences consumer satisfaction [64] or consumption behavior [65]. For example, perceived compatibility was indicated as a crucial predictor of the degree to which people consider smartwatches useful and easy to use [66]. Firm’s profitability is influenced by customer’s satisfaction and loyalty from VIP and non-VIP customers [67,68]. As the most crucial task for the long-lasting success of luxury brands is to provide novel value and build strong customer relationships [22,23,25,69], this study applied the theories in luxury brands to Internet banking and examined the differences between general and VIP customers with respect to online banking service quality’s effect on their satisfaction.
Hypothesis 2 (H2).The customer type (general vs. VIP) exerts a moderating role in the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction.
Figure 1 presents the research model.
4. Research Methods
The operational definitions of the six factors of service quality are based on those of Parasuraman et al. [54,55] are presented as the service quality of customers who have experience with Internet banking.
Online banking’s usefulness is the extent to which productivity and work performance increase relative to offline banking. The items of usefulness include reductions in transaction time and costs, provision of value added service or financial information, and benefits in interests. Ease of use represents the extent that customers perceive that the usage of Internet banking is easy. Ease of use is indicated by the provision of sitemaps, the ease of search and moving to other menus, as well as learning.
Systems safety is a system’s ability to offer uninterrupted service and protect personal or transaction information during online banking transactions. The items used to assess systems safety were adapted from those identified by George and Kumar [56]. These include safety in accessing the homepage and in transactions such as browsing and transferring, along with the security of individual and account details.
System trust is described as the extent that Internet banking provides the service intended. Thus, it reflects the service provider’s credibility. In this paper, system trust was shown as a user’s belief and trust in the Internet service provider’s information, commitment to contracts, and security. The items used to assess systems include belief in information and security, and commitment to contracts in Internet banking. System responsiveness is the extent that work is performed rapidly and conveniently. System responsiveness also reflects the speed of responses to customer complaints or requests. The items used to assess system responsiveness include rapid processing of tasks, suggestions of solutions to problems, and response to customer complaints.
System empathy is the extent that consumers are provided with high-quality, customized service. System empathy is reflected by providing financial information, customized information, and other value-added information to improve customer satisfaction. The items used to assess system empathy include personal care of customers and understanding and reflecting on customer demands. Table 1 summarizes the definitions and items for the six factors of service quality, all of which were assessed following seven-point Likert scales.
Among the recent studies of user satisfaction, McKinney et al. [70] identified and measured the constructs for Web-customer satisfaction created at the stage of information search. Kohli et al. [71] examined the determinants of online consumer satisfaction, such as consumers’ cost and time savings that influence the design/choice phases during the decision-making process. Doll et al. [72] tested instruments for end-user computing satisfaction and suggested 12 measurement items, including content, format, timeliness, ease of use, and accuracy which are invariant across, types of application, respondent positions, modes of development, and hardware platforms Customer satisfaction is representing a customer’s satisfaction with Internet banking overall, satisfaction after comparing the bank with other banks, and the intention to reuse and recommend the bank to others. The items measuring customer satisfaction were: (1) satisfaction with Internet banking overall; (2) satisfaction after comparing the bank with other banks; (3) reuse intention, and (4) recommend intention for the bank to others.
Data Collection The survey items were reviewed with caution by eight practitioners who are managers of online banking and two Ph.D. students who specialize in IT. During the pretest of items, the consistency, appropriateness, and ease of understanding of items were evaluated. An Internet-based online survey system was used for collecting data. The target sample was 150,000 customers who use the Internet banking site in one of big 5 commercial banks in South Korea. The final random sample consists of 645 general and 645 VIP customers.
Partial least squares analysis (PLS) was utilized to assess the causal relations among research variables in the structural model. PLS is less sensitive to sample size than is the structural equation model and allows evaluation of both the structural and measurement model [81]. PLS is suitable to test causal effects in the initial theory development stage [82]. Table 2 shows the respondents’ descriptive statistics.
