1. Introduction
As a kind of harmful gas, Nitrous oxide can cause severe environmental problems, such as greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, acid rain and photochemical pollution [1,2,3]. Generally, it comes from biomass combustion, industrial production, selective catalytic reduction of NOx as well as the nitrification and denitrification of microorganisms in soil and water [4,5]. Although the concentration of N2O in the atmosphere is only 322 ppb at present, its global warming potential is more than 300 times as much as that of CO2, because it has a long atmospheric life span of 120 years [6]. Therefore, reducing the anthropogenic emissions of N2O is conducive to the protection of the climate environment.
In recent years, many researches have been focused upon the adsorption and decomposition of N2O on various catalyst surfaces. Through the experimental studies, it is known that spinel Ni0.75Co2.25O4 modified with cesium cations [7], Fe/SSZ-13 [8], Co–Mn–Al mixed oxides [9] and Cu–Zn/ZnAl2O4 [10] have good catalytic effects on the N2O decomposition.
Carabineiro et al. [11] also found that the order of catalytic activity of the following metal oxides for N2O decomposition is: Fe2O3 > CeO2 > ZnO > TiO2 > Al2O3, and doping Au into these metal oxides contributes to the reduction of an active oxygen atom on their surfaces. The decomposition of N2O onto the surfaces of the rare earth element (Nd, Pr, Tb and Y)-doped NiO catalysts [12] and Ag-doped Co3O4 catalysts [13] was studied, the results showing that the doping of rare earth elements or Ag can improve the catalytic activity of the catalyst. Based on the density functional theory, many researchers had investigated the adsorption and decomposition mechanisms of N2O on the surfaces of CaO [14], anatase TiO2 [15], Rh6 cluster [16], Ag7Au6 alloy nanocluster [17] and fullerene-like boron nitride nanocage [18]. It is found that these materials can be served as promising catalysts for N2O decomposing to N2 and a dissociated oxygen atom. Sombat et al. [19] explored the catalytic effects of metal organic structure (MOF) M3(BTC)2 (M = Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) on the oxidation of CO by N2O, and found that the order of the catalytic reaction rate is: Cr3(BTC)2 > Fe3(BTC)2 > Co3(BTC)2 > Ni3(BTC)2 > Cu3(BTC)2 < Zn3(BTC)2. The theoretical and experimental study of the decomposition of N2O on the bimetallic catalyst Rh-M (M = Co, Ni, Cu) had been carried by Hao Chen et al. [20], and it showed that the catalytic activity trend of the Rh–M catalyst is determined as Rh7Co1/SBA-15 > Rh/SBA-15 > Rh7Ni1/SBA-15 > Rh7Cu1/SBA-15. Zhang et al. found that Mg, Ce and Zn mixed with Co exhibits a good removal efficiency for N2O [21]. Lin et al. tested the removal efficiency of N2O for the RhOx catalyst, results indicating that Mg doping promoted the removal of N2O to some extent [22]. Li et al. also found that adding MgO on Co3O4–Al2O3 had much higher and stable activity for the N2O decomposition compared with the Co/Al catalyst without MgO modification [23].
Due to its large specific area, high electron mobility (>200,000 cm2∙V−1∙s−1), high thermal conductivity (>4000 W∙m∙K−1) and good tensile strength, graphene has been widely used in the experimental and theoretical studies of the catalyst matrix. Many scholars have studied the catalytic decomposition of N2O on the surfaces of modified graphene in the last decades, and they discovered that adding Fe [24], Ga [25], Al [25,26], Se [27], Si [27,28,29], Pt [30] and ZnO [31] to modify graphene’s properties can be helpful to develop its catalytic effect upon the decomposition of N2O. Graphene oxide (GO) is a kind of graphene derivative, containing an oxygen functional group, which can be prepared by Hummers’ Method, and regarded as a substitute for graphene nanomaterials at low cost [32]. Lv et al. [33] have explored the adsorbing and decomposing process of our N2O molecule on the surfaces of Al-decorated graphene oxide (Al–GO), and they reported that the physically-adsorbed N2O could be decomposed to the N2 molecule and an O atom bonded on Al–GO exothermally (2.33 eV per N2O molecule), the energy barrier of which is 0.5 eV. The decomposition barrier is also decreased monotonously with the increasing electric field, and there is no barrier while the intensity of the positive electric field is 0.5 V/Å. Using the DFT computational method, Mehdi et al. [34] studied the reaction of reducing N2O by CO on the surfaces of the Al atom- or Si atom-decorated graphene oxide (Al–GO or Si–GO), where the results showed that the activation energy of the N2O decomposition process on Al–GO or Si–GO is almost negligible; the product N2 can be easily desorbed from the surface, which indicates that both Al–GO and Si–GO can be served as promising alternatives to enhance the N2O adsorption and decomposition process.
