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Abstract
Smoking is a risk factor for periodontal disease, and a cause of oral microbiome dysbiosis. While this has been evaluated for traditional cigarette smoking, there is limited research on the effect of other tobacco types on the oral microbiome. This study investigates subgingival microbiome composition in smokers of different tobacco types and their effect on periodontal health. Subgingival plaques were collected from 40 individuals, including smokers of either cigarettes, medwakh, or shisha, and non-smokers seeking dental treatment at the University Dental Hospital in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. The entire (~ 1500 bp) 16S rRNA bacterial gene was fully amplified and sequenced using Oxford Nanopore technology. Subjects were compared for the relative abundance and diversity of subgingival microbiota, considering smoking and periodontal condition. The relative abundances of several pathogens were significantly higher among smokers, such as Prevotella denticola and Treponema sp. OMZ 838 in medwakh smokers, Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella dispar in cigarette smokers, Streptococcus sanguinis and Tannerella forsythia in shisha smokers. Subgingival microbiome of smokers was altered even in subjects with no or mild periodontitis, probably making them more prone to severe periodontal diseases. Microbiome profiling can be a useful tool for periodontal risk assessment. Further studies are recommended to investigate the impact of tobacco cessation on periodontal disease progression and oral microbiome.
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1 University of Sharjah, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Sharjah, UAE; University of Sharjah, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Sharjah, UAE
2 UAE University, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, UAE
3 University of Sharjah, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Sharjah, UAE; University of Sharjah, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Sharjah, UAE
4 New York University, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, New York, USA; New York University Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, UAE; Columbia University, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
5 University of Sharjah, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Sharjah, UAE
6 New York University, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, New York, USA; New York University Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, UAE; New York University, Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, New York, USA; New York University, College of Global Public Health, New York, USA