1. Introduction
The Atlantic forest of South America has been identified as one of the most important biodiversity hotspots of the planet. It is a complex of 15 terrestrial eco-regions of tropical and sub-tropical humid forests [1] with the highest concentration of plant and vertebrate endemism. With only 8% of its original extent remaining as a consequence of the degradation imposed by human activities, today, this ecoregion is considered one of the most endangered biomes [2,3]. Originally, the forest covered one tenth of the south American continent, extending from Río Grande do Norte and Ceará south to Río Grande do Sul in Brazil, Northeast of Argentina and east of Paraguay, with a total of 1,233,875 km2 [3]. In Paraguay, the Upper Parana Atlantic forest (UPAF) eco-region encompasses more than 88,000 km2. It was almost “intact” until 1940, its degradation being mainly due to selective logging [4]. Seventy percent of the forest remained at the beginning of 1970s, but during the following 30 years it was reduced significantly to less than 25% [5]. Between 2003 to 2013, 6000 km2 of forest were lost, with the deforestation rate of 1.8% per year of the remnant of the UPAF [6].
The UPAF region has high concentrations of endemic birds [7]. About 50% of its avifauna are rare (usually occurring in very low densities) [8,9] and more than 40% of its endemic species are facing extinction due to the rampant deforestation [10].
The UPAF is one of the key ecoregions focused on by different conservation entities and organizations: WWF-Brazil (World Wildlife Fund), WWF-Paraguay, Fundación Vida Silvestre of Argentina [11], World Bank, and ITAIPU Binational. In order to identify priorities for conservation actions, this study examines the occurrence of the avifauna inhabiting the main forest remnants of the UPAF in Paraguay. The scientific baseline data obtained from the study would provide an in-depth understanding of the current avifauna status for better conservation and management initiatives.
2. Materials and Methods
The study was conducted within the boundaries of the proposed corridor of UPAF in the eastern region of Paraguay, defined in the Biodiversity Vision for the UPAF [12]. The study area was focused in the part of the corridor that includes seven departments: Canindeyú, Alto Paraná, San Pedro, Caazapá, Caaguazú, Itapúa, and Guairá, with a total area of 12,000 km2. Forest cover in the departments ranged from 3.6% (985 km2) in Guaira to 21% (5690 km2) in Canindeyú, in 2013 [6]. Occurrence data of birds were analyzed from 22 remnants of the Atlantic Forest, named in the rest of this article as “Core Areas”, as some of these are protected areas (reserves that counts with all the processes and are established as Protected Areas); partially protected (core area that is proposed as a Protected Area, but lacks some of the processes, such as legally defined or management plans, presence of park rangers); unprotected (core area that is not included or proposed as a Protected Area); and sustainable management area (core area with sustainable activities such as selective logging, shade-growing plantations developed in its forest).
2.1. Avifauna Surveys
Bird surveys were conducted in 19 core areas of the UPAF from November 2015 to September 2018 (Table 1; Figure 1) using standard methods for Rapid Ecological Assessment (REA): Diurnal and nocturnal records of birds in different habitats. Tape-recording and playbacks were used to help identify unrecognized voices or calls of birds during surveys. Efforts of surveys for each core area in terms of number of days are detailed at Table 1. We could not determine habitats and distances covered in each core area, as we recorded a bird list for each day, while other methods of censuses explained at Section 2.3 were used in order to study Atlantic forest bird communities.
Taxonomy and scientific nomenclature follow Remsen et al. [13]. The global conservation status of a species is based on BirdLife International [14]. Endemism definitions follow Guyra Paraguay [15], adding the Buff-bellied Puffbird (Notharchus swainsoni) and excluding the Red-ruffed Fruitcrow (Pyroderus scutatus) in the UPAF endemic list.
2.2. Historical Bird Records
We have compiled all previous studies, reports, or published materials at each study site in order to obtain a total of bird species recorded in each site (Table 1).
2.3. Bird Counts and Richness Estimators
We conducted 10-min unlimited-distance point counts [35] at available trails at 15 core areas (Table 2). On each trail, counts stations were located at least 200 m apart, and more than 100 m away from the forest edge. Point counts were conducted from 30 min before sunrise (in order to record nocturnal and crepuscular species) to 3 h after sunrise. We recorded each bird or group of birds detected aurally or visually. No counts were conducted on rainy or windy days, and all counts were made by the same observer (A.E.).
Due to difference in bird count efforts, we analyzed data clustering point counts in some areas as defined in Table 2. Species-accumulation curves and species richness estimators were computed using EstimateS, version 9.1.0 [36]. We used sample-based incidence data randomizations of the clustering point counts. In each randomization, sampled species were drawn randomly from the data set without replacement and added to the curve in a random order. We used 100 runs of randomized sampling order and extrapolated the rarefaction curves to a total of 500 samples.
3. Results
3.1. Birds of the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor
3.1.1. Total Avifauna of Core Areas at the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor
The avifauna of 22 Core Areas within the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor have been evaluated in this study, through bird surveys (119 days of surveys) in 19 sites along with the analysis of the bird species lists through their management plans, literature, and studies done in each study site.
In total, 557 bird species have been recorded in the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor, based on the bird species lists and studies analyzed. Their occurrences in the Core Areas are detailed in Appendix A. The areas with the highest number of species are: San Rafael National Park (427 species), Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve (408 species), Tapyta Private Nature Reserve (377 species), Ypeti Nature Reserve (350 species), Itabó Biological Reserve (341 species), and Itabó Nature Reserve (310 species; Table 3).
3.1.2. Bird Richness at the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor
A total of 200 bird species were recorded during 318 10-min point counts surveyed in the core areas of the corridor. In average, 11.6 (range = 1–24) bird species were recorded during point counts, being higher at Agropeco (15.2 species), Kanguery (14.2), and Tapyta (14.2; Table 4).
Species accumulation curves for grouped core areas (see Section 2.3) of all bird species recorded during 318 10-point count stations showed that estimation of bird richness did not depend on sample efforts, as bird richness estimation for some areas were higher even with lower number of samples than others. Bird richness obtained through an extrapolation to 500 counts for each grouped core area, estimated for Kanguery (center of the reserve) 163.5 (95% C.I. = 111.4–215.5) bird species with a sample of only 26 10-min point counts, while at south of San Rafael it is estimated to be 122.4 (103.9–140.9) with a total of 72 10-min point counts (Figure 2).
3.1.3. Endemic Species at the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor
Eighty-seven species out of the 557 registered in the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor are endemic to one of the ecoregions that occur in the country.
The 78 endemic species of the UPAF are present within the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor, which demonstrates the importance of the Protected Areas for the conservation of the biodiversity of this ecoregion. The core areas with the highest number of endemic species are: San Rafael National Park (70 species), Itabó Biological Reserve (66 species), Tapyta Private Nature Reserve (65 species), Caazapá National Park (64 species), and Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve (61 species; Table 3).
In the Corridor, five of the 11 Cerrado endemic species of the country, two of 17 Chaco endemics, and two Mesopotamian Grasslands endemic species have been recorded in the core areas.
3.1.4. Endemic Richness at the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor
A total of 52 Atlantic forest endemic species were recorded during 318 10-min point counts surveyed in the core areas of the corridor. In average, 3.8 (range = 0–11) endemic species were recorded during point counts, being higher at Agropeco (5.3 species), Tapyta (4.8), and south of San Rafael (4.5; Table 5).
Sample effort did affect species accumulation curves of Atlantic forest endemic bird species, showing higher richness with increase of sample efforts, expect for Itaipu, in which the reduce number of point counts is not enough for a robust estimation. The two grouped core areas with highest number of point counts, Ypeti Private Nature Reserve (68 point counts), and south of San Rafael (72 point counts) yield higher endemic richness, with 55.4 (95% CI = 30.8–79.9) and 52.6 (95% CI = 21.4–83.7), respectively (Figure 3).
3.1.5. Global Concern Species
Fifty species out of the 557 registered at the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor have global conservation issues, and 23 of them are globally threatened with extinction.
The Core Areas with greater number of species with global conservation issues are: Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve (31 species), San Rafael National Park (30 species), Tapyta Private Nature Reserve (28 species), Itabó Biological Reserve (20 species), Caazapá National Park (15 species), and Ybytyruzu Management Reserve (15 species; Table 3).
Forty-two percent (21 species) out of the 50 species with global conservation issues are endemic to the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest. Twelve endemic species are Near Threatened with extinction, six are Vulnerable, two are Endangered and one is Critically Endangered (Table 6).
Among the Near Threatened species, the Mantled Hawk (Pseudastur polionotus) has only been recorded at the Carapá Nature Reserve; the Rusty-barred Owl (Strix hylophila) at three protected areas: San Rafael National Park, Maharishi Nature Reserve, and Itabó Biological Reserve; the White-browed Foliage-gleaner (Anabacerthia amaurotis) has also been recorded at only three protected areas: San Rafael National Park, Ypeti Nature Reserve, and Caazapá National Park.
Among the Vulnerable species, the Red-spectacled Amazon (Amazona pretrei) is only known from a historical record at Itabó Biological Reserve; the Buffy-fronted Seedeater (Sporophila frontalis) at the Ybytyruzu Management Reserve and the Tapyta Private Nature Reserve; and the Temminck’s Seedeater (Sporophila falcirostris) at the Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve, Tapyta Private Nature Reserve, and Caazapá National Park.
The two Endangered species, the Black-fronted Piping-guan (Pipile jacutinga) and the Vinaceous-breasted Amazon (Amazona vinacea) have been recorded in 9 and 12 protected areas, respectively.
The Purple-winged Ground-dove (Claravis geoffroyi), a Critically Endangered species, has only been recorded at Itabó Biological Reserve.
3.2. Birds with National Conservation Issues
A total of 120 bird species are included in lists of threatened and endangered species at a national level in Paraguay [37,38]. In the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor, 91% (109) of these species have been recorded, of which 59 are threatened with extinction and 50 are endangered with extinction (Table 3).
The protected areas with the larger number of species with national conservation issues are: San Rafael National Park (77 species), Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve (76 species), Tapyta Private Nature Reserve (69 species), Itabó Biological Reserve (64 species), Caazapá National Park (54 species), and Ypeti Nature Reserve (47 species; Table 3).
Forty-one percent (45) of the species with national conservation issues are endemics of the UPAF. Excluding the 21 species with global conservation issues, among the remaining 24, the Tawny-browed Owl (Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana) has been registered only at the San Rafael National Park, the Maharishi Nature Reserve, the Itabó Biological Reserve, Morombí Nature Reserve and Agropeco; the Bertoni’s Antbird (Drymophila rubricollis) has been registered at the San Rafael National Park, the Caazapá National Park and Agropeco; the Speckle-breasted Antpitta (Hylopezus nattereri) has been registered at the San Rafael National Park, Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve, the Caazapá National Park and Agropeco; the Black-billed Scythebill (Campylorhamphus falcularius) has been registered at the San Rafael National Park, the Tapyta Private Nature Reserve, and the Itabó Natural Reserve; and the Black-throated Grosbeak (Saltator fuliginosus) only has been registered at two protected areas, the Tapyta Private Nature Reserve and the San Rafael National Park (Table 7).