Experimentally, graphene modified by Fe, Ga, Al, Se, Si, Pt and ZnO has been confirmed to have certain catalytic effects on the decomposition of N2O. Mg is a kind of active metal, and Cu and Ag are transient metals, respectively, which can be representative, and have been widely considered as potential elements for catalysts. According to previous studies, it can be concluded that Mg, Cu and Ag are promising materials for N2O decomposition functioning with other elements; if decorated on graphene oxide, some co-effects beneficial to N2O removal can be expected. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is neither any theoretical nor experimental study about the adsorption and decomposition of N2O onto the surfaces of Mg-, Cu- or Ag-decorated graphene oxide. The synergism of Mg, Cu or Ag combining with graphene oxide in N2O removal still remains unclear. In this article, the graphene oxide structure containing a single epoxy function group was selected, and Mg, Cu and Ag atoms were added for decoration, which compose the structure of Mg–GO, Cu–GO and Ag–GO. Furthermore, the adsorption of N2O molecules on the surface of these structures will be explored by the density functional theory.
2. Model and Computational Methods
We performed the geometry optimization calculation by the density functional theory (DFT) of the first principles [35,36], using the DMol3 module in the Materials Studio. The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) method with the Perdew-Burke-Emzerhof (PBE) function was selected for the spin unrestricted DFT-D2 computation [37,38,39,40,41]. In calculations, the double-numeric quality basis set with polarization functions (DNP) was selected, and the core treatment method DFT Semi-core Pseudopots (DSSP) was conducted. The calculation tasks were carried out with the accuracy of coarse-medium-fine, and in the fine accuracy, the convergence of energy and force were 1.0 × 10−5 Ha and 2.0 × 10−3 Ha/Å, respectively. The self-consistent field (SCF) tolerance was 1.0 × 10−6. In the electronic setting and density of state (DOS) calculation setting, the Brillouin zone is sampled with 8 × 8 × 1 k-points and 4 × 4 × 1 k-points under the Monkhorst-Pack scheme, respectively. The supercell of graphene was composed of 5 × 5 repeating units (containing 50 carbon atoms), where the length of crystal lattice parameters a × b × c is 12.30 Å × 12.30 Å × 25.00 Å. The length of the c direction is sufficient to eliminate the effect of the pseudopotential interaction between the adjacent cell systems. The computational formula of the adsorption energy for adsorbate (A) adsorbed on adsorbent (B) is Eads (A) = E (A + B) − E (A) − E (B), in the formula, E (A + B), E (A) and E (B) is the total energy of adsorption structure of A adsorbed on B, adsorbate (A) and adsorbent (B) at 0 K, respectively. The basis set superposition error (BSSE) was not considered, since previous studies have shown that the numerical basis sets implemented in DMol3 can minimize or even eliminate BSSE [28,41,42].
