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Issued in 2014, the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) International's J3016 provides a common taxonomy and definitions for automated driving in order to simplify communication and facilitate collaboration within technical and political domains and provides full descriptions and examples for each level.
The SAE's six levels of driving automation span from no automation to full automation. A key distinction is between level 2, where the human driver performs part of the dynamic driving task, and level 3, where the automated driving system performs the entire dynamic driving task.
The SAE points out that these levels are descriptive rather than normative and technical rather than legal. They imply no particular order of market introduction. Elements indicate minimum rather than maximum system capabilities for each level. A particular vehicle may have multiple driving automation features such that it could operate at different levels depending upon the feature(s) that are engaged.
System refers to the driver assistance system, combination of driver assistance systems, or automated driving system. Excluded are warning and momentary intervention systems, which do not automate any part of the dynamic driving task on a sustained basis and therefore do not change the human driver's role in performing the dynamic driving task.
Human driver monitors the driving environment
The full SAE Levels, which are now standard in the US and internationally where SAE regulations are observed, are as follows:
Level 0: No automation
* The full-time performance by the human driver of all aspects of the dynamic driving task, even when enhanced by warning or intervention systems Level 1: Driver Assistance
* The driving mode-specific execution by a driver assistance system of either steering or acceleration/deceleration using information about the driving environment and with the expectation that the human driver perform all remaining aspects of the dynamic driving task
Level 2: Partial automation
* The driving mode-specific execution by one or more driver assistance systems of both steering and acceleration/deceleration using information about the driving environment and with the expectation that the human driver perform all remaining aspects of the dynamic driving task
Automated driving system ("system") monitors the driving environment
Level 3: Conditional automation
* The driving mode-specific performance by an automated driving system of all aspects of the dynamic driving task with the expectation...