InforMing the PAthway of COPD Treatment (IMPACT)

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Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a common disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation, is associated with a substantial economic and social burden and was the third leading cause of death in 2017 worldwide [1, 2]. The InforMing the PAthway of COPD Treatment (IMPACT) study compared once-daily single-inhaler triple therapy with fluticasone furoate, umeclidinium and vilanterol (FF/UMEC/VI) with the dual therapies FF/VI and UMEC/VI in patients with symptomatic COPD at risk of exacerbations. This study demonstrated that FF/UMEC/VI resulted in a significantly lower annual rate of moderate/severe COPD exacerbations and greater improvements in both lung function and health-related quality of life compared with either dual therapy [3].

Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) is a widely used lung function marker of COPD disease severity, but correlates poorly with symptoms and does not reflect levels of disease activity [2, 4,5,6]. Patients with more active COPD disease are more likely to experience faster disease progression; for example, patients with more exacerbations experience a faster decline in lung function [7, 8]. Therefore, alternative and more sensitive biomarkers are needed that are reflective of disease activity, and may predict future risk of events such as exacerbations. Fibrinogen is an acute phase soluble plasma glycoprotein that is primarily synthesized in the liver and is converted into fibrin by thrombin during blood coagulation [4]. Plasma fibrinogen was qualified by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2015 as the first prognostic or enrichment biomarker for exacerbations and/or all-cause mortality (ACM) in patients with COPD [9, 10]. This validation was based on an analysis of an integrated study database, which demonstrated that high baseline fibrinogen levels in individuals with COPD were associated with an increased risk of exacerbations requiring hospitalization within 12 months and an increased risk of death within 36 months [11, 12]. Previous research on a subset of the ECLIPSE cohort indicated that fibrinogen was the most stable of 34 biomarkers assessed over a period of 3 months, a critical feature for clinically useful biomarkers [4, 13]. Additionally, fibrinogen is routinely measured in clinical practice, and therefore appears to be a practical blood biomarker for systemic inflammation in COPD [4]. A fibrinogen level of 3.5 g/L has been proposed as a threshold for identifying patients at increased risk of exacerbations requiring hospitalization and ACM [11].

This analysis used data collected in the IMPACT trial to provide further information regarding the association of fibrinogen levels with exacerbations and ACM in patients with COPD.

Methods

Study design and population

The IMPACT trial (study CTT116855, NCT02164513) was a Phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, multicenter study conducted in 37 countries between June 2014 and July 2017. The study design has been described in detail previously [3]. Briefly, the total study duration was approximately 55 weeks, consisting of a 2-week run-in period, 52-week treatment period, and a 1-week safety follow-up period. Study patients were randomized (2:2:1) to receive triple therapy with FF/UMEC/VI 100/62.5/25 µg, or dual therapy with FF/VI 100/25 µg or UMEC/VI 62.5/25 µg administered once daily via the Ellipta dry powder inhaler. Patients continued use of their existing COPD medications during the run-in period and were provided with albuterol for use on an as-needed basis (rescue medication) throughout the study. All patients provided written informed consent. The study was conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from local institutional review boards or independent ethics committees.

Inclusion/exclusion criteria have been described previously [3, 14]. Eligible patients were ≥ 40 years of age, with symptomatic COPD (COPD Assessment Test score ≥ 10) and either a post-bronchodilator FEV1 < 50% of the predicted normal value and a history of ≥ 1 moderate or severe exacerbation in the previous year, or a post-bronchodilator FEV1 of > 50 to < 80% of the predicted normal value and ≥ 2 moderate exacerbations or ≥ 1 severe exacerbation in the previous year.

The intent-to-treat (ITT) population comprised all randomized patients, excluding those randomized in error [14]. The fibrinogen population is a subset of the ITT population that included patients with a fibrinogen assessment at Week 16, fibrinogen data were not collected prior to Week 16. Previous work has shown that treatment with oral steroids or inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β2-agonist (ICS/LABA) did not have an effect on fibrinogen levels [15, 16].

Annual rate of COPD exacerbations and ACM were analyzed post hoc in the fibrinogen population according to a fibrinogen threshold: ≥ or < 3.5 g/L and by fibrinogen quartiles (Quartile 1: < 2.780 g/L; Quartile 2: ≥ 2.780 to < 3.280 g/L; Quartile 3: ≥ 3.280 to < 3.830 g/L; Quartile 4: ≥ 3.830 g/L). Analysis of safety was carried out using fibrinogen quartiles.

