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© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

“Mixed pain” is a term recently introduced to define the overlapping of nociceptive, neuropathic and nociplastic pain. To date, it has been reported that pharmacological treatments might have a modest effectiveness on patients affected by mixed chronic pain, with detrimental consequences in terms of disability, physical function and health-related quality of life. In this scenario, Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS), a mini-invasive neuromodulation technique, has been recently suggested as a promising approach for the complex management of mixed pain in musculoskeletal disorders. Albeit PENS showed to be effective in reducing unspecified pain in several chronic pain conditions, there is still a lack of evidence in the literature about its role in the management of neuropathic or mixed pain not responsive to pharmacological treatments. Therefore, by the present scoping review, we portray the potential effects of PENS in the multidisciplinary and multidimensional management of mixed chronic pain in patients with musculoskeletal disorders.

Details

Title
Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS) as a Rehabilitation Approach for Reducing Mixed Chronic Pain in Patients with Musculoskeletal Disorders
Author
de Sire, Alessandro 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Ammendolia, Antonio 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Lippi, Lorenzo 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Farì, Giacomo 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Cisari, Carlo 2 ; Invernizzi, Marco 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; [email protected] 
 Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy; [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (C.C.) 
 Motor and Sports Sciences, Department of Sciences and Biological and Environmental Technologies, Salento University, 73100 Lecce, Italy; [email protected] 
 Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy; [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (C.C.); Translational Medicine, Dipartimento Attività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy 
First page
4257
Publication year
2021
Publication date
2021
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20763417
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2528263682
Copyright
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.