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. N2O Adsorbed on the Surface of GO
The graphene oxide structure in this article contains an epoxy functional group, as showed in Figure 1a. The oxygen atom (O1) was located above the center of the bond of two neighboring carbon atoms (C1, C2), the lengths of O1–C1 bond and O1–C2 bond are both 1.46 Å, the bond angle of ∠O1–C1–C2 and ∠O1–C2–C1 are both 58.7° (listed in Table 1). Compared with the primary graphene, the carbon atoms C1 and C2, which are under the oxygen atom O1 in the graphene oxide, are protruded from the plane of the primary graphene, while the distance between the two atoms and the plane is 0.42 Å. The length of C1–C2 bond is 1.51 Å, which is larger than the carbon–carbon bond length (1.42 Å) in the primary graphene. Figure 1b,c are the structural diagrams of an N2O molecule adsorbed on the surface of graphene oxide through O-end and N-end, respectively. In Figure 1b, the distance between the N2O molecule and oxygen atom (O1) is 2.97 Å, and the adsorption energy of this N2O molecule adsorbed on the surface of graphene oxide is −0.06 eV, while the distance is 3.35 Å and the adsorption energy is −0.03 eV in Figure 1c. It shows that the adsorption of the N2O molecule on the surface of graphene oxide by O-end is slightly stronger than by N-end, and both belong to physisorption. These adsorption energy values are lower than that of N2O molecules adsorbed on the surface of primary graphene, which is −0.07 eV [25]; this phenomenon indicates that the oxygen atom (O1) on graphene oxide weakens the interaction between the N2O molecule and graphene surface. The Hirshfeld charges of N2O, GO, N2O–GO (O-end) and N2O–GO (N-end) are listed in Table 2; the latter two are the structures of N2O molecules adsorbed onto the surface of graphene oxide through O-end and N-end. It can be found that the charge of each atom in N2O and GO does not change obviously before and after the adsorption of N2O on the surface of graphene oxide by O-end or N-end, which indicates that there is no charge transfer between N2O and GO, and means that the interaction between them is weak.
3.2. Mg-, Cu- and Ag-Decorated Graphene Oxide
The top view and side view of the structures of the Mg, Cu and Ag atom-modified graphene oxide (Mg–GO, Cu–GO and Ag–GO) are shown in Figure 2. The detailed structural parameters of Mg–GO, Cu–GO and Ag–GO are listed in Table 1. The bond length of the C1–O1 bond in Mg–GO, Cu–GO and Ag–GO is 1.47 Å, 1.47 Å and 1.45 Å, respectively, which indicates that the differences between bond lengths are small. However, the bond angle of ∠O1–C1–C2 increases from 58.7° to 100°, and the distance between the oxygen atom O1 and the carbon atom C2 is greater than 2.26 Å, indicating that after Mg, Cu or Ag doping, the C2–O1 bond breaks on the surface of graphene oxide. Moreover, the oxygen atom O1 shifts from the top of the center of our C1–C2 bond to the top of the carbon atom C1. Thus, the C1–O1 bond becomes almost perpendicular from inclining to the graphene plane. The lengths of the Mg–O1 bond in Mg–GO, the Cu–O1 bond in Cu–GO, and the Ag–O1 bond in Ag–GO are 1.87 Å, 1.80 Å, and 2.10 Å, respectively. The first two are similar to the length of the Fe–O bond in Fe–GO (1.83 Å), but longer than the length of the Al–O bond in Al–GO (1.70 Å) and the Si–O bond in Si–GO (1.70 Å) [42]. It is clear that the interaction between Ag and O in Ag–GO is the weakest among these metal atoms-decorated graphene oxide, since the length of Ag–O1 bond is the longest. The bond angles of ∠C1–O1–Mg, ∠C1–O1–Cu and ∠C1–O1-Ag are 106.7°, 120.4° and 159.4°, respectively. From the top view in Figure 2, it can be seen that the angle between the Mg–O1 bond and C1–C2 bond is approximately 120°, while the angle between the Cu–O1 bond (or Ag–O1 bond) and C1–C2 bond is approximately 180°. In the side view of Figure 2, the vertical distances between the Mg, Cu and Ag atoms and the graphene plane are marked as 2.71 Å, 3.06 Å and 3.16 Å, respectively.
The adsorption energies of Mg, Cu and Ag atoms adsorbed on the surface of GO are −1.76 eV, −1.84 eV and −1.13 eV, respectively, all belonging to chemisorption. The Hirshfeld charges of atoms or the partial structure in Mg–GO, Cu–GO and Ag–GO are listed in Table S1 in Supplementary Information. It can be found that the charges of the oxygen atom and graphene part in GO increase after doping the Mg, Cu and Ag atoms. Although the adsorption energy of Mg adsorbed on GO and the distance between the Mg atom and O1 atom are both slightly lower than those of Cu, the interaction between the Mg atom and the graphene surface is the strongest among the three metal atoms, because the distance between Mg and the graphene surface is the shortest, and the charge transfer after Mg doping is the strongest.
Figure 3a is the local density of state (LDOS) graph of the Mg–GO structure. It can be seen that there are two peaks at 0.13 eV higher than the Fermi energy for Mg-s (red) and −1.89 eV lower than Fermi energy for O-p (blue).