Study endpoints

Study endpoints have been described previously, with the primary endpoint from the IMPACT trial being the annual rate of moderate/severe exacerbations during treatment [3, 14]. This analysis assessed the following endpoints from Week 16: on-treatment exacerbations (moderate, moderate/severe, severe), on- and off-treatment ACM and on-treatment adverse events of special interest (AESIs). A moderate exacerbation was defined as an exacerbation leading to treatment with antibiotics or systemic corticosteroids. A severe exacerbation was one resulting in hospitalization or death. On-/off-treatment deaths were defined as those that occurred after Week 16 and study treatment stop date and projected Week 52 date (based on treatment start date) plus 7 days (inclusive).

This analysis evaluated the association between fibrinogen levels at Week 16 and exacerbations, mortality and AESIs, in particular cardiovascular (CV) events and pneumonia. To confirm that Week 16 fibrinogen could be used as a baseline value for exacerbation analyses, we assessed the magnitude of the difference in Week 16 fibrinogen between the treatment groups to check whether fibrinogen levels were affected by treatment. Furthermore, to assess whether the Week 16 fibrinogen population was generalizable to all patients we evaluated exacerbation history between the patients who withdrew at Week 16 versus those who remained in the study.

Statistical analyses

These post hoc analyses were performed in two stages. First, baseline characteristics were summarized in the fibrinogen population using screening and baseline visit data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the magnitude of differences in fibrinogen levels at Week 16 between treatment groups. The Scheffe multiple comparison procedure was used to compare the difference between treatment groups. The second stage includes all other analyses. Fibrinogen data collected at Week 16 was considered as baseline in this post hoc analysis. All analyses were performed using endpoint data from Week 16 onwards. For example, only exacerbations that occurred after Week 16 were considered as an event in the analysis of COPD exacerbations annual rate and the analysis of time-to-first COPD exacerbation.

The rate of on-treatment COPD exacerbations (moderate/severe, moderate, severe) was analyzed using a generalized linear model assuming a negative binomial distribution. Rate of on-treatment COPD exacerbation analyses were performed by comparing fibrinogen subgroups (fibrinogen threshold [3.5 g/L] and fibrinogen quartiles) with combined treatment groups and by comparing treatment groups for each fibrinogen subgroup (fibrinogen threshold [3.5 g/L] and fibrinogen quartiles). The time-to-first on-treatment COPD exacerbation (moderate, moderate/severe, severe) was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model by comparing fibrinogen subgroups with combined treatment groups. The relationship between exacerbation rate and fibrinogen was also explored by using fractional polynomials modelling, in which fibrinogen was included as a continuous variable in the model. The analyses of exacerbation rates comparing fibrinogen subgroups included covariates of treatment group, gender, exacerbation history in the past 12 months (≤ 1, ≥ 2 moderate/severe), smoking status (at screening), geographical region and post-bronchodilator percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1; at screening) and fibrinogen quartile group or 3.5 g/L threshold as applicable. The fibrinogen subgroup analyses of exacerbation rates comparing treatment groups included covariates of treatment group, gender, exacerbation history in the past 12 months (≤ 1, ≥ 2 moderate/severe), smoking status (at screening), geographical region and post-bronchodilator percent predicted FEV1 (at screening). Patients were only included in the model if they had at least 1 day at risk of an on-treatment exacerbation from Week 16. The time at risk excluded any days after Week 16 when a patient was experiencing an exacerbation that started on or prior to Week 16. Analysis by continuous fibrinogen level was performed using fractional polynomials and included covariates of treatment group, gender, exacerbation history (≤ 1, ≥ 2 moderate/severe), smoking status (at screening), geographical region, post-bronchodilator percent predicted FEV1 (at screening), FP1, FP2, interaction terms for FP1 by treatment, FP2 by treatment, and with logarithm of time on-treatment post Week 16 as an offset variable. FP1 and FP2 represent continuous transformations of fibrinogen at Week 16. Subgroup models by fibrinogen quartile at Week 16 with the same covariates but excluding FP terms are overlaid on the plots at the subgroup median fibrinogen value. Time to on- and off- treatment ACM was analyzed by calculation of Kaplan–Meier probability estimates for each fibrinogen subgroup. Adverse events (AEs), serious adverse events (SAEs) and AESIs were summarized using descriptive statistics.

Results

Of the 10,355 patients enrolled in the IMPACT study, 8094 had Week 16 fibrinogen data available and were included in this analysis (Table 1). Demographics and baseline characteristics were generally similar across Week 16 fibrinogen quartile or 3.5 g/L threshold subgroups and consistent with the ITT population (Table 1). Baseline characteristics by fibrinogen subgroup and treatment arms are presented in Table 1 in Additional File 1 (quartiles) and Table 2 in Additional File 1 (3.5 g/L threshold). The median (interquartile range [IQR]) overall (all treatment combined) fibrinogen level at Week 16 was 3.280 (2.780–3.830) g/L.