3.3. Migratory Species at the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor
Of the 557 bird species registered at the Corridor, 457 are confirmed residents breeding in the country. The 17.4% (97) are migrant species with different seasonal movements, and three species have no definite occurrence status because of deficient data [15].
Nineteen species are neartic migrants that breed in North America and migrate to the South of South America during the boreal winter. Forty-one species are northern austral migrants that breed in Paraguay and migrate to the North of South America in the austral fall and winter, when they are less abundant or absent.
Ten species are breeding southern austral migrants which breed in Paraguay but are more abundant in the austral winter with the arrival of more individuals from the south of South America.
Nineteen species are austral visitors, which pass by the country in the winter but do not breed here. Eight species are vagrant, with no clear pattern of occurrence in the country, being specially species with few records.
4. Discussion
4.1. Bird Richness at the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor
The total richness of 557 bird species recorded at the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor of the UPAF represents more than 80% of the birds known for the country [15]. The richness of this Corridor, with an area of 12,000 km2, is higher than other ecoregions of globally concerned hotspots [2]. For example, most of the bird richness of the ecoregions of the tropical moist broadleaf forest biome of Mesoamerica ranges from 294 to 600 bird species, being the only one that surpasses the UPAF corridor, the Chocó/Darién moist forest. With a total of 600 bird species, the Chocó/Darien moist forest has an area of 10,294 km2 and more than 50% is officially designated as protected areas [39]. Compared to other Atlantic Forest region, bird richness of the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor is 17% higher than the Tibagi River Basin with an area of 24,530 km2, in the Paraná State of Brazil, with only 476 bird species recorded [40]. The Tibagi area which is two times bigger than the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor is also a part of the UPAF ecoregion. This shows the high richness in the study area.
As mentioned before, core areas represent only 24% of the total area of the UPAF Corridor and only 3.5% of the original cover of the UPAF in the country. Some protected areas are Sustainable Management Resources Reserves (239 km2), where 50% of the surface of the reserve are allowed to be managed for economic benefits, including agriculture, shade-grown plantations, or harvesting timber or non-timber products in the forest. While comparing the bird community in a shade-grown yerba mate plantation with the forest in one of the core areas, Itabó Biological Reserve, only 66% of the species of the forest were present in the plantation, being the understory, forest floor, and mid-story species more restricted to the forest; 40% of the species that were present in both habitats were two times more abundant at the forest, and five of the seven threatened species found in the forest were present at the plantation [41]. These results suggest that this sustainable activity does have lower impact in the forest bird community than traditional plantations and could be beneficial if used to rehabilitate some of the deforested areas, including areas where yerba mate is grown in the open [41]. The effects of selective logging on the bird community is still not evaluated at the UPAF in Paraguay, being one of the objectives of the censuses developed in this study. In the UPAF of Brazil, avian species richness and diversity were similar between a primary forest and logged forest; but species composition differed strongly, with understory and terrestrial insectivores as the most sensitive ecological groups [42].
Others core areas are partially protected (1004 km2; Table 1). At the time of this study, only 12 protected areas were under strict protection, with a total of 127,818 hectares (10% of UPAF Corridor). The private sector contributes to the main surface of protected areas, with a total of 69,994 hectares, of which is mostly the Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve (65,134 hectares). Similarly, ITAIPU Binacional also provides most of strictly protected areas, with 40,655 hectares.
Seven private nature reserves have developed sustainable production of different resources of the forest; for example, the Itabo Biological Reserve extracts palm heart and produces shade-grown yerba mate; the Pindó, shade-grown yerba mate; the Ypetí, selective logging. These areas total 98,965 hectares of the Corridor. The effects of these human activities on the biodiversity of the forest are still not well understood.
The San Rafael National Park and the Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve are the core areas that hold higher richness of birds, with 427 and 408 species, respectively. This richness is also similar or higher than other protected areas in the Atlantic Forest in Brazil and Argentina, some of them being more than 30 times bigger than these two core areas of the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor. In Brazil, the Iguaçu National Park, an area of 1850 km2, only has 335 species recorded [43,44] even though it is estimated that fewer than 400 species are found in the Park [43]. In the area of Saibadela of the Intervales State Park (380 km2), in the southeast of Brazil, 234 species were recorded during an intensive study and 355 species were considered to occur at the area [45]. At the Sooretama Biological Reserve (240 km2) in the Espíritu Santo State, 286 species were reported and at the Itatiaia National Park (300 km2) in the States of Río de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, 251 species were found [46]. In Santa Catarina Island (425 km2) in the Santa Catarina State, 269 species were known to have occurred in its area [47]. San Rafael and Mbaracayú surpasses all these sites in terms of total species richness.
4.2. Recommendations for the Management of Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor
The state of fragmentation and deterioration of the core areas of the Corridor require urgent actions so that biodiversity and natural resources can be preserved for the long term. Here are some of the key recommendations:
(a). Connectivity: Actions must be focused to restore connectivity between: The Mbaracayu Forest Nature Reserve with the Morombí Private Nature Reserve; the San Rafael National Park with the Caazapá National Park and the Tapyta Private Nature Reserve; the Ypeti Private Nature Reserve with the Caazapá National Park.
(b). Legal enforcement: The San Rafael National Park is one of the areas with an ineffective protection, due to a lack of legal definition since its creation in 1992, as most of the area remains under private properties. More details about the situation of San Rafael have been detailed in 2007 [16], and it continues without any progress after 12 years.
(c). Strengthening of authorities: Since 2004, a “Zero Deforestation” law have been applied to all the Oriental region of Paraguay. Regardless of the law, 6000 km2 of the UPAF were deforested between 2003–2013 [6]. These illegal conversions of forest occur as there is a lack of control and punishment for these crimes. The authorities do not have the capacity nor an interest to work efficiently to impose this banning. An example that reflects the weakness of the authorities is that only 10 among 30 public Protected Areas managed by the state has an administration or a park ranger house, and there are only 64 park rangers employed to manage these areas, a number that is clearly insufficient for effective conservation purposes.
(d). Research: The different types of pressure that effects the biodiversity of the UPAF are still not measured. Some of the main focus of research could be: Densities of endemic birds in the remnants of the UPAF; evaluating the impact of human activities such as selective logging on the bird communities of core areas (Agropeco, Ypeti and Tapyta Private Nature Reserve); and the impact of agriculture pesticides on the bird communities of remnants. Species accumulation curves showed that sample efforts for some of the grouped core areas (Kanguery, Itaipu) were insufficient to estimate species richness, especially when focusing on the Atlantic forest endemic. A higher sampling effort is required to improve comparisons of the bird richness of the UPAF core areas.
5. Conclusions
These results have demonstrated that the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor contains a high bird species richness with a total of 557 species recorded at its core conservation areas. This richness surpasses sites with bigger areas in the ecoregion of neighboring countries. It has core conservation areas with high species richness, with the highest richness found in the San Rafael National Park (427 species), the Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve (408 species), the Tapyta Private Nature Reserve (377 species) and the Ypeti Nature Reserve (350 species). The Corridor also harbors 78 endemic bird species of the Atlantic Forest that occur in the country and 50 species of globally concerned conservation importance.
However, it is denoted that the main conservation core areas at the Corridor are fragmented and isolated, where the main landscape are cultivated lands and urban areas, covering over 50% of the surface. Likewise, only 24% of the Corridor area is included in a category of protected or sustainable management area, with only 10% under strict protection. The situation of the protected areas is alarming, considering that only 59% of the core conservation areas have a management plan, with protected areas like San Rafael not strictly protected, as it should be according to the category of protection designated by the government to this important bird area.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, R.T.-S. and A.D.; methodology, A.E.; software, D.P.; validation, R.T.-S. and A.D.; formal analysis, A.E. and R.Z.; investigation, A.E. and M.V.; resources, R.T.-S. and A.D.; data curation, A.E. and R.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, A.E.; writing—review and editing, A.E.;; supervision, R.T.-S. and A.D.; project administration, R.T.-S. and A.D.; funding acquisition, R.T.-S., A.D. and A.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by Paraguay Biodiversidad (ITAIPU Binacional—World Bank; Project No. TF 096758PY); Impact studies of forest management (FMB—PAYCO S.A.); Project-15-INV-602 PROCIENCIA—CONACYT (Guyra Paraguay); Project-15-INV-002 PROCIENCIA—CONACYT (FACEN-UNA), an International Foundation for Science (IFS) grant No. D/ 5460-1, and an IDEA WILD grant.
Acknowledgments
Dedicated to Salvador Peris, being his support and knowledge a major column of this work. Thanks to two anonymous reviewers and English edition by Tsewing Nuru Sherpa, an early draft of the manuscript was much improved.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
Appendix A
Table A1
Bird species recorded at each core area of the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor, Paraguay, with their global and national status, and occurrences.