Both the two peaks contribute to the peak of the corresponding region of the total state density Mg–GO-sum (black), indicating the 3s bands for Mg and 2p bands for the oxygen atom O1 are well bound to yield a set of hybridized p bands, which leads to the formation of an Mg–O1 bond with a length of 1.87 Å. Figure 3b is the LDOS of the Cu–GO structure. There are two peaks at approximately −2.83 eV and −0.88 eV below the Fermi energy for O-p (blue) and a peak at −1.57 eV below the Fermi energy for Cu-d (red). All the three peaks contribute to the peak of the corresponding region of the total density of state density Cu–GO-sum (black), which shows that 3d bands for Cu and 2p bands for the oxygen atom O1 are well hybridized, which results in the formation of the Cu–O1 bond with a length of 1.80Å. Figure 3c is the LDOS of the Ag–GO structure. It can be observed that there is a peak at −3.60 eV below the Fermi energy for Ag-d (red), where a peak appears at the corresponding region for the total density of state density Ag–GO-sum (black). However, there is a peak at −1.20 eV below the Fermi energy for O-p (blue), where no clear peak appears for Ag–GO-sum (black). It indicates that the interaction between Ag and the oxygen atom O1 in GO is not strong.
3.3. N2O Adsorbed on the Surface of M-GO (M = Mg, Cu or Ag)
The adsorption structures of an N2O molecule on the surfaces of Mg–GO, Cu–GO and Ag–GO by O-end or N-end had been optimized, and the final structure is shown in Figure 4. It can be seen from Figure 4a that the structure of the N2O molecule has obvious changes after being adsorbed on the surface of Mg–GO by O-end. The distance between the oxygen atom O2 and the nitrogen atom N1 in the N2O molecule increases from 1.19 Å to 2.99 Å, the N1–O2 bond breaks; the distance between the nitrogen atoms N1 and N2 shortens from 1.14 Å to 1.11 Å, which is close to the length of the triple bond in the nitrogen molecule. It indicates that our N2O molecule is decomposed into an active oxygen atom O2 and an N2 molecule, while being adsorbed on the surface of Mg–GO by O-end. The distance between the oxygen atom O2 and Mg atoms is 1.84 Å, and the length of the Mg–O1 bond in Mg–GO elongates a little, from 1.87 Å to 1.89 Å. Figure 4b is the structure of the N2O molecule adsorbed on the surface of Mg–GO by N-end. As the graph has shown, the lengths of this N1–O2 bond and N1–N2 bond in the N2O molecule both elongate slightly, are 1.21 Å and 1.18 Å, respectively. The angle of ∠N2–N1–O2 changes from 180.0° to 151.0°, and the molecular configuration type is transformed from linear to V-shaped. The distance between the N2O molecule and Mg atom in Mg–GO is 1.99 Å.
The graphs c, d, e and f in Figure 4 are the structures of N2O molecules adsorbed on the surface of Cu–GO and Ag–GO by O-end and N-end respectively. It can be seen from these graphs that there is no obvious change for the N1–O2 bond and N1–N2 bond in the N2O molecule, whether it is absorbed by O-end or N-end on the surfaces of Cu–GO and Ag–GO, and the molecular configuration is still linear. The distances between the N2O molecule and Cu atom in Cu–GO are respectively 1.94 Å and 1.79 Å, while N2O is adsorbed on the surface of Cu–GO by O-end and N-end. The distances between the N2O molecule and the Ag atom in Ag–GO are 2.35 Å and 2.12 Å, respectively, while N2O is adsorbed on the surface of Ag–GO by O-end and N-end. It can be observed in the Figure 4d that the N2O molecule and Cu atom in Cu–GO are roughly in a line after the N2O molecule adsorbed on the surfaces of Cu–GO by N-end.