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Week 16 and baseline comparison

Exacerbation history in the 12 months prior to screening was similar between patients who withdrew before Week 16 and those who remained in the study (Table 3 in Additional File 1). Table 2 summarizes exacerbations experienced within the first 16 weeks of the trial: 22–30% of patients who continued in the trial, and had Week 16 fibrinogen data, experienced an exacerbation within the first 16 weeks; 46% of patients who withdrew from the trial on or prior to Week 16, and therefore did not have fibrinogen data, experienced an exacerbation within this time period. Differences between Week 16 fibrinogen levels in patients who received FF/UMEC/VI versus FF/VI (1%), FF/UMEC/VI versus UMEC/VI (2%), and UMEC/VI versus FF/VI (− 1%) were below the pre-specified ≤ 15% indicating no evidence of a potential treatment effect on Week 16 fibrinogen (Table 4 in Additional File 1). Based on these results Week 16 Fibrinogen was considered appropriate to use as baseline measurement.

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Efficacy

On-treatment exacerbation rates

The rates of moderate, moderate/severe, and severe exacerbations increased with increasing fibrinogen quartiles (Fig. 1). Significant differences (indicated by 95% confidence interval [CI] that did not cross 1) were observed between the rates of moderate/severe and severe exacerbations for Quartile 4 versus Quartile 1, with rate ratios of 1.16 and 1.44, respectively (Fig. 1). Similarly, a significant difference was also observed between Quartile 3 and Quartile 1, with rate ratios of 1.11 and 1.28, for moderate/severe and severe exacerbations, respectively (Fig. 1). For moderate exacerbations, the difference was significant only for Quartile 4 versus Quartile 1 (rate ratio 1.12) (Fig. 1). When analyzed by treatment arm in each quartile subgroup, the rate ratio point estimates for moderate, moderate/severe, and severe exacerbations were generally in favor of FF/UMEC/VI over each dual therapy (Fig. 2).

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Exacerbation rates were also higher in patients with fibrinogen levels ≥ 3.5 g/L versus < 3.5 g/L, with rate ratios of 1.08 for moderate/severe exacerbations and 1.30 for severe exacerbations (Fig. 3). Analysis by treatment group in each fibrinogen threshold subgroup showed that FF/UMEC/VI reduced the rate of moderate, moderate/severe, and severe exacerbation versus both FF/VI and UMEC/VI in the low fibrinogen subgroup (< 3.5 g/L); no significant between-treatment differences were seen in patients with fibrinogen ≥ 3.5 g/L (Fig. 4).

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Analysis of the rate of on-treatment moderate, moderate/severe, and severe exacerbations by continuous fibrinogen levels showed a general trend for an increased rate of exacerbations with increasing fibrinogen levels in all treatment arms and for all exacerbation types (Fig. 1 in Additional File 1).

Time-to-first on-treatment exacerbation

Kaplan–Meier plots of time-to-first exacerbation showed a general trend for increased risk of an on-treatment moderate, moderate/severe, or severe exacerbation with increasing fibrinogen levels (Fig. 5). A significantly higher risk of moderate/severe (hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 1.16 [1.04, 1.28]) and severe (HR: 1.35 [1.09, 1.69]) exacerbations was seen between patients in fibrinogen Quartile 4 compared with Quartile 1.

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Analysis of time-to-first exacerbations using the 3.5 g/L fibrinogen threshold demonstrated a significantly higher risk of on-treatment moderate/severe (HR [95% CI]: 1.09 [1.00, 1.16]) and severe (HR: 1.27 [1.08, 1.47]) exacerbations in patients with fibrinogen levels ≥ 3.5 g/L compared with those with levels < 3.5 g/L (Fig. 2 in Additional File 1).

All-cause mortality

Analysis of ACM showed a similar risk of on-/off-treatment mortality in the highest fibrinogen quartile group compared with the lower three quartiles (Fig. 6a). Similarly, analysis of ACM using the fibrinogen 3.5 g/L threshold showed a similar risk of on-/off-treatment mortality for fibrinogen levels below and above this threshold (Fig. 6b).

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Safety

Safety data from the IMPACT trial has been previously published [3]. In this current analysis, incidence of AESIs were similar across all fibrinogen quartiles. The incidence of pneumonia was similar (5%) in Quartiles 1, 2 and 3, but slightly higher (6%) in Quartile 4. For CV events, the overall incidence was similar in each quartile, but Quartile 4 had a slightly higher event rate (162.7) compared with Quartiles 1 (139.2), 2 (136.0) and 3 (129.4) (Table 5 in Additional File 1).