General and VIP customers are divided according to deposit level, but the details of the criteria are confidential and cannot be disclosed in the paper. The sample of general customers included more users that were male between age 21 and 40, working in private companies, and college educated (or current college students) than did the VIP group. The sample of VIP customers included more customers who were male, between 31 and 50 years old, working in private companies, and college educated or holding master’s degrees than the sample of general customers. Table 3 presents the use traits of the Internet and Internet banking for both groups. A large portion of customers had used Internet banking for more than two years, 2–5 times per week, and spent at least two hours on the Internet daily.
5. Results 5.1. Measurement Properties
This study uses PLS in order to test the measurement properties of research variables. The reliability and validity of the measurements are assessed for all measures in this study using PLS. PLS is used to test the structural model and is more appropriate for testing causal relationships in the initial stage of theory development than for estimating the fitness of a full structural model [81]. Table 4 indicates the results of exploratory factor analysis. Items with low factor loading are excluded. All the factor loadings are greater than 0.6, which indicates convergent validity. Reliability is assessed using Cronbach’s alpha along with composite reliability. For the entire sample and each subsample, the reliability measures are larger than the reliability cutoff of 0.70, and thereby indicated that our variables were reliable (Table 5). Validity represents the extent that measurement variables assess the concepts or attributes intended accurately. Convergent validity is evaluated using average variance extracted (AVE). Discriminant validity is examined through comparing the correlations among variables to the square root of AVE. The measurement model is analyzed for each subgroup and the full sample. For the complete sample and each subsample, the AVE exceeded 0.50. This indicates that our variables have convergent validity. With the square root of the AVE being greater than variables’ correlation among each other, our variables also exhibited discriminant validity.
5.2. Results and Discussion
The research model was tested using PLS, a powerful approach to investigating structural models involving multiple constructs with multiple indicators. Figure 2 and Table 6 show the test results for all research hypotheses for the entire sample and each subsample of general and VIP customers.
For the entire sample, all paths from the six factors to customer satisfaction are significant. The paths from usefulness and system responsiveness to customer satisfaction, however, were not significant in the subsample of general customers, while the path between ease of use and customer satisfaction in the subsample of VIP customers is not significant. This indicates that general and VIP customers perceive online banking service quality differently. Thus, hypotheses H1a, H1b, and H1e are supported in part, and hypotheses H1c, H1d, and H1f were supported fully. Regardless of customer type, the acceptance of hypotheses indicate that Korean Internet banking service is already widely diffused and customers consider service quality as important for their satisfaction, which supports the notion that culture and Internet access tend to affect the diffusion of Internet banking [11]. As the Korean culture of using Internet banking service is already established along with developed Internet access, service qualities are regarded as crucial for customer satisfaction.
While there is a large marketing literature on customer perceptions of luxury brands [22,24], research on the service quality of luxury brands in the context of Internet banking is lacking. Our study provides insight to the studies on service quality of luxury brands in Internet banking by providing specifically how each dimension of service quality can be differently affecting customer satisfaction. Except for the path from system security to customer satisfaction, all path coefficients are higher for the subsample of VIP than of general customers. The other five factors—usefulness, ease of use, and system trust, responsiveness, and empathy—are more important to VIP customer satisfaction than to that of general customers.
The greater deposit by VIP customers indicate the importance for service quality perceived by VIP customers. The difference in general and VIP customers can be explained using the Commitment–Trust theory in online banking [37]. By depositing more money, VIP customers have higher relationship commitment than do general customers, as VIP customers assume that the relationship is more important and should be maintained. VIP customers are considered to have greater belief and trust in the information, commitment to contracts, perception of the higher cost of relationship termination, and greater benefits of the service relationship than do general customers because of the greater amount and frequency of transactions. VIP customers are likely to perceive greater benefits of banking service, such as usefulness, ease of use, and system trust, responsiveness, and empathy.