| English Name (Scientific Name) | Endem | IUCN | SEAM | Ocurr. | Conservation Areas |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RHEAS (RHEIDAE) | |||||
| Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) | NT | R | 1-4-8-9-18 | ||
| TINAMOUS (TINAMIDAE) | |||||
| Solitary Tinamou (Tinamus solitarius) | ATL | NT | EN | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-10-11-13-14-15-16-17-20 |
| Brown Tinamou (Crypturellus obsoletus) | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-13-14-15-16-17-18-20-22 | ||
| Undulated Tinamou (Crypturellus undulatus) | R | 1-3-4-15-16 | |||
| Small-billed Tinamou (Crypturellus parvirostris) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-13-14-15-16-19-20-21 | |||
| Tataupa Tinamou (Crypturellus tataupa) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Red-winged Tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-18-20 | |||
| Spotted Nothura (Nothura maculosa) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-22 | |||
| SCREAMERS (ANHIMIDAE) | |||||
| Horned Screamer (Anhima cornuta) | EN | R | 8 | ||
| Southern Screamer (Chauna torquata) | R | 1-4-8-19 | |||
| DUCKS (ANATIDAE) | |||||
| White-faced Whistling-Duck (Dendrocygna viduata) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-11-12-13-14-20 | |||
| Black-bellied Whistling-duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis) | R | 5 | |||
| Coscoroba Swan (Coscoroba coscoroba) | EN | R | 1 | ||
| Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-20 | |||
| Comb Duck (Sarkidiornis melanotos) | EN | R | 12 | ||
| Ringed Teal (Callonetta leucophrys) | R | 5 | |||
| Brazilian Teal (Amazonetta brasiliensis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-19-20-21 | |||
| Rosy-billed Pochard (Netta peposaca) | R | 1-8-9 | |||
| Brazilian Merganser (Mergus octosetaceus) | CR | EN | R | 9 | |
| Masked Duck (Nomonyx dominicus) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-12-13 | |||
| GUANS (CRACIDAE) | |||||
| Rusty-margined Guan (Penelope superciliaris) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-19-20 | |||
| Dusky-legged Guan (Penelope obscura) | EN | R | 1-19 | ||
| Black-fronted Piping-Guan (Pipile jacutinga) | ATL | EN | EN | R | 1-2-3-4-6-10-11-20 |
| Bare-faced Curassow (Crax fasciolata) | VU | EN | R | 1-3-4 | |
| Spot-winged Wood-Quail (Odontophorus capueira) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-13-14-16-20-22 | |
| GREBES (PODICIPEDIDAE) | |||||
| White-tufted Grebe (Rollandia rolland) | R | 1-16 | |||
| Least Grebe (Tachybaptus dominicus) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-20 | |||
| Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps) | R | 1-3-4-5-11-13-14-16 | |||
| Great Grebe (Podiceps major) | R | 8 | |||
| PIGEONS (COLUMBIDAE) | |||||
| Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) | R | 1-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-15-16-19-20 | |||
| Scaled Pigeon (Patagioenas speciosa) | THRE | R | 4-20 | ||
| Picazuro Pigeon (Patagioenas picazuro) | AS | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Pale-vented Pigeon (Patagioenas cayennensis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-16-17-18-20-21-22 | |||
| Ruddy Quail-Dove (Geotrygon montana) | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-16-17-20-22 | ||
| Violaceous Quail-Dove (Geotrygon violacea) | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-6-20 | ||
| White-tipped Dove (Leptotila verreauxi) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Gray-fronted Dove (Leptotila rufaxilla) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-15-16-17-18-20-21-22 | |||
| Eared Dove (Zenaida auriculata) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Plain-breasted Ground-Dove (Columbina minuta) | R | 1-4 | |||
| Ruddy Ground-Dove (Columbina talpacoti) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Scaled Dove (Columbina squammata) | R | 1-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-20-21 | |||
| Picui Ground-Dove (Columbina picui) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Blue Ground-Dove (Claravis pretiosa) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-16-19-20-22 | |||
| Purple-winged Ground-Dove (Claravis geoffroyi) | ATL | CR | EN | R | 20 |
| CUCKOOS (CUCULIDAE) | |||||
| Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Greater Ani (Crotophaga major) | AN | 1-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-19-20 | |||
| Smooth-billed Ani (Crotophaga ani) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Striped Cuckoo (Tapera naevia) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-19-20-22 | |||
| Pheasant Cuckoo (Dromococcyx phasianellus) | R | 1-2-3-4-19-20 | |||
| Pavonine Cuckoo (Dromococcyx pavoninus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-20-22 | |||
| Squirrel Cuckoo (Piaya cayana) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-22 | |||
| Dark-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus melacoryphus) | AN | 1-3-4-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-19-20-22 | |||
| Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus) | N | 3-4-8-10-11-14-20 | |||
| Pearly-breasted Cuckoo (Coccyzus euleri) | AN | 1-4-8-10-20 | |||
| POTOOS (NYCTIBIIDAE) | |||||
| Long-tailed Potoo (Nyctibius aethereus) | EN | R | 1-3-4-5-11-20 | ||
| Common Potoo (Nyctibius griseus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-20-22 | |||
| NIGHTJARS (CAPRIMULGIDAE) | |||||
| Nacunda Nighthawk (Chordeiles nacunda) | AS | 1-3-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-19-20 | |||
| Lesser Nighthawk (Chordeiles acutipennis) | V | 4 | |||
| Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) | N | 1-2-3-4-5-9-10-11-12-13-16-19-20 | |||
| Short-tailed Nighthawk (Lurocalis semitorquatus) | AN | 1-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-20-21-22 | |||
| Band-winged Nightjar (Systellura longirostris) | AV | 10 | |||
| Common Pauraque (Nyctidromus albicollis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| White-winged Nightjar (Eleothreptus candicans) | CER | EN | EN | R | 4 |
| Sickle-winged Nightjar (Eleothreptus anomalus) | NT | EN | R | 1-3 | |
| Little Nightjar (Setopagis parvula) | R | 1-4-5-8-10-11-12-13-14-16-20 | |||
| Spot-tailed Nightjar (Hydropsalis maculicaudus) | THRE | R | 4 | ||
| Scissor-tailed Nightjar (Hydropsalis torquata) | R | 1-2-3-4-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-20-22 | |||
| Ocellated Poorwill (Nyctiphrynus ocellatus) | R | 1-3-4-5-6-10-18-20-22 | |||
| Silky-tailed Nightjar (Antrostomus sericocaudatus) | R | 1-3-4-6-9-10-11-13-14-16-20 | |||
| Rufous Nightjar (Antrostomus rufus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-11-18 | |||
| SWIFTS (APODIDAE) | |||||
| Sooty Swift (Cypseloides fumigatus) | AN | 1-2-3-4-16-20 | |||
| Great Dusky Swift (Cypseloides senex) | R | 4-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-20 | |||
| White-collared Swift (Streptoprocne zonaris) | R | 2-4-6-8-13-16-20 | |||
| Biscutate Swift (Streptoprocne biscutata) | V | 4 | |||
| Gray-rumped Swift (Chaetura cinereiventris) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-20 | |||
| Sick’s Swift (Chaetura meridionalis) | AN | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-16-17-20-22 | |||
| HUMMINGBIRDS (TROCHILIDAE) | |||||
| Black Jacobin (Florisuga fusca) | ATL | R | 6-16-19-22 | ||
| Planalto Hermit (Phaethornis pretrei) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-19-20 | |||
| Scale-throated Hermit (Phaethornis eurynome) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-16-17-19-20-22 | ||
| White-vented Violetear (Colibri serrirostris) | V | 4 | |||
| White-tailed Goldenthroat (Polytmus guainumbi) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-10 | |||
| Black-throated Mango (Anthracothorax nigricollis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-19-20 | |||
| Blue-tufted Starthroat (Heliomaster furcifer) | R | 1-2-3-4-8-10-11-22 | |||
| Amethyst Woodstar (Calliphlox amethystina) | R | 1-3 | |||
| Glittering-bellied Emerald (Chlorostilbon lucidus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-22 | |||
| Violet-crowned Plovercrest (Stephanoxis loddigesii) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-20-21-22 | ||
| Fork-tailed Woodnymph (Thalurania furcata) | R | 1-2-3-6-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Violet-capped Woodnymph (Thalurania glaucopis) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-12-13-16-17-19-20-21 | ||
| Swallow-tailed Hummingbird (Eupetomena macroura) | R | 9-16 | |||
| Versicolored Emerald (Chrysuronia versicolor) | R | 1-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-19-20-21-22 | |||
| White-throated Hummingbird (Leucochloris albicollis) | ATL | R | 1-3-5-6-13-16-19 | ||
| Rufous-throated Sapphire (Hylocharis sapphirina) | R | 2-3-4-6-19-20 | |||
| Gilded Hummingbird (Hylocharis chrysura) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-15-16-17-18-19-20-21 | |||
| LIMPKIN (ARAMIDAE) | |||||
| Limpkin (Aramus guarauna) | R | 1-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-13-19-20 | |||
| RAILS (RALLIDAE) | |||||
| Purple Gallinule (Porphyrio martinica) | AN | 1-3-5-6-9-10-11-12-13-14-19-20 | |||
| Azure Gallinule (Porphyrio flavirostris) | AN | 3-4-8 | |||
| Russet-crowned Crake (Anurolimnas viridis) | R | 4 | |||
| Rufous-sided Crake (Laterallus melanophaius) | R | 1-3-5-8-9-16-18 | |||
| Red-and-white Crake (Laterallus leucopyrrhus) | R | 1-8 | |||
| Rufous-faced Crake (Laterallus xenopterus) | VU | THRE | R | 3-4 | |
| Ocellated Crake (Micropygia schomburgkii) | R | 4 | |||
| Ash-throated Crake (Mustelirallus albicollis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-20 | |||
| Paint-billed Crake (Mustelirallus erythrops) | AN | 4 | |||
| Spotted Rail (Pardirallus maculatus) | AN | 1-4-5-8 | |||
| Blackish Rail (Pardirallus nigricans) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-20 | |||
| Plumbeous Rail (Pardirallus sanguinolentus) | R | 1-3-13-20 | |||
| Giant Wood-Rail (Aramides ypecaha) | R | 1-3-4-5-15-19 | |||
| Gray-cowled Wood-Rail (Aramides cajaneus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-15-20 | |||
| Slaty-breasted Wood-Rail (Aramides saracura) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-19-20-22 | ||
| Spot-flanked Gallinule (Porphyriops melanops) | R | 4-5 | |||
| Yellow-breasted Crake (Porzana flaviventer) | R | 9-10 | |||
| Common Gallinule (Gallinula galeata) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-20 | |||
| Red-fronted Coot (Fulica rufifrons) | R | 13 | |||
| FINFOOTS (HELIORNITHIDAE) | |||||
| Sungrebe (Heliornis fulica) | R | 1-4-5-8-9-10-11-13-19 | |||
| PLOVERS (CHARADRIIDAE) | |||||
| American Golden-Plover (Pluvialis dominica) | N | 1-3-5 | |||
| Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-22 | |||
| Collared Plover (Charadrius collaris) | R | 8-12 | |||
| AVOCETS AND STILTS (RECURVIROSTRIDAE) | |||||
| Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus) | R | 1-3-5-12-18-19 | |||
| SANDPIPERS (SCOLOPACIDAE) | |||||
| Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) | N | 1-3-4-5-10-11-12-14-20 | |||
| White-rumped Sandpiper (Calidris fuscicollis) | N | 5-10-11-12-13 | |||
| Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos) | N | 5 | |||
| Giant Snipe (Gallinago undulata) | R | 1-2-3-4-13-18 | |||
| South American Snipe (Gallinago paraguaiae) | R | 1-4-5-8 | |||
| Wilson’s Phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor) | N | 4 | |||
| Solitary Sandpiper (Tringa solitaria) | N | 1-2-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-20 | |||
