1. Introduction
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-dependent chronic neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the presence of extracellular senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, as well as synaptic dysfunction and neuronal cell death. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 35.6 million people were diagnosed with dementia in 2010, and the number is projected to double every 20 years. The overall cost for dementia worldwide has been estimated at approximately 604 billion U.S. dollars [1].
Although the cause of AD remains in debate, β-amyloid cascade hypothesis (Aβ hypothesis) or its modified version is the most widely accepted pathological mechanism according to genetic and pathological evidence among many mechanisms. Aβ, a peptide consisting of 37–43 amino acids, is proposed as aggregating into soluble oligomers and fibrils, which are toxic to neurons, causing neuronal death. Another protein, tau, can also be a causative factor independently, presumably acting downstream of Aβ aggregation [2,3,4].
Aβ is generated by the sequential endoproteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP), a transmembrane protein expressed in many tissues and organs, by β-secretase (BACE1, also known as β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1) and γ-secretases subsequently in the brain [5].
Thus, the key enzyme BACE1 involved in the generation of Aβ has been regarded as an attractive AD drug target for about two decades. Many different chemotypes of BACE1 inhibitors have been developed [6]. Although some BACE1 inhibitors have advanced to clinical research, none of them have finished the phase Ⅲ clinical trial due to diverse side effects and/or lack of effectiveness [7].
The failure of these clinical trials, including the most recent discontinuation of AstraZeneca/Eli Lilly’s Lanabecestat in phase III clinical trial, proposed that the early intervention of AD, even without any symptoms, may be necessary for the success of the BACE1 inhibitors [8,9]. The kickoff of prevention trial with BACE1 inhibitor CNP250 represents a new trend in BACE1 inhibitor development [10].
The side effects have arisen from, at least for some of the BACE1 inhibitor drug candidates, the indiscriminately blocking of almost all functions and substrate cleavages related to BACE1 by the active site inhibitors [11].
Unlike competitive inhibitors targeting enzyme active site, non-competitive inhibitors binding to allosteric sites may selectively inhibit specific functions of an enzyme, resulting in less side effects [12].
In our previous work [13], luteolin (1) and p-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (2) (Figure 1) were found to simultaneously bind different parts of BACE1 protein by STD-NMR experiment [14]. We designed the conjugates to link two segments through proper linkage to improve the potency. Conjugate 3 (Figure 1) was found in our previous work as a potent, cell-permeable, and non-competitive inhibitor. In this work, an extensive modification of 3 was designed and performed to optimize it so as to find BACE inhibitors with optimal drug-like properties.
In this paper, we first probed the different positions in flavonoid segment for conjugation of cinnamoyl segment, in order to avoid the possibly imprecise information derived from STD-NMR. After the C-7 position of flavone segment was confirmed as the optimal position among all conjugates in Series Ⅰ, we further designed and prepared Series Ⅱ and Series Ⅲ compounds to optimize the linker and substituents in the cinnamoyl segment of the conjugate (Figure 2).
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Design, Synthesis, and Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Series Ⅰ Compounds
Although in our previous work [13] a cell permeable BACE1 inhibitor 3 was discovered with the STD-NMR, we wished in this study to probe various positions in 1 (including 3′, 4′, 3, 6, and 8 positions) for direct conjugation of 2 or through ethylene glycol linkers, to avoid the possibly misleading of imprecise STD-NMR data.
In general, our designed conjugates consisted of a flavone segment, a linker, and a cinnamoyl segment. However, the synthetic routes and the choice of starting material varied to a great extent for the different conjugates.
Most luteolin analogs with hydroxyl at different positions as the flavone segment for conjugation are not commercially available, and thus were assembled from the simple starting materials aromatic aldehyde and aromatic ketone with different substituting groups, through condensation, to form chalcone structure under basic conditions, cyclized to dihydroflavone under heating conditions, and then oxidized to flavonoids with I2/pyridine under heating conditions (Scheme 1 and Supplementary Materials).
For the synthesis of conjugate 4j, the flavone segment quercertin (3-OH substituted luteolin) was prepared by de-glycosylation of a natural compound rutin (auercetin-3-rutinoside). At first, per-benzylated rutin (14) was subjected to acid hydrolysis due to the poor stability of rutin under acidic condition. Then, ethylene glycol linker was attached to 3-OH to afford 17. The switch of benzyl-protecting groups in 17 to methoxymethyl group in combination of the removal of temperorary silyl protection of 3-O-ethylene-ol over two steps furnished 20, which was ready for the 3-O-conjugation of cinnamoyl side chain. The switch of protecting group was intended to avoid the stringent deprotection conditions at the final stage of target compound preparation (Scheme 2).
The terminal hydroxyl group in 20 was esterified with 4″-acetyl cinnamic acid by activated ester method, and then the acetyl in 21 was successively removed under alkaline condition and MOM groups under acidic condition to afford desired conjugates 4j (Scheme 3).
As seen from Table 1, the BACE1 inhibition of conjugates 4a–i with p-hydroxy-cinnamic acid attached to C-3′ and -4′ of 1, no matter what the linker was, and was weaker than the conjugation to other positions of 1. Respectively, the inhibitory effect of conjugates 4j, 4k, and 4l attached to C-3, C-6, and C-8 were stronger than C-3′ and -4′ conjugates but weaker than the C-7 conjugate, 3. Conjugate 4k was weaker than the flavone segment 1 (without conjugation of 2). The above results demonstrated the C-7 in flavone segment as the optimal conjugation position, consistent with optimization based on STD-NMR.