System security is more important to general customer satisfaction than to that of VIP customers. While VIP customers have a greater belief in online banking, general customers consider it important to receive the banking service without interruption and have their personal or transaction information protected during transaction processes through Internet banking. Many customers prefer Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) use because they perceive the Internet as an insecure channel. General customers likely purchase only when they believe that their transactions are safe. Thus, for general customers, service through the Internet should be perceived as secure and safe to satisfy these customers’ expectations, whose transaction balances and amounts are smaller than those of VIP customers. After consumers believe that their transactions are safe, they are confident and are likely to become VIP customers by having more transactions with banks. The risk level that general customers will afford is more sensitive than is that of VIP customers. VIP customers appear already confident in systems security as they deposit more money than general customers and they are less sensitive to security issues. 6. Conclusions 6.1. Summary of Findings As the most crucial factor in the long-term survival of luxury brands is providing customers with high quality service, this study investigated the moderating role of customer type or the differences between general and VIP customers with respect to the role of online banking service quality for their satisfaction. The moderation analysis in our study comprises the test of difference between general customers and VIP customers which are created according to customer type. The six factors of service quality are identified, which have an influence on customer satisfaction with Internet banking services: usefulness; ease of use, and system security, reliability, responsiveness, and empathy. In the full sample, all factors that influence online banking quality affected customer satisfaction significantly. Usefulness, ease of use, and system trust, responsiveness, and empathy were more important for VIP customer satisfaction than that of general customers, and system security was a more important factor for general than VIP customers. Our study results indicated that general and VIP customers perceive Internet banking service quality differently, and therefore, different variables influence customer satisfaction in each group. 6.2. Implications for Research
Various service factors are required to evaluate the implementation of banking systems, which have become part of an ecosystem in which multiple actors, system elements, and settings provide ample and varied opportunities [27]. As customer relations management has a crucial influence on relationship quality in e-banking [28], we suggested various factors of service quality and the way they affect general and VIP customer satisfaction with Internet banking services.
Although online banking services are offered widely as a strategic necessity to compete effectively in the bank industry, studies of the differential or moderating effects of customer type on perceptions of service quality in Internet banking are lacking. While there has been a number of IS studies of Internet banking [8,11,14], research on the service quality of luxury brands in the context of Internet banking is almost nonexistent. Studies that distinguish different types of customers, i.e., general vs. VIP customers, and the way customer type relates to satisfaction with banking services, are scarce. Accordingly, this study was designed to fill this gap in the literature. The study applied the theories of luxury brands [22,23,25] to online banking, and examined the differential roles of Internet banking service quality for customer satisfaction, as the Internet banking’s continued success for VIP customers is to provide value by offering customers novel and high quality services. The results of our study provide an empirical foundation for further studies of Internet banking strategies. They also highlight six factors of online banking service quality that can be used as a basis to assess Internet banking service quality.
Future studies should consider other factors that influence service quality and thus determine customer satisfaction. In addition, as national circumstances, such as culture and Internet access, are likely to influence the diffusion of Internet banking [11], the results of this study will likely differ in different nations. Thus, to increase the ability to generalize the results, comparative studies in other nations would be useful. Further future research should consider the interrelationships among constructs considering those interrelationships in technology acceptance model [83]. Further, it is insightful to estimate differences between generations regarding Internet banking service quality which are natural. Further other sustainability issues like security of Internet banking can be more focused in future study.
6.3. Implications for Practice To facilitate customer satisfaction, financial institutions can concentrate on improving the six factors of Internet banking quality we found important here—usefulness, ease of use, and system security, reliability, responsiveness, and empathy. In Korea, general customers are less satisfied than are VIP customers with respect to usefulness, ease of use, and system trust, responsiveness, and empathy of Internet banking, which demonstrates that in Korea, general customers receive fewer and less diverse service benefits than do VIP customers. Because VIP customers use banking services actively, their satisfaction with Internet banking is likely to be impacted more by its service quality. In Korea, bank management typically has a limited financial budget for services, and this strategy of segmenting general and VIP customers can be adopted to guide the provision of differential Internet banking services to each group. For example, banks may provide VIP customers an additional search engine for financial information or free cultural content that is not offered to general customers. VIP customers also may receive service in a real-time customized financial consultation to solve their financial issues anywhere and anytime using e-mail, a call center, Web chat, or personalized Web pages. Thus, the impacts of ease of use and system responsiveness on customer satisfaction were stronger for VIP customers than for general customers, and this result showed that VIP customers are more sensitive to Internet banking’s convenience in Korea. VIP customers already receive high quality service in person at bank branches. For example, separate private banking (PB) staff members typically serve VIP customers in a separate room. Hence, VIP customers expect not to wait in a long line for services in bank branches. General customers are accustomed to using Internet banking services and consider it routine to use online banking to process ordinary financial transactions. Therefore, in Korea, they are less sensitive to the inconveniences of Internet banking. It is necessary to devise a management strategy to induce VIP customers to use online banking and design Internet banking systems that increase the services’ ease of use to increase these customer’s satisfaction. For general customers, management should implement secure Internet banking services by providing the proper security controls. It is important to ensure that general customers can access Internet banking promptly and reliably, and that transactions are processed without errors or system breakdowns. Further, Internet banking should protect and maintain transaction records accurately.