| Greater Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) | N | 5 | |||
| Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes) | N | 4-5-10-11-12-13-20 | |||
| JACANAS (JACANIDAE) | |||||
| Wattled Jacana (Jacana jacana) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-19-20 | |||
| PAINTED-SNIPE (ROSTRATULIDAE) | |||||
| South American Painted-snipe (Nycticryphes semicollaris) | R | 1-19 | |||
| SKIMMERS (RYNCHOPIDAE ) | |||||
| Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) | R | 1-8-10-16 | |||
| GULLS (LARIDAE ) | |||||
| Yellow-billed Tern (Sternula superciliaris) | R | 4-8-11-12-13-14-16 | |||
| Large-billed Tern (Phaetusa simplex) | R | 7-8-10-11-12-13-14-16 | |||
| STORKS (CICONIIDAE) | |||||
| Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) | R | 1-4-5-10-11-12-13 | |||
| Jabiru (Jabiru mycteria) | R | 1-4 | |||
| Wood Stork (Mycteria americana) | R | 1-3-4-8-10-13 | |||
| ANHINGAS (ANHINGIDAE) | |||||
| Anhinga (Anhinga anhinga) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-19-20 | |||
| CORMORANTS (PHALACROCORACIDAE) | |||||
| Neotropic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-19-20 | |||
| HERONS (ARDEIDAE) | |||||
| Rufescent Tiger-Heron (Tigrisoma lineatum) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-20 | |||
| Boat-billed Heron (Cochlearius cochlearius) | R | 1-4-5-10-13-16 | |||
| Pinnated Bittern (Botaurus pinnatus) | R | 8 | |||
| Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis) | R | 1-8-16 | |||
| Stripe-backed Bittern (Ixobrychus involucris) | R | 13-16 | |||
| Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-13-14-16-17-19-20 | |||
| Striated Heron (Butorides striata) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-19-20 | |||
| Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-17-18-19-20 | |||
| Cocoi Heron (Ardea cocoi) | R | 1-2-3-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-19-20 | |||
| Great Egret (Ardea alba) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-18-19-20 | |||
| Whistling Heron (Syrigma sibilatrix) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-18-19-20 | |||
| Snowy Egret (Egretta thula) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-19-20 | |||
| IBISES (THRESKIORNITHIDAE) | |||||
| White-faced Ibis (Plegadis chihi) | R | 1-20 | |||
| Green Ibis (Mesembrinibis cayennensis) | R | 1-4-5-8-10-11-16-20 | |||
| Bare-faced Ibis (Phimosus infuscatus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-8 | |||
| Buff-necked Ibis (Theristicus caudatus) | R | 3-4-5 | |||
| Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) | R | 1-8 | |||
| NEW WORLD VULTURES (CATHARTIDAE ) | |||||
| King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) | EN | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-16-20 | ||
| Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-22 | |||
| Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture (Cathartes burrovianus) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-15-18-20 | |||
| OSPREY (PANDIONIDAE) | |||||
| Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) | N | 1-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16 | |||
| HAWKS (ACCIPITRIDAE) | |||||
| White-tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-20 | |||
| Pearl Kite (Gampsonyx swainsonii) | R | 4 | |||
| Hook-billed Kite (Chondrohierax uncinatus) | R | 4 | |||
| Gray-headed Kite (Leptodon cayanensis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-16-20 | |||
| Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoides forficatus) | AN, N | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-20 | |||
| Crested Eagle (Morphnus guianensis) | NT | EN | R | 1 | |
| Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) | NT | EN | R | 4-10-20 | |
| Black Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus tyrannus) | EN | R | 1-20 | ||
| Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus melanoleucus) | R | 1-4-9-10-16-20 | |||
| Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) | NT | THRE | R | 1-4-6-16-20 | |
| Black-collared Hawk (Busarellus nigricollis) | R | 8-9-13 | |||
| Snail Kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) | AS | 1-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-20 | |||
| Rufous-thighed Kite (Harpagus diodon) | AN | 1-2-3-4-6-11-16-20-22 | |||
| Plumbeous Kite (Ictinia plumbea) | AN | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-20-22 | |||
| Cinereous Harrier (Circus cinereus) | R | 1 | |||
| Long-winged Harrier (Circus buffoni) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18 | |||
| Gray-bellied Hawk (Accipiter poliogaster) | NT | EN | R | 2-3-5-10-11-15-16-20 | |
| Tiny Hawk (Accipiter superciliosus) | THRE | R | 4-5-11-13-15-16 | ||
| Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus) | R | 1-3-4-5-6-15-20 | |||
| Bicolored Hawk (Accipiter bicolor) | R | 1-2-4-6-11-15-20 | |||
| Crane Hawk (Geranospiza caerulescens) | R | 1-20 | |||
| Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-10-13-15-18-19-21-22 | |||
| Great Black Hawk (Buteogallus urubitinga) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16 | |||
| Crowned Eagle (Buteogallus coronatus) | EN | THRE | R | 2-4-5 | |
| Roadside Hawk (Rupornis magnirostris) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-22 | |||
| Harris’s Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) | R | 5 | |||
| White-rumped Hawk (Parabuteo leucorrhous) | R | 1-2 | |||
| White-tailed Hawk (Geranoaetus albicaudatus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-8-20-22 | |||
| Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle (Geranoaetus melanoleucus) | R | 2-8-11-13 | |||
| Mantled Hawk (Pseudastur polionotus) | ATL | NT | EN | R | 9 |
| Gray-lined Hawk (Buteo nitidus) | R | 20 | |||
| Short-tailed Hawk (Buteo brachyurus) | R | 1-5-6 | |||
| Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) | N | 5-13-16-20-21 | |||
| Zone-tailed Hawk (Buteo albonotatus) | R | 4-11 | |||
| BARN OWLS (TYTONIDAE) | |||||
| Barn Owl (Tyto alba) | R | 1-3-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-20-22 | |||
| OWLS (STRIGIDAE) | |||||
| Tropical Screech-Owl (Megascops choliba) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-20-22 | |||
| Black-capped Screech-Owl (Megascops atricapilla) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-7-9-10-11-14-16-20-22 | ||
| Spectacled Owl (Pulsatrix perspicillata) | R | 20 | |||
| Tawny-browed Owl (Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana) | ATL | EN | R | 1-16-20-22 | |
| Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) | R | 10-11-16 | |||
| Rusty-barred Owl (Strix hylophila) | ATL | NT | THRE | R | 1-16-20 |
| Mottled Owl (Ciccaba virgata) | R | 1-2-3-4-6-10-13-20 | |||
| Black-banded Owl (Ciccaba huhula) | THRE | R | 1-3-4-6-10-16-20 | ||
| Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium brasilianum) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-18-20-21-22 | |||
| Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Buff-fronted Owl (Aegolius harrisii) | R | 1-9 | |||
| Striped Owl (Asio clamator) | R | 4-8-10-11 | |||
| Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) | R | 1-13 | |||
| TROGONS (TROGONIDAE) | |||||
| Surucua Trogon (Trogon surrucura) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | ||
| Black-throated Trogon (Trogon rufus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-13-14-17-18-19-20-22 | |||
| MOTMOTS (MOMOTIDAE) | |||||
| Rufous-capped Motmot (Baryphthengus ruficapillus) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | ||
| Amazonian Motmot (Momotus momota) | R | 20 | |||
| KINGFISHERS (ALCEDINIDAE) | |||||
| Ringed Kingfisher (Megaceryle torquata) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-19-20 | |||
| Amazon Kingfisher (Chloroceryle amazona) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-19-20-21 | |||
| American Pygmy Kingfisher (Chloroceryle aenea) | R | 1-4 | |||
| Green Kingfisher (Chloroceryle americana) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-19-20 | |||
| Green-and-rufous Kingfisher (Chloroceryle inda) | R | 1-4 | |||
| PUFFBIRDS (BUCCONIDAE) | |||||
| Buff-bellied Puffbird (Notharchus swainsoni) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-16-20 | |
| White-eared Puffbird (Nystalus chacuru) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Rusty-breasted Nunlet (Nonnula rubecula) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-13-16-20 | |||
| TOUCANS (RAMPHASTIDAE) | |||||
| Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-19-20 | |||
| Red-breasted Toucan (Ramphastos dicolorus) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-20 | ||
| Spot-billed Toucanet (Selenidera maculirostris) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |
| Saffron Toucanet (Pteroglossus bailloni) | ATL | NT | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-16-19-20 |
| Chestnut-eared Aracari (Pteroglossus castanotis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-19-20-21-22 | |||
| WOODPECKERS (PICIDAE) | |||||
| White-barred Piculet (Picumnus cirratus) | R | 1-2-4-5-6-7-15-19-20 | |||
| Ochre-collared Piculet (Picumnus temminckii) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-20-21-22 | ||
| White-wedged Piculet (Picumnus albosquamatus) | EN | R | 8 | ||
| White Woodpecker (Melanerpes candidus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-19-20-22 | |||
| Yellow-fronted Woodpecker (Melanerpes flavifrons) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-20-21-22 | ||
| White-spotted Woodpecker (Veniliornis spilogaster) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-12-13-15-16-17-18-20-22 | ||
| Little Woodpecker (Veniliornis passerinus) | R | 8 | |||
| Robust Woodpecker (Campephilus robustus) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-20-22 | |
| Crimson-crested Woodpecker (Campephilus melanoleucos) | R | 5 | |||
| Lineated Woodpecker (Dryocopus lineatus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-20-22 | |||
| Helmeted Woodpecker (Celeus galeatus) | ATL | VU | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-16-19-20 |
| Blond-crested Woodpecker (Celeus flavescens) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-16-17-20-21-22 | |||
| Golden-green Woodpecker (Piculus chrysochloros) | R | 9-10-16 | |||
| White-browed Woodpecker (Piculus aurulentus) | ATL | NT | THRE | R | 1-2-4-6-9-11-20-22 |
| Green-barred Woodpecker (Colaptes melanochloros) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-20 | |||
| Campo Flicker (Colaptes campestris) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-18-19-20-22 | |||
| SERIEMAS (CARIAMIDAE) | |||||
| Red-legged Seriema (Cariama cristata) | R | 1-3-4-18 | |||
| FALCONS (FALCONIDAE) | |||||
| Laughing Falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnans) | R | 1-3-4-5-7-8-9-11-19 | |||
| Barred Forest-Falcon (Micrastur ruficollis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-14-16-18-20-21-22 | |||
| Collared Forest-Falcon (Micrastur semitorquatus) | R | 1-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-13-14-16-20-22 | |||
| Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Yellow-headed Caracara (Milvago chimachima) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20 | |||
| Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-7-15-19-20 | |||
| American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21 | |||
| Bat Falcon (Falco rufigularis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-13-14-16-18-19-20-21 | |||
| Orange-breasted Falcon (Falco deiroleucus) | NT | R | 3 | ||
| Aplomado Falcon (Falco femoralis) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-13-18-20-22 | |||
| Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) | N, AV | 1-5-6-7-10-11-16-20 | |||
| PARROTS (PSITTACIDAE) | |||||
| Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) | R | 1-2-3-5-6-15-17-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Yellow-chevroned Parakeet (Brotogeris chiriri) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-11-12-13-14-16-18-19-20-21 | |||
| Pileated Parrot (Pionopsitta pileata) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-20-21-22 | ||
| Scaly-headed Parrot (Pionus maximiliani) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Vinaceous-breasted Parrot (Amazona vinacea) | ATL | EN | EN | R | 1-2-4-5-7-9-10-11-14-20-21 |
| Red-spectacled Parrot (Amazona pretrei) | ATL | VU | EN | V | 20 |
| Turquoise-fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) | R | 2-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-18-20 | |||
| Blue-winged Parrotlet (Forpus xanthopterygius) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-19-20 | |||
| Maroon-bellied Parakeet (Pyrrhura frontalis) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | ||
| Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) | VU | EN | R | 4 | |
| Peach-fronted Parakeet (Eupsittula aurea) | R | 4-19 | |||
| Nanday Parakeet (Aratinga nenday) | R | 2-11-12-13 | |||
| Blue-winged Macaw (Primolius maracana) | NT | EN | R | 1-3-4-20 | |
| Blue-and-yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna) | EN | R | 4 | ||
| Red-and-green Macaw (Ara chloropterus) | EN | R | 4-10-17-20 | ||
| White-eyed Parakeet (Psittacara leucophthalmus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-19-20-21-22 | |||
| ANTBIRDS (THAMNOPHILIDAE) | |||||
| Spot-backed Antshrike (Hypoedaleus guttatus) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-10-11-13-15-16-17-18-20-21-22 | ||
| Large-tailed Antshrike (Mackenziaena leachii) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-5-6-16-20-22 | ||
| Tufted Antshrike (Mackenziaena severa) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-19-20-22 | ||
| Great Antshrike (Taraba major) | R | 2-8-9-15-19 | |||
| Barred Antshrike (Thamnophilus doliatus) | R | 1-3-4-8-9-19-20 | |||
| Rufous-capped Antshrike (Thamnophilus ruficapillus) | R | 1-3-13-17-20 | |||
| Rufous-winged Antshrike (Thamnophilus torquatus) | EN | R | 4 | ||
| Variable Antshrike (Thamnophilus caerulescens) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-20-22 | |||
| Plain Antvireo (Dysithamnus mentalis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-19-20-22 | |||
| Black-capped Antwren (Herpsilochmus atricapillus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-21 | |||
| Rufous-winged Antwren (Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-16-17-18-20-21-22 | |||
| Rusty-backed Antwren (Formicivora rufa) | R | 4-8-18-19 | |||
| Bertoni’s Antbird (Drymophila rubricollis) | ATL | EN | R | 1-6-20 | |
| Dusky-tailed Antbird (Drymophila malura) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-10-11-13-16-20-22 | ||
| Streak-capped Antwren (Terenura maculata) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-20-22 | |
| White-shouldered Fire-eye (Pyriglena leucoptera) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-20-21-22 | ||
| CRESCENTCHESTS (MELANOPAREIIDAE) | |||||
| Collared Crescentchest (Melanopareia torquata) | CER | THRE | R | 4 | |
| GNATEATERS (CONOPOPHAGIDAE ) | |||||
| Rufous Gnateater (Conopophaga lineata) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-16-17-18-20-22 | ||
| ANTPITTAS (GRALLARIIDAE) | |||||
| Variegated Antpitta (Grallaria varia) | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-10-16-17-20 | ||
| Speckle-breasted Antpitta (Hylopezus nattereri) | ATL | EN | R | 1-4-6-22 | |
| ANTTHRUSHES (FORMICARIIDAE) | |||||
| Short-tailed Antthrush (Chamaeza campanisona) | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-13-15-16-17-19-20-22 | ||
| OVENBIRDS (FURNARIIDAE) | |||||
| Rufous-breasted Leaftosser (Sclerurus scansor) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-6-17-20 | |
| Olivaceous Woodcreeper (Sittasomus griseicapillus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Plain-winged Woodcreeper (Dendrocincla turdina) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-10-11-13-16-17-18-20-21 | |
| Planalto Woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptes platyrostris) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-13-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| White-throated Woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes albicollis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-13-16-17-20-21-22 | |||
| Lesser Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus fuscus) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-13-15-16-17-20-22 | |
| Red-billed Scythebill (Campylorhamphus trochilirostris) | R | 8 | |||
| Black-billed Scythebill (Campylorhamphus falcularius) | ATL | EN | R | 1-3-11 | |
| Narrow-billed Woodcreeper (Lepidocolaptes angustirostris) | R | 1-4-5-8-15-16-19 | |||
| Scalloped Woodcreeper (Lepidocolaptes falcinellus) | ATL | EN | R | 1-2-3-6-20 | |
| Plain Xenops (Xenops minutus) | THRE | R | 1-3-4-5-6-10-11-13-16-20 | ||
| Streaked Xenops (Xenops rutilans) | R | 1-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-12-13-16-17-20 | |||
| Rufous Hornero (Furnarius rufus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Sharp-tailed Streamcreeper (Lochmias nematura) | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-11-13-16-17-20-22 | ||
| Sharp-billed Treehunter (Heliobletus contaminatus) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-3-4-5-6-10-11-13-16-20 | |
| Black-capped Foliage-gleaner (Philydor atricapillus) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-3-4-5-6-9-10-17-20-22 | |
| Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner (Philydor rufum) | R | 1-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-12-13-16-17-20 | |||
| White-browed Foliage-gleaner (Anabacerthia amaurotis) | ATL | NT | EN | R | 1-5-6 |
| Ochre-breasted Foliage-gleaner (Anabacerthia lichtensteini) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | ||
| Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner (Syndactyla rufosuperciliata) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-10-11-16-20-21-22 | |||
| Canebrake Groundcreeper (Clibanornis dendrocolaptoides) | ATL | NT | EN | R | 5-6 |
| White-eyed Foliage-gleaner (Automolus leucophthalmus) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | ||
| Rufous-fronted Thornbird (Phacellodomus rufifrons) | R | 19 | |||
| Greater Thornbird (Phacellodomus ruber) | R | 3-5-8-19 | |||
| Olive Spinetail (Cranioleuca obsoleta) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-3-5-6-10-11-18-20-22 | |
| Bay-capped Wren-spinetail (Spartonoica maluroides) | NT | AV | 1 | ||
| Yellow-chinned Spinetail (Certhiaxis cinnamomeus) | R | 1-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-19-20 | |||
| Chotoy Spinetail (Schoeniophylax phryganophilus) | R | 1 | |||
| Gray-bellied Spinetail (Synallaxis cinerascens) | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-16-18-19-20-22 | ||
| Rufous-capped Spinetail (Synallaxis ruficapilla) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-16-17-19-20-22 | ||
| Spix’s Spinetail (Synallaxis spixi) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-13-16-20-22 | |||
| Pale-breasted Spinetail (Synallaxis albescens) | R | 1-3-4-13 | |||
| Sooty-fronted Spinetail (Synallaxis frontalis) | R | 1-3-5-7-8-10-11-18-20 | |||
| TYRANT FLYCATCHERS (TYRANNIDAE) | |||||
| Rough-legged Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias burmeisteri) | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-11 | ||
| Greenish Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias virescens) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-6-11-13-20 | |
| Planalto Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias fasciatus) | R | 11-16 | |||
| Gray Elaenia (Myiopagis caniceps) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-13-16-17-19-20-22 | |||
| Greenish Elaenia (Myiopagis viridicata) | AN | 1-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-13-15-16-17-20-22 | |||
| Yellow-bellied Elaenia (Elaenia flavogaster) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-19-20 | |||
| Large Elaenia (Elaenia spectabilis) | AN | 1-2-3-4-5-7-8-10-13-17-19-22 | |||
| White-crested Elaenia (Elaenia albiceps) | AV | 1-2-3-4-6-11-13-20 | |||
| Small-billed Elaenia (Elaenia parvirostris) | AN | 1-3-4-5-6-8-11-13 | |||
| Olivaceous Elaenia (Elaenia mesoleuca) | R | 1-6-11 | |||
| Lesser Elaenia (Elaenia chiriquensis) | AN | 3-4-18 | |||
| Small-headed Elaenia (Elaenia sordida) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-9-10 | |||
| Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet (Camptostoma obsoletum) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-20 | |||
| Suiriri Flycatcher (Suiriri suiriri) | R | 1-15-19 | |||
| Sooty Tyrannulet (Serpophaga nigricans) | R | 5-8-10-13 | |||
| White-crested Tyrannulet (Serpophaga subcristata) | AS | 1-3-4-6-8-9-10-11-15-16-19-20 | |||
| Straneck’s Tyrannulet (Serpophaga griseicapilla) | AV | 1-4 | |||
| Mouse-colored Tyrannulet (Phaeomyias murina) | AN | 1-3-4-6-10-11-17 | |||
| Yellow Tyrannulet (Capsiempis flaveola) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Bearded Tachuri (Polystictus pectoralis) | NT | AV | 1-3-4-13 | ||
| Crested Doradito (Pseudocolopteryx sclateri) | R | 5 | |||
| Dinelli’s Doradito (Pseudocolopteryx dinelliana) | CHA | NT | AV | 8 | |
| Warbling Doradito (Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris) | AV | 11 | |||
| Southern Antpipit (Corythopis delalandi) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-13-14-15-16-17-20 | |||
| Tawny-crowned Pygmy-Tyrant (Euscarthmus meloryphus) | R | 1-2-3-4-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-20-21 | |||
| Southern Bristle-Tyrant (Phylloscartes eximius) | ATL | NT | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-10-11-13-16-20-22 |
| Mottle-cheeked Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes ventralis) | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-20 | ||
| São Paulo Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes paulista) | ATL | NT | EN | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-16-19-20 |
| Bay-ringed Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes sylviolus) | ATL | NT | THRE | R | 1-3-4-5-6-16-17-20 |
| Gray-hooded Flycatcher (Mionectes rufiventris) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-10-11-13-16-20 | ||
| Sepia-capped Flycatcher (Leptopogon amaurocephalus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-20-21-22 | |||
| Plain Tyrannulet (Inezia inornata) | AN | 4-19 | |||
| Sharp-tailed Tyrant (Culicivora caudacuta) | VU | THRE | R | 1-3-4 | |
| Eared Pygmy-Tyrant (Myiornis auricularis) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-13-14-16-17-18-20-22 | ||
| Drab-breasted Pygmy-Tyrant (Hemitriccus diops) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-16-20-22 | |
| Pearly-vented Tody-Tyrant (Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer ) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-18-19-20-22 | |||
| Ochre-faced Tody-Flycatcher (Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-16-17-20-22 | |||
| Common Tody-Flycatcher (Todirostrum cinereum) | R | 5-8 | |||
| Yellow-olive Flycatcher (Tolmomyias sulphurescens) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-10-11-13-19-20-22 | |||
| White-throated Spadebill (Platyrinchus mystaceus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-16-17-18-20-22 | |||
