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1. Introduction
The Fourth Industrial Revolution has introduced several smart technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of things (Schwab, 2016). This revolution, also referred to as Industry 4.0, emphasizes smart manufacturing or the industrial Internet (Hofmann and Rüsch, 2017). Smart technologies introduced during Industry 4.0 automate the production process and reduce production costs (Brougham and Haar, 2018; Bowen and Morosan, 2018); thus, they have become popular in many organizations. In line with earlier predictions (Minsky, 2007), AI, one of the typical representatives of smart technology, is in the course of transforming business sectors and societies (Almada-Lobo, 2015), including the hospitality industry (Filimonau and Naumova, 2019). AI began in the late 1950s, and it requires machines, such as robots, to perform jobs with intelligence (Simon, 1995). Through deep learning, AI may outperform humans in various complex jobs (Samek et al., 2017; Christou et al., 2020; Moro et al., 2019), and many jobs can be performed by AI rather than by people (Choi et al., 2019; Frey and Osborne, 2017). AI technologies may replace various positions in the hospitality industry. Frey and Osborne (2017) reported that hotel desk clerks face a too high risk of being replaced by robots (probability is 94%). Smart hotels equipped with AI in various departments have already been established. Henn-na Hotel in Japan and Alibaba Future Hotel in China are two prominent examples; both hotels are staffed by robots (Northfield, 2015).
AI streamlines the operating processes in hotels and restaurants and introduces reforms (McCartney and McCartney, 2020). Different experts have different expectations about AI or machine learning toward jobs in the future. Anderson and Smith (2014) surveyed 1,896 experts on their opinions about AI toward economics and business, and half of the participants predicted that AI would displace a significant number of jobs by 2025, which may lead to unemployment issues and social order disruptions. The integration of robots will change the boundaries of jobs, occupations and organizations, possibly affecting employees’ career patterns (Acemoglu and Restrepo, 2020).
According to career theories and fit theories, the better an individual fits into an organization, the higher the job satisfaction he or she achieves (Chen et al., 2016; Mensah and Bawole, 2018). Inferior person–organizational fit has led...