[Figure omitted. See PDF]
In addition, the acetyl group reduced inhibitory activity for all pairs of compounds (4a vs. 4b, 4c vs. 4d, 4g vs. 4h), suggesting the terminal phenol group may play a role in the enzyme inhibition.
2.2. Design, Synthesis, and Activity of Series Ⅱ Compounds
In the previous study [13], conjugates with one to four glycols units as linkers were tested, and compound with one glycol unit (i.e., in 3) was found to be the optimal. Here, we replaced glycol linkers by other polymethylene diols, trying to optimize the length of linker more carefully (Figure 3).
For the synthesis of Series Ⅱ compounds, the di-phenol groups on the C ring of 1 were protected with diphenylmethylidene to prepare 23. The preparation of different hydroxyalkyl-7-luteolin could be realized by the treatment of 23 with TBS-O-hydroxyalkyl tosylate- under K2CO3/acetone, except for butylene diol, in which case the reagent 4-hydroxybutyl 1-tosylate was subjected to intramolecular reaction to furnish tetrahydrofuran under the basic condition, possibly due to high reactivity of the OTs group. Thus, 4-TBS-O-butyl bromide was applied to this conjugation and the key intermediate 24 successfully prepared. After the removal of silyl protective group in 24, the terminal hydroxyl group in 25 was esterified with 4″-acetyl cinnamic acid in the presence of EDCI to furnish 26, which was then deprotected under acidic conditions to afford desired conjugates 5a–f (Scheme 4).
To explore the effect of the length of polymethylene diol linker in the conjugates, a series of conjugates 5a–f with different length of linkers as well as 5g without linker were prepared.
In general, the inhibitory activity of conjugates 5a–f decreased as the length of linker increased (Table 2). Although conjugate 5a bearing the shortest length of linker in the series was the most active, its IC50 was still lower than 3 bearing ethylene glycol linker. Thus, we adhered to the ethylene glycol linker in the next round of optimization.
2.3. Design, Synthesis, and Activity of Series Ⅲ Compounds
2.3.1. Design, Synthesis, and Enzyme Inhibition Activity of Series Ⅲ Compounds
Next, we tried to optimize the other segment (i.e., cinnamoyl segment) in the conjugate, through replacing the p-hydroxy by other substituents on phenyl ring, and the phenyl, by heterocycles and cyclohexane (Figure 4, Table 3 and Figure 5). In addition, the ester bond between the cinnamoyl segment and the linker was replaced by amide group to make this possibly labile bond more stable (Figure 5).
The general synthetic routes of Series Ⅲ compounds were much similar to Series Ⅱ. It should be noted that the acyl chloride method was chosen for compound 7b, 7d, and 7o when the ester bond compounds were prepared (Scheme 5).
As shown in Table 4, conjugate 7k with pyridine in placement of phenol exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 0.15 μM in the series, with an approximate 10-fold enhancement compared with the flavone segment 1 or conjugate 3. It is worth noting that many conjugates exhibited an inhibition rate of approximately 60% at 10 μM, while possessing 50% inhibition even at low concentration (e.g., 7k, 7l with IC50s of 0.1–0.2 μM). It was difficult to reach the maximum inhibition rate of 80–90% even at 20 μM or 50 μM. An S-curve for IC50 calculation of several compounds is shown in the Supplementary Materials.
The structure activity relationship (SAR) for Series III can be summarized as follows: (1) The hydroxy on ring B of flavone segment was necessary for activity (possibly through hydrogen bonding). The inhibitory activity of conjugates decreased obviously when the hydroxy was replaced by hydrogen or other groups (3 vs. 6). (2) The hydroxy on the benzene ring of cinnamoyl segment was also important. The inhibitory activity of conjugates decreased when the hydroxy was replaced by other non-polar substituents, or by methylation or esterification (3, 7b, 7c, 7d vs. 7a, 7i, 7q). However, the position and number of hydroxyls did not have a significant impact on the activity (7b, 7c vs. 3). (3) The derivatives with aromatic heterocyclic showed favorable activity, especially the compound with pyridine ring. (4) When the aromatic or heteroaromatic ring (7k–7l, 7n–7p) was replaced by cyclohexyl group (7m), the activity decreased significantly.
2.3.2. Cytotoxicity of Series Ⅲ Compounds
It is crucial for the BACE1 inhibitors to exert their activities at sub-toxic concentration, and thus their cytotoxicity was assessed in HEK293 cells by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays (Table 5). Among the compounds, 7a, 7h, 7q, 7k, and 8 were the least cytotoxic (IC50 > 100 μM), and 7c and 7p were weak cytotoxic (IC50 = 90 µM). Unfortunately, there was no obvious relationship between the structures and their cytotoxicity.
2.3.3. Enzyme Inhibition in Cells
To assess the cellular BACE1 inhibitory activity of the conjugates, 7a–d, 7i, and 7k were incubated in APP overexpressing HEK293 cells and their inhibition on the three main Aβ species Aβ-38, Aβ-40, and Aβ-42—the main amyloidogenic peptides produced by BACE1 cleavage of APP peptide—was measured by an ELISA-like immunoassay method. Aβ levels were normalized to the protein concentration in the lysate in order to rule out differences in total cell number per well of the culture plate. Additionally, the normalized Aβ level was set to 100% for the DMSO-treated control.