The Hirshfeld charges of the six adsorption structures N2O–Mg–GO(O-end), N2O–Mg–GO(N-end), N2O–Cu–GO (O-end), N2O–Cu–GO (N-end), N2O–Ag–GO (O-end) and N2O–Ag–GO (N-end) are listed in the Table S1. Comparing the Hirshfeld charges of N2O, Mg–GO and N2O–Mg–GO (O-end), it can be found that after N2O adsorbed on the surface of Mg–GO by O-end, the charge of the oxygen atom O2 becomes −0.492 e from −0.109 e, and the charges of nitrogen atoms N1 and N2 changes from 0.192 e and −0.083 e to 0.065 e and 0.055 e. The charge of the N2O part changes from 0 e to −0.371 e, and charge of the graphene part changes from −0.173 e to 0.204 e, the losing charge amount of which is 0.377 e, while the charge changes of the Mg atom and oxygen atom O1 in Mg–GO are −0.017 e and 0.012 e, respectively, which indicates that the charge is mainly transferred from the graphene surface to the oxygen atom O2 of the N2O molecule, and breaking the N1–O2 bond. According to the Hirshfeld charges of N2O, Mg–GO and N2O–Mg–GO(N-end), it can be seen that the variations of the charges of the O2, N1 and N2 in N2O molecule are 0.021 e, −0.036 e and −0.066 e, respectively. The charge changes of N2O and the Mg atom are −0.081 e and 0.105 e, respectively, while charge changes of the graphene part and oxygen atom O1 are both −0.012 e. Thus, only part of the charges from this Mg atom are transferred to the N2O molecule when the N2O molecule is adsorbed on the surface of Mg–GO by N-end.
By comparing and analyzing the Hirshfeld charges of N2O, Cu–GO, N2O–Cu–GO(O-end) and N2O–Cu–GO (N-end), it can be concluded that the charges of the N2O molecule are both transferred to the Cu atom and graphene part, while the N2O molecule is adsorbed on the surface of Cu–GO through O-end and N-end.
For O-end, the charge transfer amounts of the former are −0.103 e and −0.048 e, and for N-end, those are −0.048 e and −0.018 e; the former are apparently larger than the latter. By analyzing the Hirshfeld charges of N2O, Ag–GO, N2O–Ag–GO (O-end) and N2O–Ag–GO (N-end), it can be seen that while being adsorbed on the surface of Ag–GO by O-end and N-end, the N2O molecule loses charges of 0.13 e or so, 0.1 e of which are transferred to the graphene part, and the rest to the oxygen atom O1, and there is no obvious change for the charges of the Ag atom.
The adsorption energies of the N2O molecule adsorbed on the surfaces of graphene, GO, Mg–GO, Cu–GO and Ag–GO through O-end or N-end are listed in Table 2. As is shown, all the adsorption energy absolute values of N2O molecule adsorbed on the surfaces of Mg–GO, Cu–GO and Ag–GO are larger than 0.4 eV, and belong to chemisorption, which are much stronger than the N2O adsorption on the surfaces of primary graphene and graphene oxide. It indicates that the addition of metal atoms Mg, Cu or Ag on the surface of graphene oxide can improve the adsorption of the N2O molecule on the surface of graphene oxide. The adsorption energy of this N2O molecule adsorbed on the surface of Mg–GO by O-end is close to that of an N2O molecule adsorbed on the surface of Cu–GO by N-end, as can be inferred from Table 2. Compared with on the surfaces of Mg–GO and Cu–GO, the adsorptions of N2O on the surface of Ag–GO are clearly much weaker. The adsorption of N2O on the surface of Ag–GO through O-end belongs to weak chemical adsorption, and the adsorption energy value of N2O on the surface of Ag–GO via N-end is also lower than that of on Mg–GO or Cu–GO, which shows that the effect of adding an Ag atom on the surface of graphene oxide is not as good as adding an Mg atom and Cu atom. Furthermore, according to previous DFT calculations, the adsorption energies of N2O on GO decorated by Fe, Ga, Al, Se, Si, Pt and ZnO are −1.07 eV, −0.27 eV, −0.65 eV, −0.22 eV, −0.18 eV, −0.33 eV and −0.27 eV, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the adsorption of N2O on Mg–GO and Cu–GO can be relatively stable due to its large adsorption energy. For Ag–GO, the adsorption is relatively weak.
Figure 5a,b are the LDOS of the structures N2O–Mg–GO (O-end) and N2O–Mg–GO (N-end), respectively. As shown in Figure 5a, there are two overlapped peaks near the Fermi level and in the region of 1.8–2.8 eV higher than Fermi level, for Mg-sum and O2-p. It indicates that the 3s bands for the Mg atom and 2p bands for the oxygen atom O2 in N2O are well hybridized, which leads to the formation of the Mg–O2 bond with a length of 1.84 Å. However, there is no obvious overlapping peak between the DOS curves for Mg-s and N2O-p in Figure 5b, indicating that no strong interaction appears between the Mg atom and the terminal nitrogen atom N2 in the N2O molecule.
