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Abstract
Serious challenges in energy and the environment require us to find solutions that use sustainable processes. There are many sustainable electrocatalytic processes that might provide the answers to the above-mentioned challenges, such as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), water splitting, the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR), and the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). These reactions can enhance the value added by producing hydrogen energy through water splitting or convert useless CO2 and N2 into fuels and NH3. These electrocatalytic reactions can be driven by high-performance catalysts. Therefore, the exploration of novel electrocatalysts is one of the important electrocatalytic fields. In this paper, we aim to systematically discuss a variety of electrocatalysts used for sustainable processes and to give further insights into their status and associated challenges. We invited many famous research groups to write this roadmap with topics including platinum (Pt) and its alloys for ORR, oxides for ORR, chalcogenides for ORR, carbon-based hollow electrocatalysts for ORR, carbides for ORR, atomically dispersed Fe–N–C catalysts for ORR, metal-free catalysts for ORR, single-atom catalysts (SACs) for ORR, metal boride (MB) electrocatalysts for water splitting, transitional metal carbides (TMCs) for water splitting, transition metal (TM) phosphides for water splitting, oxides for water splitting, sulfides for water splitting, layered double hydroxides for water splitting, carbon-based electrocatalysts for water splitting, Ru-based electrocatalysts for water splitting, metal oxides for CO2RR, metal sulfides for CO2RR, metals for CO2RR, carbon for CO2RR, SACs for CO2RR, heterogeneous molecular catalysts for CO2RR, oxides for NRR, chalcogenides for NRR, C3N4 for NRR, SACs for NRR, etc. Their contributions enabled us to compile this 2020 roadmap on electrocatalysts for green catalytic processes and provide some suggestions for future researchers.
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1 School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
2 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
3 College of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, People’s Republic of China
4 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, No. 1, Daxue Rd, Songshan Lake, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People’s Republic of China
5 State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, People’s Republic of China
6 Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
7 State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
8 Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States of America
9 SA-CIRBS, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan and Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
10 School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People’s Republic of China
11 School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, United Kingdom
12 State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
13 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
14 School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People’s Republic of China
15 Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
16 College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
17 State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
18 State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People’s Republic of China
19 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People’s Republic of China
20 Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
21 Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People’s Republic of China
22 Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, People’s Republic of China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, People’s Republic of China
23 Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, People’s Republic of China
24 Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Eduction, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
25 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong Univeristy, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
26 Tianjin Key Lab of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, People’s Republic of China