The Aβ levels upon treatment of different compounds are shown in Figure 6 (Aβ-42) and the Supplementary Materials (Aβ-38 and Aβ-40). At the higher concentrations (10, 25, and 50 µM), 7b–d and 1 dose-dependently reduced Aβ levels. It is worth noting that 7c showed an obvious inhibition Aβ-42 level at 25 µM. However, 7i and 7k did not reduce Aβ levels, and even increased Aβ-42 levels.
2.3.4. Enzyme Kinetics Experiment and Enzyme Selectivity
We are interested to know if the most active conjugates derived from 1 and 3 will keep or change their non-competitive mode of inhibition. The Dixon plot was used to determine the kinetics of 4l, 7c, and 7k inhibiting BACE1. As shown in Figure 7, the three lines that stand for different substrate concentration intersect on the x-axis, demonstrating that 7c was a non-competitive inhibitor with a Ki value of 1.2 µM, and that 4l and 7k were in mix-competitive mode (Supplementary Materials).
As BACE1 is a member of aspartyl protease family, its selective inhibition over other closely related proteases is required to avoid possible severe side effects. We measured the inhibition of 7c, 7k, and 8 on BACE-2 and renin, and found 7c and 7k showed very good selectivity (ca. 2–3 orders of magnitude) on BACE1 over BACE2 and renin (Table 6).
To assess the potential of these conjugates as CNS drug candidates, the ability to cross the BBB (blood-brain barrier) is worthy evaluation. Thus, we calculated cLogP and BBB penetration for several representative conjugates by an open source software [16]. The result (Figure S2) showed that some of them (e.g., 7k) may have the ability to cross the BBB.
In summary, the extensive optimization of flavone-cinnamic acid conjugates revealed some more potent BACE1 inhibitors including 7c and 7k. On the basis of the analysis of multiple bioassay data, 7c exhibited improved activity and weaker toxicity in cells, demonstrating an improvement from the starting point of this work, conjugate 3. Moreover, 7c also showed non-competitive mode of BACE1 inhibition and selectivity over other related enzymes such as BACE2 and renin, suggesting it may retain the selective inhibition of BACE1 as an allosteric inhibitor to facilitate the reduction of APP processing and spare other BACE1 functions. Combining the computational result of LogP and BBB-penetrating ability, it was demonstrated that such a conjugate may be served as a drug candidate for AD therapy, and in-depth PD (pharmacodynamic) and PK (pharmacokinetic) studies in animals are warranted.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemical Synthesis
In this part, the preparation for representative conjugates are shown. Other compounds and also the NMR and mass spectrometry (MS) data for structural characterization for all compounds are included in the Supplementary Materials.
3.1.1. General Methods
All chemicals and reagents were purchased from Beijing Innochem Science and Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China), Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China), and thin-layer chromatography (TCI). The 200–300 mesh silica gel used for flash column chromatography was purchased from Rushanshi Shuangbang Xincailiao Co. Ltd. (Rushan, Shandong, China). Visualization on TLC (analytical thin layer chromatography) was achieved by the use of UV light (254 and 365 nm). All solvents were purified and dried according to the standard procedures. The purification was performed on flash column chromatography. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis was carried out in an Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC system (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) equipped with a reversed phase 4.68 × 50 mm (1.8 µm) XDB-C18 Column and consisted of a binary solvent delivery system, an auto sampler, a column temperature controller, and a UV detector. The mass spectra were acquired by a 6120 Quadrupole LC-MS mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) connected to the HPLC system via an ESI interface. Proton and carbon magnetic resonance spectra (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) were recorded on a Bruker BioSpin AG 300 or 400 MHz spectrometer or Varian 400, 500, or 600 MHz spectrometer. 1H-NMR data were reported as follows: chemical shifts, multiplicity (s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, m = multiplet), coupling constant(s) in Hz, integration. All tested compounds 4a–l, 5a–g, 6, 7a–q, and 8 were ≥95% pure by HPLC (column C18 4.6 × 250 mm 5 µm, mobile phase: acetonitrile–water (70:30 or 80:20 or 90:10 in 10 min), flow rate 1.0 mL/min, detected at 254 nm).
3.1.2. Synthesis of Compound 4j
7-(benzyloxy)-2-(3,4-bis(benzyloxy)phenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one (16): To a solution of rutin (610 mg, 1 mmol) in DMF (30 mL), BnBr (684 mg, 4 mmol) and K2CO3 (552 mg, 4 mmol) were added. The solution was stirred at 50 °C for 3 h. Water (100 mL) was added, and the solution was cooled to 0 °C for overnight. The solid 15 was collected by suction filtration and dissolved in 95% alcohol (20 mL), and hydrochloric acid (3 mL) was added. After stirring for 2 h at 70 °C, solid was precipitated in the solution. Then, compound 16 (740 mg, 84%) was collected by suction filtration after the solution was cooled to r.t.
7-(benzyloxy)-2-(3,4-bis(benzyloxy)phenyl)-3-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethoxy)-5-hydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one (17): To a solution of 16 (147 mg, 0.26 mmol) in DMF (5 mL), K2CO3 (54 mg, 0.39 mmol) and (2-bromoethoxy)(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane (93 mg, 0.39mmol) were added. After stirring at 80 °C for 12 h, water (20 mL) was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (25 mL × 2). The organic layer was gathered, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 10:1) to give 17 as yellow solids (101 mg, 52.7%).