| Russet-winged Spadebill (Platyrinchus leucoryphus) | ATL | VU | EN | R | 1-3-4-6 |
| Bran-colored Flycatcher (Myiophobus fasciatus) | AN | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-13-16-17-20 | |||
| Euler’s Flycatcher (Lathrotriccus euleri) | AN | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-16-17-18-19-20-22 | |||
| Fuscous Flycatcher (Cnemotriccus fuscatus) | AN | 1-2-3-4-5-7-9-10-11-13-16-17-18-20-22 | |||
| Tropical Pewee (Contopus cinereus) | R | 1-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-13-20 | |||
| Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus) | AS | 1-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-20 | |||
| Crested Black-Tyrant (Knipolegus lophotes) | ? | 4 | |||
| Blue-billed Black-Tyrant (Knipolegus cyanirostris) | AV | 1-2-4-10-11-13-20 | |||
| Spectacled Tyrant (Hymenops perspicillatus) | AS | 1-3-8-13 | |||
| Yellow-browed Tyrant (Satrapa icterophrys) | R | 1-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-13-20 | |||
| Gray Monjita (Xolmis cinereus) | R | 1-3-4-5-13-18-20 | |||
| White-rumped Monjita (Xolmis velatus) | R | 18 | |||
| White Monjita (Xolmis irupero) | R | 19 | |||
| Streamer-tailed Tyrant (Gubernetes yetapa) | R | 1-3-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-19-20 | |||
| Shear-tailed Gray-Tyrant (Muscipipra vetula) | ATL | AV | 4-9-11 | ||
| Black-backed Water-Tyrant (Fluvicola albiventer) | R | 3-8-10-11-13 | |||
| White-headed Marsh-Tyrant (Arundinicola leucocephala) | R | 3-5-8-9-10-11-13-14-20 | |||
| Cock-tailed Tyrant (Alectrurus tricolor) | VU | EN | R | 1-3 | |
| Strange-tailed Tyrant (Alectrurus risora) | VU | EN | R | 1 | |
| Long-tailed Tyrant (Colonia colonus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-19-20 | |||
| Cattle Tyrant (Machetornis rixosa) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-22 | |||
| Piratic Flycatcher (Legatus leucophaius) | AN | 1-3-4-5-6-13-16-20-22 | |||
| Social Flycatcher (Myiozetetes similis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Three-striped Flycatcher (Conopias trivirgatus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-20 | |||
| Streaked Flycatcher (Myiodynastes maculatus) | AN | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Boat-billed Flycatcher (Megarynchus pitangua) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Variegated Flycatcher (Empidonomus varius) | AN | 1-3-4-5-6-8-10-11-13-16-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Crowned Slaty-Flycatcher (Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus) | AN | 4-19-20 | |||
| Tropical Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus) | AN | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Fork-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus savana) | AN | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-20-22 | |||
| Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) | N | 1-5 | |||
| Sibilant Sirystes (Sirystes sibilator) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Rufous Casiornis (Casiornis rufus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-16-20 | |||
| Swainson’s Flycatcher (Myiarchus swainsoni) | AN | 1-3-4-5-6-8-13-17-19-20-22 | |||
| Short-crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus ferox) | R | 1-2-3-4-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-19-20-22 | |||
| Brown-crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus tyrannulus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-7-15-20-22 | |||
| Large-headed Flatbill (Ramphotrigon megacephalum) | EN | R | 1-2-3-4-6-17-20 | ||
| Rufous-tailed Attila (Attila phoenicurus) | V | 1 | |||
| SHARPBILL (OXYRUNCIDAE) | |||||
| Sharpbill (Oxyruncus cristatus) | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-11-18-20-22 | ||
| COTINGAS (COTINGIDAE) | |||||
| White-tipped Plantcutter (Phytotoma rutila) | AV | 5 | |||
| Swallow-tailed Cotinga (Phibalura flavirostris) | NT | EN | AV | 10-11-13 | |
| Red-ruffed Fruitcrow (Pyroderus scutatus) | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-13-16-20-22 | ||
| Bare-throated Bellbird (Procnias nudicollis) | ATL | VU | EN | R | 1-2-3-4-5-7-8-10-11-13-20 |
| MANAKINS (PIPRIDAE) | |||||
| Helmeted Manakin (Antilophia galeata) | CER | R | 4 | ||
| Swallow-tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-20-22 | ||
| White-bearded Manakin (Manacus manacus) | THRE | R | 3-4-9-10-11-12-13-16-20 | ||
| Band-tailed Manakin (Pipra fasciicauda) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-12-13-16-17-20 | |||
| TITYRAS (TITYRIDAE) | |||||
| Black-crowned Tityra (Tityra inquisitor) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-20-22 | |||
| Black-tailed Tityra (Tityra cayana) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Masked Tityra (Tityra semifasciata) | THRE | R | 1-3-4-7-9-20 | ||
| Greenish Schiffornis (Schiffornis virescens) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-20-22 | |
| White-naped Xenopsaris (Xenopsaris albinucha) | R | 4 | |||
| Green-backed Becard (Pachyramphus viridis) | R | 1-3-4-5-6-8-10-11-13-20 | |||
| Chestnut-crowned Becard (Pachyramphus castaneus) | R | 1-2-5-6-9-10-11-16-20-22 | |||
| White-winged Becard (Pachyramphus polychopterus) | AN | 1-3-4-5-6-7-8-18-20-22 | |||
| Crested Becard (Pachyramphus validus) | R | 1-3-4-7-8-9-20-21 | |||
| Wing-barred Piprites (Piprites chloris) | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-16-18-20-22 | ||
| VIREOS (VIREONIDAE) | |||||
| Rufous-browed Peppershrike (Cyclarhis gujanensis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-15-16-17-18-19-20-22 | |||
| Rufous-crowned Greenlet (Hylophilus poicilotis) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-11-13-16-17-20-22 | |
| Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus) | AN | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-20-22 | |||
| JAYS (CORVIDAE) | |||||
| Purplish Jay (Cyanocorax cyanomelas) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-20 | |||
| Curl-crested Jay (Cyanocorax cristatellus) | CER | THRE | R | 4-11 | |
| Plush-crested Jay (Cyanocorax chrysops) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| SWALLOWS (HIRUNDINIDAE) | |||||
| Blue-and-white Swallow (Pygochelidon cyanoleuca) | AS | 1-2-4-8-9-10-11-12-13-16-20 | |||
| Black-collared Swallow (Pygochelidon melanoleuca) | THRE | R | 8 | ||
| Tawny-headed Swallow (Alopochelidon fucata) | R | 1-3-4-5-11-13-18-20 | |||
| Southern Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis) | AN | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-16-17-20-22 | |||
| Brown-chested Martin (Progne tapera) | AN | 1-2-3-4-5-7-8-11-13-15-16-18-20 | |||
| Purple Martin (Progne subis) | N | 7-8 | |||
| Gray-breasted Martin (Progne chalybea) | AN | 1-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-19-20-21 | |||
| White-winged Swallow (Tachycineta albiventer) | R | 8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-20 | |||
| White-rumped Swallow (Tachycineta leucorrhoa) | AS | 1-2-3-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-13-18-20 | |||
| Chilean Swallow (Tachycineta leucopyga) | ? | 1-8-19 | |||
| Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia) | N | 1-3-4-5-20 | |||
| Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) | N | 1-3-4-5-6-8-10-16-20 | |||
| Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) | N | 1-3-4-5-17-20-22 | |||
| WRENS (TROGLODYTIDAE) | |||||
| House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Sedge Wren (Cistothorus platensis) | R | 1-5 | |||
| Thrush-like Wren (Campylorhynchus turdinus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-8-9-22 | |||
| Buff-breasted Wren (Cantorchilus leucotis) | EN | R | 8 | ||
| GNATCATCHERS (POLIOPTILIDAE) | |||||
| Creamy-bellied Gnatcatcher (Polioptila lactea) | ATL | NT | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-13-15-17-20 |
| DONACOBIUS (DONACOBIIDAE) | |||||
| Black-capped Donacobius (Donacobius atricapilla) | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-14-20 | |||
| THRUSHES (TURDIDAE ) | |||||
| Yellow-legged Thrush (Turdus flavipes) | R | 10 | |||
| Pale-breasted Thrush (Turdus leucomelas) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Rufous-bellied Thrush (Turdus rufiventris) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-19-20-22 | |||
| Creamy-bellied Thrush (Turdus amaurochalinus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-20-22 | |||
| Slaty-thrush (Turdus nigriceps) | ATL | AV | 1-3-4-5-11-13-14-16-17-20 | ||
| White-necked Thrush (Turdus albicollis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-13-16-17-20-22 | |||
| MOCKINGBIRDS (MIMIDAE) | |||||
| Chalk-browed Mockingbird (Mimus saturninus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| White-banded Mockingbird (Mimus triurus) | AV | 1-2 | |||
| OLD WORLD SPARROWS (PASSERIDAE) | |||||
| House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-15-18-19-20-22 | |||
| PIPITS AND WAGTAILS (MOTACILLIDAE) | |||||
| Yellowish Pipit (Anthus lutescens) | R | 1-3-5-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-22 | |||
| Pampas Pipit (Anthus chacoensis) | AV | 2 | |||
| Correndera Pipit (Anthus correndera) | AV | 1 | |||
| Ochre-breasted Pipit (Anthus nattereri) | VU | EN | R | 1-3 | |
| Hellmayr’s Pipit (Anthus hellmayri) | THRE | R | 3 | ||
| FINCHES (FRINGILLIDAE ) | |||||
| Hooded Siskin (Spinus megellanicus) | R | 1-2-3-5 | |||
| Purple-throated Euphonia (Euphonia chlorotica) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Violaceous Euphonia (Euphonia violacea) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-15-16-17-20 | |||
| Green-throated Euphonia (Euphonia chalybea) | ATL | NT | EN | R | 1-2-3-4-6-20 |
| Golden-rumped Euphonia (Euphonia cyanocephala) | THRE | R | 1-4-5-6 | ||
| Chestnut-bellied Euphonia (Euphonia pectoralis) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-19-20-22 | ||
| Blue-naped Chlorophonia (Chlorophonia cyanea) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-11-12-13-17-20-22 | |||
| SPARROWS (PASSERELLIDAE) | |||||
| Grassland Sparrow (Ammodramus humeralis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-17-18-19-20-22 | |||
| Saffron-billed Sparrow (Arremon flavirostris) | R | 1-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-20 | |||
| Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20 | |||
| BLACKBIRDS (ICTERIDAE) | |||||
| Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) | N | 4 | |||
| White-browed Meadowlark (Leistes superciliaris) | R | 1-3-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-20-21-22 | |||
| Solitary Black Cacique (Cacicus solitarius) | R | 1-3 | |||
| Golden-winged Cacique (Cacicus chrysopterus) | R | 1-3-4-6-22 | |||
| Red-rumped Cacique (Cacicus haemorrhous) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Variable Oriole (Icterus pyrrhopterus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Screaming Cowbird (Molothrus rufoaxillaris) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-18-20 | |||
| Giant Cowbird (Molothrus oryzivorus) | R | 1-4-6-9-10-11-12-13-16-17-20 | |||
| Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-19-20-22 | |||
| Scarlet-headed Blackbird (Amblyramphus holosericeus) | R | 1-3-5 | |||
| Chopi Blackbird (Gnorimopsar chopi) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-13-15-17-18-20-22 | |||
| Grayish Baywing (Agelaioides badius) | R | 3-15 | |||
| Unicolored Blackbird (Agelasticus cyanopus) | R | 1-3-4-5 | |||
| Yellow-winged Blackbird (Agelasticus thilius) | AV | 8 | |||
| Chestnut-capped Blackbird (Chrysomus ruficapillus) | R | 1-4-5-8-9-11 | |||
| Saffron-cowled Blackbird (Xanthopsar flavus) | VU | EN | R | 1-3-20 | |