Discussion

This post hoc analysis of the IMPACT trial was undertaken to investigate whether plasma fibrinogen could be used to stratify a high-risk COPD population and identify those most likely to have future events. Our findings indicate an increased rate and risk of exacerbation in patients with higher fibrinogen levels, which is seen regardless of whether fibrinogen is analyzed by quartiles or by a 3.5 g/L threshold. In this analysis, higher (≥ 3.5 g/L) versus lower (< 3.5 g/L) fibrinogen levels were associated with an 8% increase in exacerbations and a 30% increase in severe exacerbations (those leading to hospitalisation or death).

The results from this study support the rationale for using fibrinogen levels as a predictive biomarker for clinical trial recruitment as it provides an indicator of patients at an increased risk of COPD exacerbations [11]. Patients in the highest fibrinogen quartile had a 16% increase in the rate of moderate/severe exacerbations compared with the lowest quartile. This could be beneficial as an enrichment strategy in clinical trials looking at exacerbation outcomes, as more exacerbation outputs could be gained from fewer patients, and fewer patients would be required to demonstrate treatment effects. However, it is worth noting that by selecting patients in the highest fibrinogen quartile during clinical trial screening, 75% of the patient population would be excluded from participating. Importantly, findings from this study support the utility of fibrinogen as a predictive marker for exacerbations in clinical practice; aiding the identification of a subgroup of patients with COPD that are at a higher risk of experiencing exacerbations and would benefit from appropriate treatment to reduce future risk [4]. A general trend for increased risk of on-treatment moderate, moderate/severe, and severe exacerbations was observed with increasing fibrinogen levels for each exacerbation type, with a more pronounced change seen for severe exacerbations (i.e. those resulting in hospitalization or death), than moderate exacerbations. These results are in agreement with the studies by Mannino et al. [11] and Kim et al. [12], which reported that higher fibrinogen levels were associated with an increased risk of exacerbations in patients with COPD, and the study by Celli et al. [17], which demonstrated an increased risk of hospitalized exacerbations at higher fibrinogen levels, although no significant association was seen for moderate/severe exacerbations. The analysis of exacerbations by continuous fibrinogen levels provides further support for increased exacerbation rates in patients with higher fibrinogen levels.

The ACM data showed a similar risk of on-/off-treatment mortality when the highest fibrinogen quartile group was compared with the lower three quartiles and when the < 3.5 g/L and ≥ 3.5 g/L fibrinogen subgroups were compared. This differs from results shown in other studies that found that higher levels of plasma fibrinogen were associated with an increased risk of death [11, 17]. These differences could potentially be due to the fact that the Week 16 fibrinogen population may not represent all patients; furthermore, patients who died prior to Week 16, and therefore did not have fibrinogen data available, were not included in this analysis. Finally, it should be noted that this analysis considers a short duration of follow-up (from Week 16 to Week 52), and that there were few events, which may have limited power.

The analysis of the rate of exacerbations by treatment and fibrinogen quartiles showed that rate ratio point estimates were generally in favor of FF/UMEC/VI versus both dual therapies in all quartile subgroups, with the most pronounced effect seen in the second quartile (fibrinogen ≥ 2.780 to < 3.280 g/L), and smaller between-treatment differences generally seen in the two highest quartiles. The analysis of exacerbation rates by treatment and fibrinogen threshold of 3.5 g/L showed a significant benefit of FF/UMEC/VI over FF/VI and UMEC/VI only in patients with fibrinogen < 3.5 g/L. The explanation for this is unclear. Due to the lack of data before Week 16, these results should be interpreted with caution as this limits inferences that may be made around treatment effect; there was a lower rate of treatment discontinuation in patients treated with triple versus dual therapy [3], possibly confounding any potential treatment effects. Finally, patients with higher fibrinogen levels had more exacerbations, and it is possible to speculate that these could be biologically different events that did not respond as well to ICS.

Fibrinogen is a known risk factor in CV disease, and fibrinogen levels have been shown to be higher in patients with CV disease than those without [18]. In our analyses, the highest fibrinogen quartile had similar incidence of CV events compared with the other quartiles, with only a small increase in annual event rate (0.16 event per patient-year in the highest quartile vs 0.13–0.15 in the other quartiles). Only SAEs and deaths were independently adjudicated in the IMPACT trial; therefore, the lack of an observable increase in AESIs with increasing levels of fibrinogen in our analysis could potentially be due to AEs being misclassified by the clinician as respiratory in nature when in fact they were CV events because of overlapping clinical symptoms between the diseases [19, 20].