3-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethoxy)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one (18): To a mixture of 17 (100 mg, 0.14 mmol) and Pd/C (150 mg) in THF (5 mL) and ethanol (5 mL), 1,4-cyclohexadiene (659 μL, 7 mmol) was added. After stirring at 80 °C for 12 h, the solution was concentrated in vacuo after suction filtration. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone/THF = 9:2:1) to give 18 as yellow solids (49 mg, 78.6%).
2-(3,4-bis(methoxymethoxy)phenyl)-3-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethoxy)-5-hydroxy-7-(methoxymethoxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (19): The starting material 18 (310 mg, 0.67 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (5 mL), and MOMCl (0.18 mL, 2.16 mmol) was added at −10 °C. After 10 mins stirring, DIEA (0.44 mL, 2.16 mmol) was added slowly and the suspension heated to 0 °C. Saturated sodium bicarbonate (10 mL) was added to quench reaction after 1 h. The dichloromethane layer was separated, then the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL). The organic phase was merged, then washed with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/acetone = 10:1) to give 19 as yellow solids (230 mg, 57.4%).
2-(3,4-bis(methoxymethoxy)phenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-7-(methoxymethoxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (20): A solution of compound 19 (230 mg, 0.39 mmol) and CsF (304 mg, 2 mmol) in dry DMF (2 mL) was heated to 100 °C for 2 h. The resulting mixture was diluted with water (5 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL × 3). The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/acetone = 5:1) to give 20 as yellow solid (154 mg, 83.0%).
2-((2-(3,4-bis(methoxymethoxy)phenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-(methoxymethoxy)-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)oxy)ethyl (E)-3-(4-acetoxyphenyl)acrylate (21): To a solution of 4-acetoxycinnamic acid (41 mg, 0.2 mmol) in THF (1 mL), EDCI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol), DMAP (6 mg, 0.05 mmol), and Et3N (45 μL, 0.3 mmol) were added. Then, 16a (27 mg, 0.066 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added under nitrogen. The solution was stirred at r.t. for 12 h. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 3:1) to give 21 as white solid (24 mg, 45.0%).
2-((2-(3,4-bis(methoxymethoxy)phenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-(methoxymethoxy)-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)oxy)ethyl (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylate (22): Compound 21 (24 mg, 0.036 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of CH2Cl2 (1 mL) and a K2CO3 (1.38 mg, 0.01 mmol) MeOH solution (1 mL) was added under argon at room temperature. After stirring for 12 h, the resulting mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography (DCM/acetone = 30:1) to give 22 as yellow solid (12 mg, 56.2%).
2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)oxy)ethyl(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylate (4j): To a solution of 22 (12 mg, 0.019 mmol) in 0.2 mL acetone, 38% HCl/AcOH (v/v = 1:15, 1.8 mL) mixture was added at room temperature. The solution was stirred at room temperature. After 24 h, yellow solid precipitated and the precipitate was filtered off, washed with water, and dried to give 4j (5.1 mg, 53.5%) as yellow solid.
3.1.3. Synthesis of Compound 5a–f
Luteolin 3’,4’-O-diphenylmethylidene (23): Dichlorodiphenylmethane (20 μL, 1.1 mmol) was added to a stirred mixture of luteolin (20 mg, 0.07 mmol) in diphenyl ether (1.4 mL), and the reaction mixture was heated at 165 °C for 2.5 h. After being cooled to room temperature, the reaction solution was poured into petroleum ether (20 mL), and the precipitation was filtered and washed with petroleum ether. The filter residue was dissolved into acetone, and the resulting solution was concentrated and purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 4:1) to give 45 as yellow solid (22 mg, 70%).
7-(4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)butoxy)-2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one (24): TBSCl (452 mg, 3.0 mmol) and imidazole (204 mg, 3.0 mmol) were added to a solution of 4- bromobutanol (300 mg, 2.0 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) at room temperature. After stirring overnight, the resulting mixture was poured into ice-water, and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and NaCl successively, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give Br(CH2)4OTBS crude. The crude was dissolved in acetone (3 mL), then 23 (225 mg, 0.5 mmol) and K2CO3 (276 mg, 2 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was then refluxed overnight and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/acetone = 7:1) to give 24 as yellow solid (136 mg, 42.8%).
2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-7-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (25a): Potassium carbonate (143 mg, 1.0 mmol) was added to a solution of 23 (315 mg, 0.7 mmol) and TsO(CH2)3OH (230 mg, 1.0 mmol) in CH3CN (4 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then refluxed overnight. The resulting mixture was poured into ice-water, adjusted to neutral pH with aqueous HCl (5%), and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/acetone = 5:1) to give 25a as yellow solid (218 mg, 34.2%).
2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-7-((5-hydroxypentyl)oxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (25c): Compound 25c (60 mg, 27.8%) was synthesized from TsO(CH2)5OH (104 mg, 0.4 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 25a, obtained as yellow solid.
2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-7-((6-hydroxyhexyl)oxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (25d): Compound 25d (132 mg, 47.5%) was synthesized from TsO(CH2)6OH (133 mg, 0.49 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 25a, obtained as yellow solid.
2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-7-((8-hydroxyoctyl)oxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (25e): Compound 25e (237 mg, 55.3 %) was synthesized from TsO(CH2)8OH (288 mg, 0.96 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 25a, obtained as yellow solid.
2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-7-((10-hydroxydecyl)oxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (25f): Compound 25f (212 mg, 49.9%) was synthesized from TsO(CH2)10OH (340 mg, 1.04 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 25a, obtained as yellow solid.