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. Estimation of structural model (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
| Variables | Items | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| Usefulness | The usage goals are always accomplished using Internet banking of this bank. | [54,55,73] |
| The value of using Internet banking of this bank is high. | ||
| Productivity is greatly improved using Internet banking of this bank. | ||
| The Internet banking of this bank provides much saving in time. | ||
| The financial information provided in the Internet banking of this bank is very useful. | ||
| The Internet banking of this bank provides much saving in the transaction fee. | ||
| Ease of use | It is easy to use various functions through Internet banking of this bank. | [55,73] |
| The usage procedures of Internet banking of this bank is very clear. | ||
| It easy to become a skillful user of Internet banking of this bank. | ||
| The Internet banking sites of this bank are composed of very user-friendly menus. | ||
| I can easily search wanted service items in the Internet banking sites of this bank. | ||
| It is very easy to move into other menus in the Internet banking sites of this bank. | ||
| System security | Internet banking maintains rapid and reliable access to the site. | [74,75,76] |
| Any transactions in the Internet banking of this bank are processed one time without errors or system breakdown. | ||
| The Internet banking site of this bank well protects users’ transaction account information. | ||
| The Internet banking of this bank maintains accuracy and protection of transaction data. | ||
| System trust | Users can trustfully use the Internet banking of this bank. | [55,77] |
| The Internet banking of this bank can accurately perform the intended services by customers. | ||
| The exposure of personal information is not believed to occur. | ||
| Users believe that the Internet banking of this bank ensures reliability. | ||
| System responsiveness | When I use the Internet banking of this bank, there is little waiting time between my actions and the website’s response. | [55,77,78] |
| The Internet banking of this bank enables fast processing of transactions. | ||
| The Internet banking of this bank enables fast responding to customers’ complaints. | ||
| The Internet banking of this bank enables prompt processing with customers’ requests. | ||
| The Internet banking of this bank instantly provides service to customers. | ||
| Empathy | Internet banking is much interested in individual customer. | [29,79,80] |
| Internet banking much understands and reflects customer requirements. | ||
| Internet banking solves customer with attention. | ||
| Internet banking provides a differentiated service. | ||
| I am attached to the Internet banking of this bank. | ||
| I am bonded by the Internet banking of this bank. | ||
| I am connected with the Internet banking of this bank. | ||
| Satisfaction | Overall, I am satisfied with this Internet banking experience of this bank. | [71] |
| I strongly recommend the Internet banking of this bank to others. | ||
