The significance of coronary artery calcium score as a predictor of coronary artery stenosis in individuals referred for CT angiography

Abstract

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases take nearly 18 million lives annually.1 The lifetime risk of developing CAD is estimated to be 49 percent in men and 32 percent in women.2 Therefore, identifying people at risk and early diagnosis is important. Older age, male gender, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking, and low physical activity are among the most established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.3,4 Recent studies have found that coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a strong independent predictor of CAD.5-8 Calcification of the coronary arteries has an important role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. CAC can be easily measured by noninvasive imaging methods, including electron-beam tomography (EBT) or multidetector computed tomography (CT).9 CAC score (CACS) measured by noncontrast cardiac CT scan is a low-radiation and relatively cheap test that provide a quantitative assessment of the overall coronary atherosclerotic burden.10 Growing evidence suggests that CACS is a useful test for risk stratification of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals.11-13 Higher CACSs has been shown to be associated with a higher risk of major cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.5,14,15 Several studies have claimed that there are some associations between CACS and cardiac risk factors.16-18 However, there were great inconsistencies between the reported results. [...]we found that older age, lower NLR, and CACS>100 are independent significant predictors of the presence of obstructive CAD in CT angiography.

Headnote

Article info

Article History:

Received: 6 June 2020

Accepted: 11 August 2020

epublished: 3 September 2020

Keywords:

Coronary Artery Disease

Angiography

Coronary Calcium Score

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease (CAD), are among the most common causes of death in the elderly population. Recent studies have found that coronary artery calcium score (CACS) is a strong independent predictor of CAD. Here we aimed to investigate the association between CACS and demographic, clinical, laboratory, and CT angiographic findings in patients with suspected CAD.

Methods: From June 2008 to August 2018, we retrospectively reviewed 219 consecutive patients suspected with CAD who were referred for CT angiography in Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical, and Research Center. Medical records were reviewed, and relevant demographic, clinical, laboratory and imaging were collected.

Results: A total of 219 patients with an average age of 62.64±12.39 were included. Twelve patients (5.5%) had normal coronary angiography, and 50.2% had mild CAD. An obstructive CAD was found in 97 patients (44.3%). The median CACS was 76.4 (IQR, 13.0-289.1). The frequency of obstructive CAD was 28.1% in the CACS <100 group, and 67.0% in CACS >100 group (P < 0.001). On multiple logistic regression analysis, age (OR=1.04 [1.01-1.07], P = 0.006), CACS (OR= 4.31 [2.33-7.98], P < 0.001), and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (OR = 0.82 [0.68-0.98], P = 0.027) were independent predictors of obstructive CAD.

Conclusion: We found a direct association between higher CACS and obstructive patterns in coronary CT angiography. Our findings indicate that the possibility of the presence of obstructive CAD was higher among symptomatic patients with older age, lower NLR, and CACS >100.

Introduction

Cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease (CAD), are among the most common causes of death in the elderly population. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases take nearly 18 million lives annually.1 The lifetime risk of developing CAD is estimated to be 49 percent in men and 32 percent in women.2 Therefore, identifying people at risk and early diagnosis is important.

Older age, male gender, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking, and low physical activity are among the most established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.3,4 Recent studies have found that coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a strong independent predictor of CAD.5-8 Calcification of the coronary arteries has an important role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. CAC can be easily measured by noninvasive imaging methods, including electron-beam tomography (EBT) or multidetector computed tomography (CT).9 CAC score (CACS) measured by noncontrast cardiac CT scan is a low-radiation and relatively cheap test that provide a quantitative assessment of the overall coronary atherosclerotic burden.10 Growing evidence suggests that CACS is a useful test for risk stratification of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals.11-13 Higher CACSs has been shown to be associated with a higher risk of major cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.5,14,15

Several studies have claimed that there are some associations between CACS and cardiac risk factors.16-18 However, there were great inconsistencies between the reported results. Here we aimed to investigate the association between CACS and demographic, clinical, laboratory, and CT angiographic findings in patients with suspected CAD. We also evaluated the predictive value of CACS beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors for obstructive CAD.

Materials and Methods

From June 2008 to August 2018, we retrospectively reviewed 219 consecutive patients suspected with CAD who were referred for CT angiography in Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical, and Research Center, affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. Inclusion criteria included all adult patients with stable angina candidate for CT angiography. Patients with a prior history of CVDs, chronic kidney disease, significant liver dysfunction were excluded. Also, who had history of previous percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting were excluded. The patient with suspicious or confirmed acute coronary syndrome excluded. Patients' demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings were obtained from data bank.

Computed tomography scanning protocol

Coronary CT angiography was performed with 192-slice CT scanner (SOMATOM FORCE, Forchheim, Germany). In all patients, a non-contrast enhanced scan (120-kV tube voltage and 3-mm slice thickness) to calculate the total CACS was performed prior to CCTA kV tube 0.75-mm slice thickness, 0.3 or 0.4mm reconstruction increment). A 50 -60-ml contrast (IOHEXOLE: Omnipaque 350 mgl/mL, GE HealthCare Inc, USA), followed by a 20-ml saline solution chaser, was injected at 3.5-5.5 mL/s. Nitroglycerine sublingually was administered immediately before contrast injection. The Agatston scoring method was used to measure the CACS.19 The total CACS was categorized as low (0-100) and high (>100). Coronary CT angiography scans were evaluated by experienced radiologists, blinded to the CACS results. Obstructive CAD was defined as [50% luminal narrowing of C1 coronary segment on CCTA.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package of Social Science version 25. Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers and percentages. The independent samples t test or chi-square test was used to compare variables between the groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors of obstructive CAD. A two-sided P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

A total of 219 patients were studied. Patients' demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2. The mean EF was 44.39± 12.48. Twelve patients (5.5%) had normal coronary angiography, and nearly half of the participants had mild CAD. An obstructive CAD was found in 97 patients (44.3%).