2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-7-(4-hydroxybutoxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (25b): HF (743 μL, 17.1 mmol) and pyridine (1.4 mL, 17.1 mmol) were added to a solution of 24 (36 mg, 0.057 mmol) in MeCN (1 mL) at room temperature. After stirring overnight, the reaction was quenched by 1N hydrochloric acid, and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and NaCl successively, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 25b (24 mg, 80.7%) as yellow solid.
(E)-3-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)propyl 3-(4-acetoxyphenyl)acrylate (26a): Compound 26a (34 mg, 24.4%) was synthesized from 25a (101 mg, 0.2 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 17. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 5:1) to give 26a as yellow solids.
(E)-4-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)butyl 3-(4-acetoxyphenyl)acrylate (26b): Compound 26b (19 mg, 58.1%) was synthesized from 25b (24 mg, 0.046 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 17. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/DCM/acetone = 10:10:1) to give 25b as yellow solids.
(E)-5-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)pentyl 3-(4-acetoxyphenyl)acrylate (26c): Compound 26c (17 mg, 36.1%) was synthesized from 25c (35 mg, 0.065 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 17. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/DCM/acetone = 10:10:1) to give 26c as yellow solids.
(E)-6-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)hexyl 3-(4-acetoxyphenyl)acrylate (26d): Compound 26d (35 mg, 33.8%) was synthesized from 25d (75 mg, 0.14 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 17. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/DCM/acetone = 10:10:1) to give 26d as yellow solids.
(E)-8-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)octyl 3-(4-acetoxyphenyl)acrylate (26e): Compound 26e (52 mg, 40.1%) was synthesized from 25e (100 mg, 0.17 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 17. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/DCM/THF = 20:20:3) to give 26e as yellow solids.
(E)-10-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)decyl 3-(4-acetoxyphenyl)acrylate (26f): Compound 26f (44 mg, 30.7%) was synthesized from 25f (110 mg, 0.18 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 17. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/DCM/THF = 20:20:3) to give 26f as yellow solids.
(E)-3-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)propyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylate (5a): Compound 5a (12 mg, 48.9%) was synthesized from 26a (34 mg, 0.05 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 4j. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (chloroform/methanol = 35:1) to give 5a as yellow solids.
(E)-4-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)butyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylate (5b): Compound 5b (5.2 mg, 36.8%) was synthesized from 26b (19 mg, 0.028 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 5a, to give 5b as yellow solids.
(E)-5-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)pentyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylate, (5c): Compound 5c (5.1 mg, 42.8%) was synthesized from 26c (17 mg, 0.023 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 5a, to give 5c as yellow solids.
(E)-6-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)hexyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylate (5d): Compound 5d (6.9 mg, 27.6%) was synthesized from 26d (35 mg, 0.047 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 5a, to give 5d as yellow solids.
(E)-8-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)octyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylate (5e): Compound 5e (8.2 mg, 29.3%) was synthesized from 26e (38 mg, 0.05 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 5a, to give 5e as yellow solids.
(E)-10-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)decyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylate (5f): Compound 5f (7.3 mg, 27.6%) was synthesized from 26f (36 mg, 0.045 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 5a, to give 5f as yellow solids.
3.1.4. Synthesis of Compound 7a–q
2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-7-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (27): Compound 27 (195 mg, 57%) was synthesized from 23 according to the procedure used to prepare 25a. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (CH2Cl2/acetone = 10:1) to give 27 as yellow solids.
2-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl cinnamate (28a): Compound 28a (28 mg, 57.6%) was synthesized from 27 (40 mg, 0.08 mmol) and cinnamic acid (35 mg, 0.24 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 21. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 5:1) to give 28a as yellow solids.
(E)-2-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(2-acetoxyphenyl)acrylate (28b): To a solution of 2-acetoxycinnamic acid (54 mg, 0.26 mmol) in dichloroethane (5 mL), SOCl2 (100 μL, 2.6 mmol) and DMF (1d) were added. The solution was stirred at 80 °C for 1 h, the organic solvent was removed under vacuum, and the residue dissolved in dry CH2Cl2 (4 mL). Pyridine (31 μL, 0.38 mmol) was added at 0 °C, then 27 (64 mg, 0.13 mmol) was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was transferred to r.t. and stirred for 4 h. The organic solvent was washed with 1M hydrochloric acid and brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 5:1) to give 28b as yellow solid (58 mg, 50.3%).
(E)-2-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(3-acetoxyphenyl)acrylate (28c): Compound 28c (48 mg, 35.2%) was synthesized from 27 (100 mg, 0.2 mmol) and 3-acetoxycinnamic acid (124 mg, 0.6 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 21. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 5:1) to give 28c as yellow solids.
(E)-4-(3-(2-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethoxy)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-1,2-phenylene diacetate (28d): Compound 28d (24 mg, 46.3%) was synthesized from 27 (35 mg, 0.07 mmol) and 3,4-diacetoxycinnamic acid (28 mg, 0.11 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 28b. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 4:1) to give 28d as yellow solids.
(E)-2-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(4-fluorophenyl)acrylate (28e): Compound 28e (37 mg, 44.3%) was synthesized from 27 (64 mg, 0.13 mmol) and 4-fluorocinnamic acid (65 mg, 0.39 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 21. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 5:1) to give 28e as white solids.
(E)-2-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(4-chlorophenyl)acrylate (28f): Compound 28f (44 mg, 55.6%) was synthesized from 27 (60 mg, 0.12 mmol) and 4-chlorocinnamic acid (66 mg, 0.36 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 21. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 5:1) to give 28f as yellow solids.