| I am likely to further use the Internet banking of this bank | ||
| I am satisfied with the Internet banking of this bank after being compared with others. |
| Categories | General Customers | VIP Customers | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | ||
| Gender | Male | 397 | 30.8 | 441 | 34.2 | 838 | 65.0 |
| Female | 248 | 19.2 | 204 | 15.8 | 452 | 35.0 | |
| Total | 645 | 50.0 | 645 | 50.0 | 1290 | 100 | |
| Age | Below 20 | 12 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0.9 |
| 21-30 | 241 | 18.7 | 52 | 4 | 293 | 22.7 | |
| 31-40 | 237 | 18.4 | 258 | 20 | 495 | 38.4 | |
| 41-50 | 106 | 8.2 | 211 | 16.4 | 317 | 24.6 | |
| Over 51 | 49 | 3.8 | 124 | 9.1 | 173 | 13.4 | |
| Total | 645 | 50.0 | 645 | 50 | 1290 | 100 | |
| Education | Middle or High school graduated | 92 | 7.1 | 64 | 5.0 | 156 | 12.1 |
| College student | 106 | 8.2 | 57 | 4.4 | 163 | 12.6 | |
| College graduated | 356 | 27.6 | 377 | 29.2 | 733 | 56.8 | |
| Master or PhD degree | 91 | 7.1 | 147 | 11.4 | 238 | 18.4 | |
| Total | 645 | 50.0 | 645 | 50.0 | 1290 | 100.0 | |
| Jobs | Students | 63 | 4.9 | 10 | 0.8 | 73 | 5.7 |
| Housewives | 61 | 4.7 | 82 | 6.3 | 143 | 11.2 | |
| Private | 317 | 24.6 | 299 | 23.2 | 616 | 47.8 | |
| Public | 34 | 2.6 | 33 | 2.5 | 67 | 5.2 | |
| Owner of Business | 42 | 3.3 | 80 | 6.2 | 122 | 9.5 | |
| Specialty job | 84 | 6.5 | 99 | 7.7 | 183 | 14.2 | |
| Others | 44 | 3.4 | 42 | 3.3 | 86 | 6.7 | |
| Total | 645 | 50.0 | 645 | 50.0 | 1290 | 100.0 | |
| Class | General Customers | VIP Customers | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | ||
| Period of | Less than 6 months | 47 | 3.6 | 10 | 0.8 | 57 | 4.4 |
| using | 6 months–one year | 105 | 8.1 | 24 | 1.9 | 129 | 10.0 |
| Internet | One year–two years | 128 | 9.9 | 43 | 3.3 | 171 | 13.3 |
| banking | More than 2 years | 365 | 28.4 | 568 | 44.0 | 933 | 72.3 |
| Total | 645 | 50.0 | 645 | 50.0 | 1290 | 100 | |
| Number | 1 | 169 | 13.0 | 116 | 9.0 | 285 | 22.1 |
| of using | 2–5 | 334 | 25.9 | 301 | 23.3 | 635 | 49.2 |
| Internet | 6–10 | 88 | 6.8 | 131 | 10.2 | 219 | 17.0 |
| banking | 11–15 | 23 | 1.8 | 41 | 3.2 | 64 | 5.0 |
| per week | More than 15 | 31 | 2.5 | 56 | 4.3 | 87 | 6.7 |
| Total | 645 | 50.0 | 645 | 50.0 | 1290 | 100 | |
| Hours | Less than 30 minutes | 57 | 4.4 | 92 | 7.1 | 149 | 11.6 |
| spent | 30 min–1 h | 83 | 6.4 | 111 | 8.6 | 194 | 15.0 |
| using | 1–2 h | 211 | 16.4 | 199 | 15.4 | 410 | 31.8 |
| Internet | More than 2 h | 294 | 22.8 | 243 | 18.9 | 537 | 41.6 |
| per day | Total | 645 | 50.0 | 645 | 50.0 | 1,290 | 100 |
| (a) Subsample of General Customers | ||||
| Variables | Item | Factor Loading | Eigen Value | Percent of Variance Explained |
| Usefulness (1) | USF1 | 0.702 | 2.12 | 52.9 |
| USF2 | 0.840 | |||
| USF3 | 0.565 | |||
| USF4 | 0.773 | |||
| Ease of use (2) | EOU1 | 0.826 | 2.95 | 73.8 |
| EOU2 | 0.893 | |||
| EOU3 | 0.875 | |||
| EOU4 | 0.839 | |||
| System security (3) | SS1 | 0.825 | 2.80 | 70.1 |
| SS2 | 0.813 | |||
| SS3 | 0.867 | |||
| SS4 | 0.842 | |||
| System trust (4) | ST1 | 0.877 | 2.98 | 74.4 |
| ST2 | 0.787 | |||
