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Abstract
Obesity is a significant health problem in developed and developing countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity is a risk factor for early death. Globally around 17% of adolescents were overweight-obese. Adolescents who are obese can experience stigmatization, poor body image, and low self-esteem, which increase their vulnerability to mental disorders, especially depression. Their behavior and lifestyle, especially poor dietary habits and sedentary activities in reducing physical activity and disturbed sleep, can also cause depression. Approximately 80% of obese adolescents with psychiatric and psychosocial problems are likely to continue to experience mental disorders until adulthood. This review aims to increase nutritional status awareness, especially in adolescents, to prevent mental disorders and proposed integrative intervention for obesity and mental disorder. Three possible pathways can explain the comorbidity of obesity, and mental disorders, especially depression: obesity can affect people for depression, depression can affect people for obesity, or other factors can affect people for both. Obesity and depression are interconnected and integrative treatment to overcome obesity and depression must be done together.
Keywords: Adolescent, obesity, mental disorder, depression, integrative intervention
Introduction
Human development is a life-long process of growth and physical, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional change. Throughout this process, each individual develops attitudes and values that direct choices, relationships, and understanding (1). One period in development is adolescence. The word adolescence comes from the word adolescere (Latin), which means growing toward maturity. The term maturity here includes physical and social-psychological maturity. In 1974, the World Health Organization (WHO) provided a conceptual definition of adolescents, including biological, psychological, and socioeconomic criteria. According to WHO, adolescence is a period in which (1): 1) The individual develops from the first time he shows secondary sexual signs until the time he reaches sexual maturity (biological criteria), 2) The individual experiences psychological development and identification patterns from childhood to adulthood (socio-psychological criteria) and 3) There is a transition from full socioeconomic dependence to a relatively more independent state (socioeconomic criteria).
According to Hurlock (2), the limitation of adolescence runs from the age of 13-16 years or 17 years, and the end of adolescence begins from the age of 16 or 17 years to 18 years, namely the age of legal maturity. Thus the end of adolescence is a...