(E)-2-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(4-nitrophenyl)acrylate (28g): Compound 28g (34 mg, 55.8%) was synthesized from 27 (45 mg, 0.09mmol) and 4-nitrocinnamic acid (52 mg, 0.27 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 21. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 5:1) to give 28g as white solids.
(E)-2-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)acrylate (28h): Compound 28h (24 mg, 45.1%) was synthesized from 27 (40 mg, 0.08 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminocinnamic acid (46 mg, 0.24 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 21. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 5:1) to give 28h as white solids.
(E)-2-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylate (28i): Compound 28i (44 mg, 42.1%) was synthesized from 27 (80 mg, 0.16 mmol) and 4-methoxycinnamic acid (86 mg, 0.48 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 21. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 5:1) to give 28i as yellow solids.
(E)-2-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)acrylate (28j): Compound 28j (31 mg, 48.4%) was synthesized from 27 (51 mg, 0.1 mmol) and 4-tert-butylcinnamic acid (61 mg, 0.3 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 21. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 5:1) to give 28j as white solids.
(E)-2-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylate (28k): Compound 28k (63 mg, 63.0%) was synthesized from 27 (80 mg, 0.16 mmol) and (E)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid (46 mg, 0.48mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 21. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 3:1) to give 28k as yellow solids.
(E)-2-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(furan-3-yl)acrylate (28l): Compound 28l (36 mg, 36.6%) was synthesized from 27 (80 mg, 0.16 mmol) and (E)-3-(furan-3-yl)acrylic acid (66 mg, 0.48 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 21. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 5:1) to give 28l as white solids.
(E)-2-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-cyclohexylacrylate (28m): Compound 28m (43 mg, 42.7%) was synthesized from 27 (80 mg, 0.16 mmol) and (E)-3-cyclohexylacrylic acid (74 mg, 0.48 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 21. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/DCM/acetone = 20:20:1) to give 28m as yellow solids.
(E)-2-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)acrylate (28n): Compound 28n (42 mg, 81.6%) was synthesized from 27 (41 mg, 0.08 mmol) and 3-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanoic acid (41 mg, 0.24 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 21. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 4:1) to give 28m as yellow solids.
2-((2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 4-acetoxybenzoate (28o): Compound 28o (24 mg, 53.7%) was synthesized from 27 (31 mg, 0.07 mmol) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (29 mg, 0.21 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 28b. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 5:1) to give 28o as yellow solids.
(E)-2-(2-(2,2-diphenylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yloxy)ethyl 3-(4-acetoxyphenyl)acrylate (28q): Compound 28q (76 mg, 55.7%) was synthesized from 27 (100 mg, 0.2 mmol) and 4-acetoxycinnamic acid (124 mg, 0.6 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 21. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE/acetone = 5:1) to give 28q as yellow solids.
2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl cinnamate (7a): 28a (9 mg, 0.015 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of acetone (0.1 mL) and 38% HCl/AcOH (v/v = 1:15, 0.5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The resulting mixture was poured into ice-water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (DCM/MeOH = 50:1) to give 7a as yellow solid (2.4 mg, 32.6%).
(E)-2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(2-acetoxyphenyl)acrylate (7b): Compound 7b (26.7 mg, 75.8%) was synthesized from 28b (49 mg, 0.072 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 7a, obtained as brown solids.
(E)-2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(3-acetoxyphenyl)acrylate (7c): Compound 7c (12.8 mg, 45.6%) was synthesized from 28c (40 mg, 0.059 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 7a, obtained as yellow solids.
(E)-4-(3-(2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethoxy)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-1,2-phenylene diacetate (7d): Compound 7d (2.2 mg, 37.3%) was synthesized from 28d (6 mg, 0.012 mmol), according to the procedure used to prepare 7a. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (DCM/MeOH = 20:1) to give 7d as white solids.
(E)-2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(4-fluorophenyl)acrylate (7e): Compound 7e (9.3 mg, 62.7%) was synthesized from 28e (23 mg, 0.031 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 7a, obtained as light-yellow solids.
(E)-2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(4-chlorophenyl)acrylate (7f): Compound 7f (26 mg, 87.7%) was synthesized from 28f (40 mg, 0.06 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 7a without post process, obtained as white solids.
(E)-2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(4-nitrophenyl)acrylate (7g): Compound 7g (4.1 mg, 63.5%) was synthesized from 28g (9 mg, 0.013 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 7a, obtained as white solids.
(E)-2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)acrylate (7h): Compound 7h (5.1 mg, 49.7%) was synthesized from 28h (15 mg, 0.02 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 7a, obtained as yellow solids.
(E)-2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylate (7i): Compound 7i (18.8 mg, 57.3%) was synthesized from 28i (44 mg, 0.067 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 7a, obtained as white solids
(E)-2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)acrylate (7j): Compound 7j (8.8 mg, 46.3%) was synthesized from 28j (25 mg, 0.037 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 7a, obtained as white solids.
(E)-2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylate (7k): Compound 7k (12 mg, 57.3%) was synthesized from 28k (20 mg, 0.067 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 7a, obtained as yellow solids.
(E)-2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(furan-3-yl)acrylate (7l): Compound 7l (4.4 mg, 42.5%) was synthesized from 28l (14 mg, 0.023 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 7a, obtained as light-yellow solids.
