Phylogeography and genetic diversity of the commercially-collected Caribbean blue-legged hermit crab (Clibanarius tricolor)

Abstract

Shifts from ornamental fish tanks to functional reef ecosystem aquaria has led to unprecedented pressure on marine invertebrate fisheries. The Caribbean blue-legged hermit crab (Clibanarius tricolor) is among the species targeted for functional reef tanks, valued for its role as an aquarium cleaner. Little is known about the biology of the species or the genetic landscape in which the increased collecting is happening. Here, we investigate the phylogeographic history and genetic diversity of C. tricolor through analysis of mitochondrial (CO1, 16S) and nuclear (H3) DNA. We test whether phylogeographic breaks for other invertebrates structure the genetic diversity of C. tricolor and explore additional factors that may govern structure, such as reproductive strategy, life history, habitat preference, adult mobility, demographic history, and vicariance events. Based on these three markers, we find high genetic diversity and connectivity and find no evidence to support the tested barriers as relevant to gene flow for C. tricolor. Rather, mitochondrial and nuclear markers infer high genetic diversity, panmixia, and demographic expansion during the Pleistocene. Our finding of panmixia makes it difficult to identify source or sink populations, but the absence of hierarchical structure inferred from mtDNA and nuDNA markers we use, high levels of genetic diversity and homogeneity for these same markers, and advantageous life history traits suggest C. tricolor is not currently at special risk; however, geographically restricted haplotypes and limitations within our study prevent us from making a strong conclusion about the sustainability of the fishery. Our work on the Caribbean blue-legged hermit crab highlights the importance of acquiring basic information on exploited species and reiterates that common regional forces may not equally impact connectivity among co-distributed species.