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Estimating the value of global investment in immunization programs is critical to helping decision makers plan and mobilize immunization programs and allocate resources required to realize their full benefits. We estimated economic benefits using cost-of-illness and value-of-a-statistical-life approaches and combined this estimation with immunization program costs to derive the return on investment from immunization programs against ten pathogens for ninety-four low- and middle-income countries for the period 2011-30. Using the cost-of-illness approach, return on investment for one dollar invested in immunization against our ten pathogens was 26.1 for the ninety-four countries from 2011 to 2020 and 19.8 from 2021 to 2030. Using the value-of-a-statisticallife approach, return on investment was 51.0 from 2011 to 2020 and 52.2 from 2021 to 2030. The results demonstrate continued high return on investment from immunization programs. The return-on-investment estimates from this study will inform country policy makers and decision makers in funding agencies and will contribute to efforts to mobilize resources for immunization. Realization of the full benefits of immunization will depend on sustained investment in and commitment to immunization programs.
Details
Pathogens;
Vaccines;
Investments;
Rubella;
Immunization;
Return on investment;
Productivity;
Cost estimates;
Prices;
Health facilities;
Human papillomavirus;
Costs;
Encephalitis;
Income;
Low income groups;
Illnesses;
Decision making;
Measles;
Viruses;
Gross Domestic Product--GDP;
Streptococcus infections;
Informal economy;
Value;
Rotavirus;
Willingness to pay;
Policy making;
Health initiatives;
Resource allocation;
Health care expenditures;
Decision makers;
Global health;
Benefits
1 Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals at the World Health Organization, in Geneva, Switzerland
2 Department of International Health and in the International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
3 Epidemiology and Health Outcomes at GSK Vaccines, Latin America and the Caribbean, in Panama City, Panama
4 program officer for economics and finance, Vaccine Delivery/ Global Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, in Washington, D.C.
5 Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health