| ST3 | 0.872 | |||
| ST4 | 0.909 | |||
| System responsiveness (5) | SR1 | 0.666 | 2.98 | 74.5 |
| SR2 | 0.915 | |||
| SR3 | 0.942 | |||
| SR4 | 0.902 | |||
| System empathy (6) | SE1 | 0.932 | 3.39 | 84.6 |
| SE2 | 0.946 | |||
| SE3 | 0.925 | |||
| SE4 | 0.876 | |||
| Customer satisfaction (7) | CS1 | 0.905 | 3.13 | 78.2 |
| CS2 | 0.905 | |||
| CS3 | 0.901 | |||
| CS4 | 0.823 | |||
| (b) Subsample of VIP Customers | ||||
| Variables | Item | Factor Loading | Eigen Value | Percent of Variance Explained |
| Usefulness (1) | USF1 | 0.741 | 2.01 | 50.3 |
| USF2 | 0.700 | |||
| USF3 | 0.652 | |||
| USF4 | 0.740 | |||
| Ease of use (2) | EOU1 | 0.853 | 3.12 | 77.9 |
| EOU2 | 0.911 | |||
| EOU3 | 0.895 | |||
| EOU4 | 0.869 | |||
| System security (3) | SS1 | 0.834 | 2.96 | 74.0 |
| SS2 | 0.860 | |||
| SS3 | 0.885 | |||
| SS4 | 0.862 | |||
| System trust (4) | ST1 | 0.896 | 3.07 | 76.6 |
| ST2 | 0.799 | |||
| ST3 | 0.904 | |||
| ST4 | 0.899 | |||
| System responsiveness (5) | SR1 | 0.710 | 3.11 | 77.7 |
| SR2 | 0.932 | |||
| SR3 | 0.945 | |||
| SR4 | 0.918 | |||
| System empathy (6) | SE1 | 0.927 | 3.30 | 82.6 |
| SE2 | 0.935 | |||
| SE3 | 0.912 | |||
| SE4 | 0.858 | |||
| Customer satisfaction (7) | CS1 | 0.920 | 3.17 | 79.3 |
| CS2 | 0.916 | |||
| CS3 | 0.896 | |||
| CS4 | 0.826 | |||
| (c) Total Sample | ||||
| Variables | Item | Factor Loading | Eigen Value | Percent of Variance Explained |
| Usefulness (1) | USF1 | 0.721 | 2.06 | 51.5 |
| USF2 | 0.780 | |||
| USF3 | 0.605 | |||
| USF4 | 0.753 | |||
| Ease of use (2) | EOU1 | 0.840 | 3.03 | 75.8 |
| EOU2 | 0.902 | |||
| EOU3 | 0.884 | |||
| EOU4 | 0.854 | |||
| System security (3) | SS1 | 0.830 | 2.88 | 72.0 |
| SS2 | 0.837 | |||
| SS3 | 0.876 | |||
| SS4 | 0.852 | |||
| System trust (4) | ST1 | 0.886 | 3.02 | 75.4 |
| ST2 | 0.792 | |||
| ST3 | 0.887 | |||
| ST4 | 0.905 | |||
| System responsiveness (5) | SR1 | 0.687 | 3.04 | 76.1 |
| SR2 | 0.923 | |||
| SR3 | 0.944 | |||
| SR4 | 0.910 | |||
| System empathy (6) | SE1 | 0.929 | 3.35 | 83.6 |
| SE2 | 0.941 | |||
| SE3 | 0.919 | |||
| SE4 | 0.867 | |||
| Customer satisfaction (7) | CS1 | 0.912 | 3.15 | 78.7 |
| CS2 | 0.910 | |||
| CS3 | 0.899 | |||
| CS4 | 0.825 | |||
| Variables | Composite Reliability | Cronbach Alpha | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (a) The subsample of general customers and VIP customers | |||||||||
| Usefulness (1) | 0.829 | 0.87 | 0.748 | ||||||
| Ease of use (2) | 0.933 | 0.91 | 0.638 | 0.776 | |||||
| System security (3) | 0.914 | 0.88 | 0.568 | 0.697 | 0.726 | ||||
| System trust (4) | 0.931 | 0.92 | 0.566 | 0.609 | 0.788 | 0.770 | |||
| System responsiveness (5) | 0.928 | 0.91 | 0.632 | 0.683 | 0.753 | 0.718 | 0.765 | ||
| System empathy (6) | 0.949 | 0.91 | 0.499 | 0.566 | 0.61 | 0.575 | 0.75 | 0.823 | |
| Customer satisfaction (7) | 0.950 | 0.92 | 0.587 | 0.679 | 0.742 | 0.702 | 0.71 | 0.592 | 0.826 |
| (b) The subsample of general customers and VIP customers | |||||||||
| Variables | Composite Reliability | Cronbach Alpha | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
| Usefulness (1) | 0.801 | 0.88 | 0.702 | ||||||
