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Abstract
Folate is a B vitamin that plays an essential role in normal brain/cognitive function and homocysteine/methionine (methyl) metabolism. Disturbances in folate metabolism can be either genetic or dietary. In North America and Europe, there is a high proportion of individuals that have genetic deficiencies in enzymes involved in the metabolism of folate, such as methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR 677C>T) that results in mild MTHFR deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR 66A>G). The Rozen laboratory developed and characterized MTHFR-deficient and MTRR-deficient mice, respectively, that are good models of human HHcy and associated disorders. Using these mouse models, we have shown that disturbances in folate metabolism can result in disturbances in choline metabolites, since choline and folate metabolism intersect at the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine.
It was previously shown that at 3 months of age, Mtrrgt/gt mice have memory impairment. In the first objective, we examined the consequence of Mtrr deficiency in young male mice in the cortex and hippocampus and showed disturbances in acetylcholine metabolism.
Since the mid-90's, grains and cereals have been fortified with folic acid in North America and there has been an increased consumption of vitamin supplements. This has led to higher folate intake in some segments of the general population, particularly in women of childbearing age, with some concerns about too much folate. In a second objective, we examined the effects of a high folate diet in wild-type female mice during pregnancy on offspring brain development and memory. We showed that high folate intake during pregnancy resulted in pseudo-MTHFR deficiency in mothers and offspring, and disturbances in choline/methyl metabolism. Offsping had memory impairment and embryos showed growth delay and altered brain development.
In the aging population, low folate and elevated levels of homocysteine are common and are considered risk factors for neurodegeneration and cognitive decline, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In a third objective, we used aged MTHFR heterozygote mice fed a low folate diet to provide further insight into the mechanisms by which disturbances in folate metabolism (dietary and genetic) affect the aging brain and cognitive function. Memory was assessed in these mice at 8 and 10 months of age and we showed that 10-month-old mice had short-term memory impairment, altered choline metabolism in the cortex, minor disturbances in genes involved in synaptic transmission and epigenetic modifications.
The data from this thesis suggest that folate metabolism disturbances, genetic and/or dietary can have adverse consequences on brain biochemistry and cognition in all periods of life (development, young and aging) and that the brain requires an optimal dose of folate intake for proper function.