| Yellow-rumped Marshbird (Pseudoleistes guirahuro) | R | 1-3-4-5-7-8-18-19 | |||
| WOOD WARBLERS (PARULIDAE) | |||||
| Masked Yellowthroat (Geothlypis aequinoctialis) | R | 1-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-20 | |||
| Tropical Parula (Setophaga pitiayumi) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Flavescent Warbler (Myiothlypis flaveola) | R | 3-4 | |||
| White-browed Warbler (Myiothlypis leucoblephara) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-19-20-22 | ||
| Riverbank Warbler (Myiothlypis rivularis) | R | 1-3-4-5-6-9-10-11-13-20 | |||
| Golden-crowned Warbler (Basileuterus culicivorus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| CARDINAL GROSBEAKS (CARDINALIDAE) | |||||
| Hepatic Tanager (Piranga flava) | AS | 20 | |||
| Red-crowned Ant-Tanager (Habia rubica) | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-10-11-13-16-17-18-19-20-22 | ||
| Blackish-blue Seedeater (Amaurospiza moesta) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-3-4-5-6-10-11-13-16-20-22 | |
| Glaucous-blue Grosbeak (Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea) | AV | 1-3-5-6-8-10-11-20 | |||
| Ultramarine Grosbeak (Cyanoloxia brissonii) | R | 1-2-3-6-9-10-11-13-16-17-22 | |||
| TANAGERS (THRAUPIDAE ) | |||||
| Hooded Tanager (Nemosia pileata) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-11-18 | |||
| Guira Tanager (Hemithraupis guira) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-20-22 | |||
| Chestnut-vented Conebill (Conirostrum speciosum) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-20-22 | |||
| Saffron Finch (Sicalis flaveola) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Grassland Yellow-Finch (Sicalis luteola) | AV | 1-4-5-8-9-21-22 | |||
| Uniform Finch (Haplospiza unicolor) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-3-5-10-11-20 | |
| Blue-black Grassquit (Volatinia jacarina) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Ruby-crowned Tanager (Tachyphonus coronatus) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-19-20-22 | ||
| White-lined Tanager (Tachyphonus rufus) | R | 1-5 | |||
| Black-goggled Tanager (Trichothraupis melanops) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-20-22 | |||
| Red-crested Finch (Coryphospingus cucullatus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-19-20-22 | |||
| Silver-beaked Tanager (Ramphocelus carbo) | R | 4-8-9 | |||
| Swallow Tanager (Tersina viridis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-20-21-22 | |||
| Blue Dacnis (Dacnis cayana) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-18-19-20-22 | |||
| Lined Seedeater (Sporophila lineola) | AN | 1-4-5-8 | |||
| White-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila leucoptera) | R | 5 | |||
| Cooper Seedeater (Sporophila bouvreuil) | AN | 1-4-13-20 | |||
| Pearly-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila pileata) | AN | 3 | |||
| Tawny-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila hypoxantha) | R | 1-3-4 | |||
| Dark-throated Seedeater (Sporophila ruficollis) | NT | AN | 3-4-5 | ||
| Marsh Seedeater (Sporophila palustris) | PAM | EN | EN | AN | 1-3-4 |
| Rufous-rumped Seedeater (Sporophila hypochroma) | NT | EN | AN | 3-4 | |
| Chestnut Seedeater (Sporophila cinnamomea) | PAM | VU | THRE | AN | 1-2-3-4-8 |
| Chesnut-bellied Seed-Finch (Sporophila angolensis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-10-11-13-16-20 | |||
| Double-collared Seedeater (Sporophila caerulescens) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-20-22 | |||
| Temminck’s Seedeater (Sporophila falcirostris) | ATL | VU | EN | R | 3-4-6 |
| Buffy-fronted Seedeater (Sporophila frontalis) | ATL | VU | EN | R | 2-3 |
| Plumbeous Seedeater (Sporophila plumbea) | R | 1-3-4-11-13 | |||
| Rusty-collared Seedeater (Sporophila collaris) | R | 3-5-7-8-19 | |||
| Black-throated Saltator (Saltatricula atricollis) | CER | R | 4 | ||
| Grayish Saltator (Saltator coerulescens) | R | 1-2-3-5-6-8-19 | |||
| Green-winged Saltator (Saltator similis) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-9-10-11-13-14-16-20-22 | |||
| Black-throated Grosbeak (Saltator fuliginosus) | ATL | EN | R | 1-3 | |
| Black-masked Finch (Coryphaspiza melanotis) | VU | EN | R | 4 | |
| Great Pampa-Finch (Embernagra platensis) | R | 1-3-5-8-13-18 | |||
| Wedge-tailed Grass-Finch (Emberizoides herbicola) | R | 1-3-4-5-13-18 | |||
| Lesser Grass-Finch (Emberizoides ypiranganus) | R | 1-3-4-5 | |||
| Black-capped Warbling-Finch (Poospiza melanoleuca) | CHA | R | 3 | ||
| Orange-headed Tanager (Thlypopsis sordida) | R | 1-2-3-5-6 | |||
| Chestnut-headed Tanager (Thlypopsis pyrrhocoma) | ATL | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-10-11-13-16-20-22 | ||
| Gray-throated Warbling-Finch (Microspingus cabanisi) | ? | 6 | |||
| Long-tailed Reed-Finch (Donacospiza albifrons) | R | 1-3-5-8 | |||
| Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola) | R | 3-4-5-10-11-13-14-16 | |||
| Sooty Grassquit (Asemospiza fuliginosa) | THRE | R | 1-3-4-16 | ||
| White-banded Tanager (Neothraupis fasciata) | NT | THRE | R | 4 | |
| Red-crested Cardinal (Paroaria coronata) | R | 1-2-15-19-20 | |||
| Yellow-billed Cardinal (Paroaria capitata) | R | 8-15 | |||
| Diademed Tanager (Stephanophorus diadematus) | THRE | R | 1-6 | ||
| Black-faced Tanager (Schistochlamys melanops) | V | 8 | |||
| Cinnamon Tanager (Schistochlamys ruficapillus) | V | 4 | |||
| Magpie Tanager (Cissopis leverianus) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-17-19-20-21-22 | |||
| Fawn-breasted Tanager (Pipraeidea melanonota) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-16-17-20 | |||
| Blue-and-yellow Tanager (Pipraeidea bonariensis) | AS | 1-16 | |||
| Chestnut-backed Tanager (Stilpnia preciosa) | AV | 2/3/2013 | |||
| Burnished-buff Tanager (Stilpnia cayana) | THRE | R | 1-3-4-5-8-9-10-11-20 | ||
| Green-headed Tanager (Tangara seledon) | ATL | THRE | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-10-11-17-20 | |
| Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca) | R | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-19-20-22 | |||
| Palm Tanager (Thraupis palmarum) | V | 8 |
Endem (Endemism): ATL, Atlantic forest; CER: Cerrado; CHA: Chaco; PAM: Pampas. IUCN, Globally concerned species: NT, Near Threatened species; VU, Vulnerable species; EN, Endangered species; CR, Critically Endangered species [33]. SEAM, National conservation status: THRE, Threatened species; EN, Endangered species. Ocurr, Ocurrence in Paraguay: R, Resident; AS, Breeding southern austral migrants; AV, Austral visitors; N, Neartic migrants; V, Vagrants; AN, Northern Austral Migrant; ?, no defined occurrence status. Conservation Areas: 1. San Rafael National Park; 2. Ybytyruzu Management Reserve; 3. Tapyta Private Nature Reserve; 4. Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve; 5. Ypeti Nature Reserve; 6. Caazapá National Park; 7. Carla María Farm; 8. Mbaracayú Binational Nature Reserve; 9. Carapá Nature Reserve; 10. Limoy Nature Reserve; 11. Itabó Nature Reserve; 12. Pikyry Nature Reserve; 13. Tati Yupi Nature Reserve; 14. Yvyty Rokai Nature Reserve; 15. Ñacunday National Park; 16. Maharishi Nature Reserve; 17. Moisés Bertoni Scientific Monument; 18. Morombí Nature Reserve; 19. Yguazu Nature Reserve; 20. Itabó Biological Reserve; 21. Federico Farm; 22. Agropeco.
Figures and Tables
Enlarge this image.Figure 1. Studies areas of the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor of the Upper Parana Atlantic Forest: (1) Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve; (2) Morombí Nature Reserve; (3) Mbaracayú Binational Nature Reserve; (4) Carapá Nature Reserve; (5) Maharashi Nature Reserve; (6) Limoy Nature Reserve; (7) Itabó Nature Reserve; (8) Yvyty Rókai Nature Reserve; (9) Pykyry Nature Reserve; (10) Tati Yupi Nature Reserve; (11) Yguazú Nature Reserve; (12) Moises Bertoni Scientific Monument; (13) Agropeco Farm; (14) Ypeti Nature Reserve; (15) Ñacunday National Park; (16) Caazapá National Park; (17) Ybytyruzu Management Reserve; (18) Tapyta Nature Reserve; (19) San Rafael National Park; (20) Carla María Farm; (21) Federico Farm; (22) Itabó Biological Reserve.
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. Bird species accumulation curves of grouped core areas of the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor. Total number of counts for each core grouped areas is extrapolated to 500 samples.
Enlarge this image.Figure 3. Atlantic forest endemic species accumulation curves of grouped core areas of the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor. Total number of counts for each core grouped areas is extrapolated to 500 samples.
Details of the main study sites surveyed and analyzed in the corridor of the UPAF of Paraguay.
| Study Site | Area (km2) | Status 1 | Habitats 2 | Field Surveys (Month-Days of Fieldwork/Year) | 2014–2018 |
Previous Studies or Reports |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| San Rafael National Park | 748 | pp | F, FE, S, MG, Aq, AA | Aug-2/2015, Mar-2, Apr-1/2016, Mar-2, Oct-4, Nov-2/2017, Jan-2/2018 | 17 | [16,17,18] |
| Ybytyruzu Management Reserve | 256 | pp | F, FE, S, AA | Nov-1/2015 | 1 | [19] |
| Tapyta Private Nature Reserve | 44 | pr, sm | F, E, S, MG, W, AA | Nov-3/2015, Oct-2, Nov-3, Dec-1/2016, Jul-5, Sept-2, Oct-4, Nov-5, Dec-4/2017 | 29 | [20] |
| Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve | 651 | pr | F, E, S, Ce, We, Aq | Set-2/2014, Jun-2/2015, Mar-2/2016, May-4/2018 | 10 | [21] |
| Ypeti Nature Reserve | 136 | pr, sm | F, E, S, W, AA | Feb-3, Set-4, Oct-2/2016, Jan-5, Feb-2, Mar-2, May-3/2017, Apr-2/2018 | 23 | [22] |
| Caazapá National Park | 133 | pr | F, E, S | Jan-4/2014, Nov-1/2015 | 5 | [23] |
| Carla María Farm | 155 | un | F, E, S, AA | Nov-3/2015 | 3 | |
| Mbaracayú Binational Nature Reserve | 15 | pr | F, E, S, Aq | Jan-2/2016 | 2 | [24] |
| Carapá Nature Reserve | 37 | pr | F, E, S, Aq | Set-1/2014, Jan-1/2016 | 2 | [25] |
| Limoy Nature Reserve | 136 | pr | F, E, S, Aq, AA | Set-1/2014, Jan-2/2016 | 3 | [26] |
| Itabó Nature Reserve | 137 | pr | F, E, S, Aq, AA | Jan-3/2018 | 3 | [27] |
| Pikyry Nature Reserve | 12 | pr | F, E, S, Aq | [28] | ||
| Tati Yupi Nature Reserve | 20 | pr | F, E, S, Aq | [29] | ||
| Yvyty Rokai Nature Reserve | 22 | pr | F, E, S, Ce, Aq | [30] | ||
| Ñacunday National Park | 20 | pr | F, E, S, Aq | Jan-1/2016 | 1 | [31] |
| Maharishi Nature Reserve | 3 | pr | F, E, S, Aq | Jan-1/2016 | 1 | [32] |
| Moisés Bertoni Scientific Monument | 2 | pr | F, E, S, Aq | Nov-2/2015, Jan-2/2016 | 4 | [33] |
| Morombí Nature Reserve | 310 | un | F, E, S, Ce, AA | Aug-3/2016 | 3 | |
| Yguazu Nature Reserve | 17 | pr | F, E, S, Aq, AA | Feb-1/2016 | 1 | [34] |
| Itabó Biological Reserve | 44 | sm | F, E, Aq, AA | Feb-2/2016 | 2 | |
| Federico Farm | 34 | un | F, E, S, AA | Feb-1/2016 | 1 | |
| Agropeco Farm | 15 | un | F, E, S, AA | Feb-4, Aug-4/2018 | 8 | |
| Total area (km2) and effort (days) | 2949 | 119 |
1 Status: pr, protected, core area that counts with all the processes to work as a Protected Area; pp, partially protected, core area that is proposed as a Protected Area, but is still missing some of the processes (legal, management plans, presence of park rangers, etc); un, unprotected, core area that is not included or proposed as a Protected Area; sm, sustainable management, core area with sustainable activities such as selective logging, shade-growing plantations developed in its forest.2 Habitats: F, forest; E, forest edge; S, scrub; MG, Mesopotamian grasslands; Ce, Cerrado; We, wetlands; Aq, water; AA, anthropogenic areas.