| Ease of use (2) | 0.934 | 0.90 | 0.659 | 0.779 | |||||
| System security (3) | 0.919 | 0.87 | 0.568 | 0.679 | 0.740 | ||||
| System trust (4) | 0.928 | 0.90 | 0.518 | 0.603 | 0.79 | 0.763 | |||
| System responsiveness (5) | 0.932 | 0.89 | 0.578 | 0.685 | 0.738 | 0.669 | 0.774 | ||
| System empathy (6) | 0.950 | 0.94 | 0.53 | 0.617 | 0.633 | 0.586 | 0.73 | 0.825 | |
| Customer satisfaction (7) | 0.938 | 0.93 | 0.624 | 0.698 | 0.718 | 0.672 | 0.709 | 0.636 | 0.793 |
| (c) Total sample | |||||||||
| Variables | Composite Reliability | Alpha | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
| Usefulness (1) | 0.917 | 0.87 | 0.827 | ||||||
| Ease of use (2) | 0.933 | 0.90 | 0.650 | 0.778 | |||||
| System security (3) | 0.917 | 0.88 | 0.571 | 0.690 | 0.734 | ||||
| System trust (4) | 0.930 | 0.90 | 0.546 | 0.608 | 0.790 | 0.767 | |||
| System responsiveness (5) | 0.930 | 0.90 | 0.609 | 0.685 | 0.747 | 0.695 | 0.770 | ||
| System empathy (6) | 0.949 | 0.93 | 0.516 | 0.594 | 0.624 | 0.582 | 0.741 | 0.825 | |
| Customer satisfaction (7) | 0.945 | 0.92 | 0.606 | 0.689 | 0.732 | 0.689 | 0.710 | 0.614 | 0.811 |
The diagonals indicate the square root of AVE.
| Path | Estimates | General Customers | VIP Customers |
|---|---|---|---|
| Usefulness → customer | Path coefficient | 0.086 | 0.169 |
| satisfaction | Standard deviation | 0.074 | 0.054 |
| Size of subsample | 645 | 645 | |
| t-value of path difference | 20.24 *** | ||
| Ease of use → customer | Path coefficient | 0.192 | 0.198 |
| satisfaction | Standard deviation | 0.073 | 0.057 |
| Size of subsample | 645 | 645 | |
| t-value of path difference | 1.65 * | ||
| System security → customer | Path coefficient | 0.266 | 0.185 |
| satisfaction | Standard deviation | 0.075 | 0.074 |
| Size of subsample | 645 | 645 | |
| t-value of path difference | 21.28 *** | ||
| System trust → | Path coefficient | 0.109 | 0.152 |
| customer satisfaction | Standard deviation | 0.065 | 0.061 |
| Size of subsample | 645 | 645 | |
| t-value of path difference | 11.61 *** | ||
| System responsiveness → | Path coefficient | 0.140 | 0.172 |
| customer satisfaction | Standard deviation | 0.087 | 0.068 |
| Size of subsample | 645 | 645 | |
| t-value of path difference | 7.85 *** | ||
| System empathy → | Path coefficient | 0.065 | 0.098 |
| customer satisfaction | Standard deviation | 0.077 | 0.056 |
| Size of subsample | 645 | 645 | |
| t-value of path difference | 8.80 *** |
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, K.C.L.; methodology, S.L.; software, S.L.; validation, S.L.; formal analysis, S.L.; resources, K.C.L.; data curation, S.L. and K.C.L.; writing-original draft preparation, S.L.; writing-review and editing, K.C.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Sangjae Lee1 and Kun Chang Lee2,*
1College of Business Administration, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea
2Department of Global Administration, SKK Business School/SAIHST (Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Korea
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
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