(E)-2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-cyclohexylacrylate (7m): Compound 7m (19.2 mg, 60.6%) was synthesized from 28m (43 mg, 0.068 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 7a, obtained as white solids.
(E)-2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)acrylate (7n): Compound 7n (14.2 mg, 59.2%) was synthesized from 28n (32 mg, 0.05 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 7a, obtained as yellow solids.
2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (7o): Compound 7o (5.2 mg, 57.8%) was synthesized from 28o (12 mg, 0.02 mmol) according to the procedure used to prepare 7a, obtained as yellow solids.
2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (7p): To a solution of compound 28p (24 mg, 0.038 mmol) in THF (1 mL) and EtOH (1 mL), 10% Pb/C (16 mg, 0.015 mmol) and 1,4-cyclohexadiene (141 μL, 1.5 mmol) were added. The solution was stirred reflux for 5 h. The resulting solution was concentrated after filtrating and purified by column chromatography (DCM/MeOH = 40:1) to give 7p as yellow solid (11 mg, 61.4%).
(E)-2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)ethyl 3-(4-acetoxyphenyl)acrylate (7q): To a solution of compound 28q (100 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DCM (5 mL), CF3COOH (0.55 mL, 7.5 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The resulting solution was concentrated and purified by column chromatography (DCM/MeOH = 30:1) to give 7q as yellow solid (16.7 mg, 31.4%).
3.2. In Vitro BACE1 Enzyme Assay
The BACE1 FRET assay kit was purchased from the PanVera Co. (Invitrogen, USA). The assay was carried out according to the supplied manual with modifications. Briefly, assays were performed in triplicate in 384-well black plates with a mixture of 5 μL of BACE1 (1.0 U/mL), 5 μL of the substrate (750 nM, Rh-EVNLDAEFK-Quencherin 50 mM, ammonium bicarbonate), and 5 μL of compound dissolved in 10% DMSO. The fluorescence intensity was measured with a TECAN infinite 200 microplate reader for 60 min at 25 °C in the dark. The mixture was irradiated at 544 nm and the emission intensity recorded at 590 nm. The percent inhibition (%) was obtained by the following equation: Inhibition % = (1 −SS/SC) × 100%, where SC is the slope of fluorescence change of the control (enzyme, buffer, and substrate) during 60 min, and SS is the slope of fluorescence change of the tested samples (enzyme, sample solution, and substrate) during 60 min of measurement. IC50 values were calculated from the nonlinear curve fitting of percentage inhibition against inhibitor concentration using Prism 3.0 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA).
3.3. Inhibition of Aβ Production in APP Overexpressed Cells
HEK293 cells stably overexpressing human APP695 were plated in a poly-
3.4. Kinetic Analysis
The Dixon plot is a graphical method (plot of 1/enzyme velocity (1/V) against inhibitor concentration (I)) for determination of the type of enzyme inhibition, which was used to determine the dissociation or inhibition constant (Ki) for the enzyme inhibitor complex [17]. The Dixon plots for BACE1 inhibition were obtained in the presence of various concentrations of BACE1 substrate (250, 500, 750 nM) and the concentrations of 4l, 7c, and 7k as follows: 0.1 µM, 0.5 µM, 1.0 µM. In this way, the inhibition constants (Ki) of 4e were determined by interpretation of Dixon plots, where the value of the x-axis represents −Ki when 1/V = 0.
3.5. MTT Assays
The cytotoxicity was examined by using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. HEK293T cells were seeded with complete DMEM into 96-well plates (104/well, 100 L/well), incubated at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 for 24 h. All the compounds were diluted with the phenol red-free DMEM at a specific concentration. After 24 h of exposure to different concentrations of compound, the supernatant was removed and then 20% (v/v) MTT (5 mg/mL) diluted with fresh culture medium was added into each well and incubated for 4 h. Cells were lysed with 100 μL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and shaken for 10 min at room temperature. The absorbance in each well was detected at a wavelength of 490 nm using a Universal Microplate Reader (ELX 800 lv, BIO-TEK Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT, USA).
Supplementary Materials
The following are available online at
Author Contributions
D.-Y.S. performed chemical synthesis and some enzyme experiments; C.C. carried out the cytotoxicity test and enzyme selectivity test; K.M. carried out the study of enzyme inhibition activity in cells; writing—original draft preparation, D.-Y.S. and C.C.; writing—review and editing, W.-S.F. and J.H.; W.-S.F. planned, designed, and organized the whole research of this study. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by NSFC, grant nos. 81273406 (W.-S.F.) and 31371331 (J.H.), and by the Drug Innovation Major Project Grant, grant nos. 2018ZX09711001-001-001 and 2018ZX09711001-001-003.
Acknowledgments
The authors cordially thank Stefan Lichtenthaler, Technical University of Munich for his generous support to this work.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Footnotes
Sample Availability: Not available.
Figures, Schemes and Tables
Enlarge this image.Figure 1. The structures of source compounds 1, 2, and 3.
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. The structures of Series Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ compounds.
Enlarge this image.Scheme 1. The key synthetic steps of flavonoid structure. Reagents and conditions: (a) 20% KOH aq. ethanol, room temperature, 52–69%; (b) NaOAc, H2O, ethanol, reflux, 26–82%; (c) I2, pyridine, 100 °C, 55–88%.