Systemic inflammation has been associated with CV disease, cancer, and metabolic syndrome as well as COPD [9, 21,22,23]. The relationship between reduced fibrinogen and protection from exacerbations [9, 11, 24], suggests that there might be a low-grade inflammatory condition in the lung or extrapulmonary that predisposes patients to exacerbations. It is well known that ICS and LABA therapy can reduce exacerbations in patients with a low risk of exacerbations [25]. However, the absence of an effect of treatment on fibrinogen levels suggests that the site of this ongoing inflammatory response may not reside in the lung. It should be noted that patients with COPD may also suffer from comorbid diseases that could drive an increase in fibrinogen levels, such as cardiac failure or diabetes; therefore, higher fibrinogen levels may also be an indicator of a comorbidity [4].

The sample size for the IMPACT trial was large allowing for these subgroup analyses; however, there are limitations that should be considered when interpreting these data. Fibrinogen data were only collected at Week 16. This is supported by previous studies that had shown that treatment with oral steroids [16] or ICS/LABA [15] did not have an effect on fibrinogen levels. However, it is worth noting that the exacerbation incidence within the first 16 weeks was higher in patients who withdrew from the study compared with those who remained in the study. Furthermore, 2261 patients did not have fibrinogen data; had data been available for these patients, a different result may have been observed. Additionally, survival bias may mean that patients included in this analysis are not representative of a general patient population with COPD. Furthermore, overall data from the IMPACT trial indicates there was a clear separation between treatment arms for both moderate or severe exacerbations and mortality by Week 16, with ACM significantly lower for FF-containing therapies, which could have influenced the results [3].

Conclusions

In this post hoc analysis of fibrinogen levels in the IMPACT trial, higher fibrinogen levels in patients with COPD were associated with a higher rate and risk of exacerbations. There appeared to be no association between fibrinogen levels and risk of death, although the lack of data prior to Week 16 and the relatively small number of deaths overall limit interpretation on risk of death, in addition to the assessment of any potential treatment effects. The incidence of AESIs was similar between fibrinogen levels, with pneumonia and CV events slightly more common at the highest fibrinogen quartile. Overall, our findings confirm the utility of fibrinogen as a predictive biomarker of exacerbation risk but not for risk of mortality.

Availability of data and materials

Anonymized individual participant data and study documents can be requested for further research from www.clinicalstudydatarequest.com.

Abbreviations

ACM: All-cause mortality AE: Adverse event AESI: Adverse events of special interest ANOVA: Analysis of variance BMD: Bone mineral density COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CV: Cardiovascular FEV1 : Forced expiratory volume in 1 second FDA: US Food and Drug Administration FF: Fluticasone furoate ICS: Inhaled corticosteroid IOR: Interquartile range IMPACT: InforMing the Pathway of COPD Treatment ITT: Intent-to-treat LABA: Long-acting β2-agonist LRTI: Lower respiratory tract infection SD: Standard deviation SMQ: Standardized Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities query UMEC: Umeclidinium VI: Vilanterol

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Acknowledgements

David Singh is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) and David Lomas by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). David Lomas is an NIHR Senior Investigator. Editorial support in the form of preparation of the first draft based on input from all authors, and collation and incorporation of author feedback to develop subsequent drafts, was provided by Eloise Morecroft and Chrystelle Rasamison, of Fishawack Indicia Ltd, UK, part of Fishawack Health, and was funded by GSK.

Funding

This study was funded by GSK (study number CTT116855). The funders of the study had a role in the study design, data analysis, data interpretation, and writing of the report. The corresponding author had full access to all the data and the final responsibility to submit for publication. Ellipta is owned by or licensed to the GSK group of companies.

Author information

Affiliations

Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

Dave Singh

Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Gerard J. Criner

Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

Mark T. Dransfield

University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

David M. G. Halpin

University of Michigan, Pulmonary & Critical Care, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

MeiLan K. Han

Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Peter Lange

Biostatistics, GlaxoSmithKline, Stockley Park West, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK

Sally Lettis & Chang-Qing Zhu

Clinical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA

David A. Lipson & Bruce E. Miller

Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

David A. Lipson

10.

University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, KY, USA

David Mannino

11.

Global Medical Affairs, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, Middlesex, UK

Neil Martin

12.

Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

Neil Martin

13.

Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Fernando J. Martinez

14.

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Robert Wise

15.

Division of Medicine, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6BN, UK

David Lomas

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1. Dave Singh

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