The local density of states of N2O–Cu–GO (O-end) and N2O–Cu–GO (N-end) are showed in Figure 6. It can be seen that there is only an overlapping peak for the DOS curves of Cu-d and N2O-sum, which is at the region of 1.8–2.7 eV higher than Fermi level, in Figure 6a. While in Figure 6b, it can be observed that there are four overlapping peaks for the DOS curves of Cu-d and N2O-sum, two of which are in the region of −12.0~−10.0 eV lower than the Fermi level, while the others are near −5.0 eV lower than and 1.6 eV higher than the Fermi level, respectively. It can be seen that the 3d bands for Cu and the p bands for N2O hybrid well, contributing to the formation of a Cu–N2 bond with a length of 1.79 Å. It indicates that the adsorption of N2O on the surface of Cu–GO by N-end is stronger than that by O-end, and the reason that the adsorption value of the former is larger than that of latter is also explained.
The graphs in Figure 7 are the LDOS of the structures N2O–Ag–GO (O-end) and N2O–Ag–GO (N-end). Observing the DOS curves of Ag-d and N2O-sum, it can be found that there are two overlapping peaks near −5.5 eV lower than the Fermi level and in the region of 2.2~2.8 eV, respectively, which are higher than the Fermi level in Figure 7a. Whereas, no overlapping peak is found in Figure 7b. It shows that that the adsorption of N2O on the surface of Ag–GO by N-end is stronger than that by O-end, and also explains the reason why the distance between N2O and Ag atoms is closer and the adsorption energy is larger when the N2O molecule is adsorbed on the surface of Ag–GO by N-end.
According to above discussion, it can be concluded that the N2O molecule decomposes into N2 and an active oxygen atom O, after being adsorbed on the surface of Mg–GO by O-end. It is the interaction between the N2O molecule and the Mg atom of the GO system that activates the N2O molecule and catalyzes the decomposition of N2O. The desorption energy of N2 from the structure N2–O–Mg–GO is −0.32 eV, and the deformed structure O–Mg–GO has strong oxidizability for the active oxygen atom O, which can be reduced to Mg–GO by reductants, such as CO. The adsorption energy is the highest and the distance between N2O and GO is the nearest. Thus, Mg–GO can be used as a kind of cyclic catalyst for N2O adsorption and decomposition.
3.4. Gibbs Free Energy Analysis
The above analysis showed that the probability of having an N2O molecule adsorbed on the surface of Mg–GO via O-end is larger than that via N-end, while on the surface of Cu–GO, an N2O molecule being adsorbed by the N-end is more likely to occur. The Gibbs free energies of N2O adsorbed on the surfaces of Mg–GO through O-end and Cu–GO through N-end were calculated. The computational formula is: ∆G1 (T) = GN2O-Mg-GO (T) − GMg-GO (T) − GN2O (T) and ∆G2 (T) = GN2O-Cu-GO (T) − GCu-GO (T) − GN2O (T). ∆G1 (T) and ∆G2 (T) are the Gibbs free energies of the adsorption of N2O on the surfaces of Mg–GO through the O-end and Cu–GO through the N-end at the temperature of T, respectively. GN2O-Mg-GO (T), GN2O-Cu-GO (T), GMg-GO (T), GCu-GO (T) and GN2O (T) are Gibbs the free energies of the structures N2O–Mg–GO (O-end), N2O–Cu–GO (N-end), Mg–GO, Cu–GO and N2O at the temperature of T, respectively. The Gibbs free energy formula is G (T) = H (T) – T × S (T), H (T) and S (T) are enthalpy and entropy at the temperature of T, respectively. The calculation results are shown in Figure 8. When│∆G│> 0.4 eV, the adsorption of N2O on the surface is strong, which could be classified as chemisorption; when│∆G│< 0.4 eV, the adsorption of N2O on the surface is weak, which could be seen as physisorption. From Figure 8, it can be found that when the temperature T1 > 482 K = 209 °C, and the Gibbs free energy│∆G1│> 0.4 eV, the adsorption of N2O on the surface of Mg–GO by the O-end is a chemisorption reaction. While for the adsorption of N2O on the surface of Cu–GO by N-end, the temperature T2 > 615 K = 338 °C, and the Gibbs free energy│∆G2│> 0.4 eV. It shows that the temperature range, in which the chemisorption of N2O on the surface of Mg–GO can successfully occur, is larger than that of Cu–GO.