Other important CT angiographic findings were positive remodeling in nine patients (4.1%), napkin ring sign in four patients and low-density plaque in three patients. The median CACS was 76.4 (IQR, 13.0-289.1).

Patients' characteristics are compared across the CACS groups in Table 3. Patients with higher CACSs were significantly older than patients with CACS<100 (P < 0.001). The frequency of obstructive CAD was 28.1% in the CACS< 100 group, and 67.0% in CACS>100 group (P < 0.001).

We also compared the characteristics of patients with and without obstructive CAD (Table 4). Patients with obstructive CAD were significantly older than patients with normal angiography or mild CAD (P = 0.001). Patients with obstructive CAD had significantly lower neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) values compared to the other group (P = 0.005).

On multiple logistic regression analysis, age, CACS, and NLR were independent predictors of obstructive CAD (Table 5). Older age and lower NLR values were associated with a higher probability of obstructive CAD. Patients with CACS>100 had a 4.31-fold greater risk of obstructive CAD.

Discussion

In the present study, we evaluated the association between CACS and demographic, clinical, laboratory, and CT angiographic findings of patients suspected with CAD. In the univariate analyses, we found that patients with greater CACSs (>100) were older and the frequency of obstructive CAD was higher among them. When we compared the characteristics of patients with and without obstructive CAD in CT angiography, we realized that patients with obstructive CAD were older and had lower NLR values. Finally, we found that older age, lower NLR, and CACS>100 are independent significant predictors of the presence of obstructive CAD in CT angiography.

Previous studies have shown that increased CACS is significantly associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors and more severe coronary artery stenosis.20-22 Ho et al,20 reported that patients with higher CACS were older and the prevalence of male gender, hypertension, and significant CT angiographic stenosis were higher among them. Likewise, Ueda et al,22 noticed that greater CACSs in patients with suspected CAD was significantly associated with older age, male gender, and presence of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. The also realized that the prevalence of obstructive CAD increased with the CACS. Similar to these studies, we found that the prevalence of obstructive CAD was greater in patients with CACS>100 compared with those with lower CAC levels (67.0% vs 28.1%). CACS>100 was associated with a 4.31-fold increased risk of obstructive CAD.

Older age was another independent risk factor for obstructive CAD in this study. We also found that the mean age of patients with increased CACS was significantly higher than patients with lower CACSs. This finding is in line with earlier studies which reported a direct association between age and CAC.23 Unlike the abovementioned studies, we did not find any significant association between CACS and male gender, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and smoking.20-22 Variation in study design, CACS cut-off points, sample size, and analytic approaches could explain these inconsistencies.

Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.24 Some earlier studies have shown that higher levels of inflammatory markers, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) may predict poor cardiovascular prognosis.24-26 In the present study, we found no significant association between ESR or CRP and CACS. Also, we realized that none of these two inflammatory markers contributed to the risk of obstructive CAD. In line with our findings, two previous studies with relatively large sample sizes did not report strong associations between CRP and CACS.27-29 Lack of association between CACS and inflammatory markers in these studies may indicate that inflammation plays a nonsignificant role in calcification of coronary arteries.

Neutrophils secrete inflammatory mediators that promote plaque formation.24 Elevated NLR values were linked to adverse cardiovascular outcomes and higher mortality rates.30 Two Korean studies conducted in asymptomatic adults found a direct association between NLR and CACS.31,32 In contrast to these studies, we found lower levels of NLR among patients with higher CACS and obstructive CAD. This could be related to sample selection and study design differences. We included symptomatic patients suspected with CAD, while the previous studies evaluated asymptomatic individuals without any known cardiac disease. Therefore, we guess that higher NLR values may indicate active plaque formation. In patients with established plaques, increased anti-inflammatory responses might be the reason for diminished NLR values.

Relatively small sample size, retrospective design and lack of asymptomatic control group are important limitations to the present study which warrant further caution in interpreting the results. Additional prospective studies with larger sample sizes and more robust designs are needed.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we found a direct association between higher CACS and obstructive patterns in coronary CT angiography. Our findings indicate that the possibility of the presence of obstructive CAD was higher among symptomatic patients with older age, lower NLR, and CACS>100.

Competing interests

None declared.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge all of the participants of the study as well as the radiology department and of Rajaie cardiovascular medical and research center that supported this study for collecting data.

Ethical approval

The protocol of this study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board and the Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences (the ethical code No. IR.IUMS.FMD.REC1396.9411171011). An informed consent form was signed by all subjects prior to inclusion.

Funding

None.

Footnote

Corresponding Author: Mohammad Javad Alemzadeh-Ansari, Email: [email protected]

References

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