Table 2Designation of grouped core areas to analyze point count data in order to estimate richness of bird species at the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor.
| Group Name | Core Areas |
|---|---|
| Itaipu | Federico Farm, Itabo Biological Reserve, Mbaracayú Binational Nature Reserve, Carapa Nature Reserve and Limoy Nature Reserve |
| Agropeco | Agropeco Farm |
| Mbaracayu | Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve, Carla María Farm, Maharishi Nature Reserve, Yguazu Nature Reserve and Moisés Bertoni Scientific Monument |
| Kanguery | San Rafael National Park—center of the reserve (26°27′ S, 55°47′ W) |
| San Rafael | San Rafael National Park—south of the reserve (26°37′ S, 55°40′ W) |
| Tapyta | Tapyta Private Nature Reserve and Caazapá National Park |
| Ypeti | Ypeti Private Nature Reserve |
Total number of species recorded at each core area of the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor.
| Core Areas of the UPAF Corridor | Total Species | Endemism 1 | IUCN 2 | National Status 3 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UPAF | Ce | Cha | Mes | Total End | NT | VU | EN | CR | Total | Thr | End | Total | ||
| San Rafael National Park | 427 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 72 | 17 | 10 | 3 | 0 | 30 | 48 | 29 | 77 |
| Ybytyruzu Management Reserve | 259 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 55 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 15 | 32 | 11 | 43 |
| Tapyta Private Nature Reserve | 377 | 65 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 68 | 14 | 12 | 2 | 0 | 28 | 46 | 23 | 69 |
| Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve | 408 | 61 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 68 | 16 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 31 | 53 | 23 | 76 |
| Ypeti Nature Reserve | 350 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 38 | 9 | 47 |
| Caazapá National Park | 254 | 64 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 15 | 41 | 13 | 54 |
| Carla María Farm | 148 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 15 | 2 | 17 |
| Mbaracayú Binational Nature Reserve | 260 | 16 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 18 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 4 | 12 |
| Carapá Nature Reserve | 267 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 23 | 4 | 27 |
| Limoy Nature Reserve | 300 | 51 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 51 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 11 | 32 | 9 | 41 |
| Itabó Nature Reserve | 310 | 56 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 57 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 11 | 37 | 9 | 46 |
| Pikyry Nature Reserve | 199 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 9 |
| Tati Yupi Nature Reserve | 286 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 45 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 24 | 3 | 27 |
| Yvyty Rokai Nature Reserve | 185 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| Ñacunday National Park | 115 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| Maharishi Nature Reserve | 276 | 51 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 51 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 32 | 5 | 37 |
| Moisés Bertoni Scientific Monument | 159 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 3 | 19 |
| Morombí Nature Reserve | 302 | 48 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 49 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 31 | 9 | 40 |
| Yguazu Nature Reserve | 160 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| Itabó Biological Reserve | 341 | 66 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66 | 13 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 20 | 44 | 20 | 64 |
| Federico Farm | 85 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Agropeco Farm | 179 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 22 | 2 | 24 |
| Total species | 557 | 78 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 87 | 27 | 16 | 5 | 2 | 50 | 59 | 50 | 109 |
1 Endemism: Number of endemics of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest (UPAF), Cerrado (Ce) and Chaco (Cha), and Messopotamian Grasslands (Mes) at each core area. 2 IUCN: Number of globally concern species, NT: Near Threatened species, VU: Vulnerable species, EN: Endangered species, CR: Critically Endangered species [14]; 3 National status: Number of nationally threatened (Thr) and endangered (End) species.
Table 4Total number of species recorded during 10-min point counts at grouped core areas of the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor.
| Core Area | N° Point Counts | Total Species | Mean (SD) | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Itaipu | 24 | 69 | 6.6 (2.6) | 1 | 11 |
| Agropeco | 41 | 103 | 15.2 (3.9) | 6 | 24 |
| Mbaracayu | 33 | 93 | 9.1 (3.5) | 3 | 16 |
| S-San Rafael | 72 | 105 | 11.5 (4.7) | 3 | 23 |
| Kanguery | 26 | 100 | 14.2 (3.7) | 6 | 21 |
| Tapyta | 54 | 113 | 14.2 (3.7) | 3 | 23 |
| Ypeti | 68 | 119 | 9.3 (3.9) | 2 | 18 |
N°: number of point counts in each core area. Mean (SD): average number (standard deviation) of bird species recorded during 10-min point counts; Min/Max: range (minimum and maximum) number of bird species recorded during 10-min point counts.
Table 5Total number of Atlantic forest endemic species recorded during 10-min point counts at grouped core areas of the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor.
| Grouped Core Area | N° Point Counts | Total Endemics | Mean (SD) | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Itaipu | 24 | 18 | 1.3 (1.3) | 0 | 5 |
| Agropeco | 41 | 29 | 5.3 (2.4) | 1 | 11 |
| Mbaracayu | 33 | 26 | 2.6 (1.6) | 0 | 8 |
| S-San Rafael | 72 | 34 | 4.5 (2.6) | 0 | 10 |
| Kanguery | 26 | 28 | 4.2 (2.8) | 0 | 9 |
| Tapyta | 54 | 32 | 4.8 (1.9) | 1 | 9 |
| Ypeti | 68 | 37 | 2.5 (1.5) | 0 | 8 |
N°: number of point counts in each grouped core area. Mean (SD): average number (standard deviation) of bird species recorded during 10-min point counts; Min/Max: range (minimum and maximum) number of bird species recorded during 10-min point counts.
Table 6The UPAF endemic species with global conservation issues [14] and the number of core areas at the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor with records of the species.
| Common Name | Scientific Name | IUCN 1 | N° Core Areas |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solitary Tinamou | Tinamus solitarius | NT | 15 |
| Black-fronted Piping-guan | Pipile jacutinga | EN | 9 |
| Purple-winged Ground-dove | Claravis geoffroyi | CR | 1 |
| Mantled Hawk | Pseudastur polionotus | NT | 1 |
| Rusty-barred Owl | Strix hylophila | NT | 3 |
| Saffron Toucanet | Pteroglossus bailloni | NT | 16 |
| Helmeted Woodpecker | Celeus galeatus | VU | 13 |
| White-browed Woodpecker | Piculus aurulentus | NT | 9 |
| Vinaceous-breasted Amazon | Amazona vinacea | EN | 12 |
| Red-spectacled Amazon | Amazona pretrei | VU | 1 |
| White-browed Foliage-gleaner | Anabacerthia amaurotis | NT | 3 |
| Canebrake Groundcreeper | Clibanornis dendrocolaptoides | NT | 2 |
| Southern Bristle-tyrant | Phylloscartes eximius | NT | 14 |
| Sao Paulo Tyrannulet | Phylloscartes paulista | NT | 9 |
| Bay-ringed Tyrannulet | Phylloscartes sylviolus | NT | 8 |
| Russet-winged Spadebill | Platyrinchus leucoryphus | VU | 4 |
| Bare-throated Bellbird | Procnias nudicollis | VU | 13 |
| Creamy-bellied Gnatcatcher | Polioptila lactea | NT | 14 |
| Green-throated Euphonia | Euphonia chalybea | NT | 6 |
| Temminck’s Seedeater | Sporophila falcirostris | VU | 3 |
| Buffy-fronted Seedeater | Sporophila frontalis | VU | 2 |
N°: number of core areas where the species occurs. 1 IUCN: NT, species Near Threatened with extinction; VU, species Vulnerable to extinction; EN, species Endangered with extinction; CR, species Critically Endangered with extinction [14].
Table 7The UPAF endemic species with national conservation issues [37,38], and the number of core areas within the Paraguay Biodiversity Corridor with records of the species.
| Common Name | Scientific Name | National Status | N° Protected Areas |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spot-winged Wood-quail | Odontophorus capueira | Threatened | 16 |
| Tawny-browed Owl | Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana | Endangered | 5 |
| Buff-bellied Puffbird | Notharchus swainsoni | Threatened | 15 |
| Spot-billed Toucanet | Selenidera maculirostris | Threatened | 21 |
| Robust Woodpecker | Campephilus robustus | Threatened | 17 |
| Bertoni’s Antbird | Drymophila rubricollis | Endangered | 3 |
| Streak-capped Antwren | Terenura maculata | Threatened | 13 |
| Speckle-breasted Antpitta | Hylopezus nattereri | Endangered | 4 |
| Rufous-breasted Leaftosser | Sclerurus scansor | Threatened | 7 |
| Plain-winged Woodcreeper | Dendrocincla turdine | Threatened | 14 |
| Lesser Woodcreeper | Xiphorhynchus fuscus | Threatened | 16 |
| Black-billed Scythebill | Campylorhamphus falcularius | Endangered | 3 |
| Scalloped Woodcreeper | Lepidocolaptes falcinellus | Endangered | 5 |
| Sharp-billed Treehunter | Heliobletus contaminates | Threatened | 10 |
| Black-capped Foliage-gleaner | Philydor atricapillus | Threatened | 10 |
| Olive Spinetail | Cranioleuca obsoleta | Threatened | 9 |
| Greenish Tyrannulet | Phyllomyias virescens | Threatened | 9 |
| Drab-breasted Pygmy-Tyrant | Hemitriccus diops | Threatened | 13 |
| Greenish Schiffornis | Schiffornis virescens | Threatened | 18 |
| Rufous-crowned Greenlet | Hylophilus poicilotis | Threatened | 14 |
| Blackish-blue Seedeater | Amaurospiza moesta | Threatened | 11 |
| Uniform Finch | Haplospiza unicolor | Threatened | 6 |
| Black-throated Grosbeak | Saltator fuliginosus | Endangered | 2 |
| Green-headed Tanager | Tangara seledon | Threatened | 11 |
N°: number of protected areas where the species occurs.
© 2019 by the authors.