4. Conclusions
In this article, the adsorption of an N2O molecule on the surfaces of Mg-, Cu- or Ag-modified graphene oxide by O-end or N-end had been studied with the density functional theory. The results show that Mg, Cu and Ag modification have different effects for N2O catalytic decomposition. Compared to N-end, the adsorption of the N2O molecule on the surface of Mg–GO by O-end is more likely to occur, whose adsorption energy is −1.47 eV. After adsorption, an N2O molecule will decompose into an N2 molecule and an active oxygen atom, the latter is in the structure O–Mg–GO, which can be reduced by reductants to Mg–GO. While on the surface of Cu–GO, the N2O molecule is more likely to be adsorbed through the N-end, the adsorption energy is −1.40 eV, and there is no change for the configuration of this N2O molecule during the adsorption. According the Gibbs free energy analysis, the minimum temperature for the chemisorption of N2O on the surface of Mg–GO by O-end is 209 °C, and that of Cu–GO by the N-end is 338 °C. Therefore, Mg–GO can be used as a catalyst for N2O adsorption and decomposition. Cu–GO can be used as a candidate material for its strong adsorption to N2O.
Supplementary Materials
The following are available online at
Author Contributions
software, X.C., Y.Y. and H.J.; writing—original draft preparation, Z.L.; writing—review and editing, L.Z. and B.B.; project administration, Z.L.; funding acquisition, L.Z.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank National Natural Science Foundation of China (51876060, 51676070) for financial support.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Figures and Tables
Enlarge this image.Figure 1. Structure of (a) graphene oxide (GO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) adsorbed on the surface of GO by (b) O-end and (c) N-end.
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. Top view and side view of the optimized structure of Mg–GO (a), Cu–GO (b) and Ag–GO (c).
Enlarge this image.Figure 4. The adsorption structures of N2O adsorbed on the surface of Mg–GO (a,b), Cu–GO (c,d) and Ag–GO (e,f) by O-end or N-end.
Enlarge this image.Figure 5. LDOS of N2O–Mg–GO (O-end) (a) and N2O–Mg–GO (N-end) (b).(The enlarged part a of Figure 5 is shown in the Supplementary Information 1.)
Enlarge this image.Figure 6. LDOS of N2O–Cu–GO (O-end) (a) and N2O–Cu–GO (N-end) (b).(The enlarged part b and c of Figure 6 are shown in the Supplementary Information 2 and 3, especially.)
Enlarge this image.Figure 7. LDOS of N2O–Ag–GO (O-end) (a) and N2O–Ag–GO (N-end) (b).(The enlarged part d of Figure 7 is shown in the Supplementary Information 4.)
Enlarge this image.Figure 8. Gibbs free energy of N2O adsorbed on the surface of Mg–GO by O-end (∆G1, blue line) and Cu–GO by N-end (∆G2, red line).
Structural parameters of GO and M–GO (M = Mg, Cu or Ag).
| System | Bond Length/Å | Bond Angle/° | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C1–O1 | C2–O1 | M–O1 | ∠C2–C1–O1 | ∠C1–C2–O1 | ∠C1–O1–M | |
| GO | 1.46 | 1.46 | - | 58.7 | 58.7 | - |
| Mg–GO | 1.47 | 2.35 | 1.87 | 105.0 | 37.0 | 106.7 |
| Cu–GO | 1.47 | 2.28 | 1.80 | 100.3 | 39.4 | 120.4 |
| Ag–GO | 1.45 | 2.26 | 2.10 | 100.1 | 39.1 | 159.4 |
Adsorption energy of N2O on the surface of graphene, GO and M–GO (M = Ag, Mg or Cu).
| System | Graphene | GO | Mg–GO | Cu–GO | Ag–GO | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N2O adsorption energy/eV | O-end | −0.07 [33] | −0.06 | −1.40 | −0.82 | −0.45 |
| N-end | −0.07 [33] | −0.03 | −0.83 | −1.47 | −0.66 | |
© 2019 by the authors.
Details
; Hong-zhang, Jia 1 ; Bao-quan Bai 1 ; Zhao, Li 2 1 School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
2 National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China