Enlarge this image.Scheme 2. The synthetic route of target 4j (1). Reagents and conditions: (a) BnBr, DMF, 50 °C; (b) HCl, CH3CH2OH, 70 °C, 84% (two steps); (c) BrCH2CH2OTBS, K2CO3, 80 °C, 53%; (d) Pd/C, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, 80 °C, 79%; (e) MOMCl, DIPEA, DCM, −20 °C, 57%; (f) CsF, DMF, 50 °C, 83%.
Enlarge this image.Scheme 3. The synthetic route of target 4j (2). Reagents and conditions: (g) 4″-acetyl cinnamic acid, EDCI, DMAP, TEA, THF, r.t. 45%; (h) K2CO3 in MeOH/DCM, r.t. 56%; (i) aq. 38% HCl in AcOH (v/v 1:15), r.t. 54%.
Enlarge this image.Figure 3. The design of Series Ⅱ compounds.
Enlarge this image.Scheme 4. The synthetic route of target 5a–f. Reagents and conditions: (a) dichlorodiphenylmethane, diphenyl ether, 165 °C, 70%; (b) TsO(CH2)nOH (n = 3, 5, 6, 8, 10), K2CO3, MeCN, reflux, 28–55%; (c) Br(CH2)4OTBS, K2CO3, acetone, reflux, 12 h, 53%; (d) HF, pyridine, MeCN, r.t. overnight, 81%; (e) 4″-acetyl cinnamic acid, EDCI, DMAP, TEA, THF, r.t. 24–58%; (f) aq. 38% HCl in AcOH (v/v 1:15), r.t. 28–50%.
Enlarge this image.Figure 4. The structure of compound 6.
Enlarge this image.Figure 5. The structure of compound 7k–7p and 8.
Enlarge this image.Scheme 5. The general synthetic route of Series III compounds. Reagents and conditions: (a). TsOCH2CH2OH, K2CO3, MeCN, reflux, 57%; (b) carboxylic acid, EDCI, DMAP, TEA, THF, 40 °C, or (b’) carboxylic acid, SOCl2, DMF, DCE, 80 °C, 2 h and Py, DCM, r.t. 4 h 35–82%; (c) aq. 38% HCl in AcOH (v/v 1:15), r.t. 31–88%.
![View Image - Figure 6. The normalized Aβ-42 level in amyloid precursor protein (APP) overexpressing HEK293 cells after the treatment of 7a–d, 7i, 7k, and luteolin compared with DMSO (100%), the known inhibitor C3 [15].](https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/THUM/4/L10tJ?_a=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%2BgIBWYIDA1dlYooDHENJRDoyMDI2MDUxNzAzMDkxNDk4MTo3MzY4MDg%3D&_s=9cTrdgF2PklfoSgARiN97axfL3k%3D "View Image - Figure 6. The normalized Aβ-42 level in amyloid precursor protein (APP) overexpressing HEK293 cells after the treatment of 7a–d, 7i, 7k, and luteolin compared with DMSO (100%), the known inhibitor C3 [15].")
Enlarge this image.Figure 6. The normalized Aβ-42 level in amyloid precursor protein (APP) overexpressing HEK293 cells after the treatment of 7a–d, 7i, 7k, and luteolin compared with DMSO (100%), the known inhibitor C3 [15].
Enlarge this image.Figure 7. Kinetic analysis of 7c. The inhibitor was tested in the presence of different concentrations of substrate: 250 nM (▲), 500 nM (■), and 750 nM (●). BACE1 (β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1) inhibition was analyzed in the presence of different concentrations of sample as follows: 0.1 μM, 0.5 μM, 1.0 μM, 5.0 μM.
The enzyme inhibition of Series I compounds.
| No. | Structure | Inhibition Rate at 10 μM (%) | IC50 (μM) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4a | [Image omitted. Please see PDF.] | 23.9 ± 2.95 | - |
| 4b | [Image omitted. Please see PDF.] | 14.8 ± 7.35 | - |
| 4c | [Image omitted. Please see PDF.] | 31.8 ± 5.25 | - |
| 4d | [Image omitted. Please see PDF.] | 39.6 ± 12.5 | - |
| 4e | [Image omitted. Please see PDF.] | 1.9 ± 10.3 | - |
| 4f | [Image omitted. Please see PDF.] | 29.4 ± 5.5 | - |
| 4g | [Image omitted. Please see PDF.] | 17.1 ± 6.0 | - |
| 4h | [Image omitted. Please see PDF.] | 36.0 ± 4.2 | - |
| 4i | [Image omitted. Please see PDF.] | 37.0 ± 8.6 | - |
| 4j | [Image omitted. Please see PDF.] | 59.2 ± 6.3 | 6.78 ± 0.83 |
| 4k | [Image omitted. Please see PDF.] | 60.6 ± 5.3 | 12.86 ± 1.14 |
| 4l | [Image omitted. Please see PDF.] | 58.4 ± 10.2 | 2.47 ± 0.17 |
| 1 | - | 68.6 ± 8.9 | 7.02 ± 0.85 |
| 3 | - | 64.8 ± 6.0 | 2.19 ± 0.34 |
The enzyme inhibition of Series Ⅱ compounds.
| Compound | n | Inhibition Rate at 10 μM (%) | IC50 (μM) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5a | 3 | 81.4 ± 3.8 | 5.26 ± 0.72 |
| 5b | 4 | 68.1 ± 5.8 | 10.36 ± 1.02 |
| 5c | 5 | 62.6 ± 6.4 | 20.63 ± 1.44 |
| 5d | 6 | 42.4 ± 3.2 | |
| 5e | 8 | 36.1 ± 2.6 | |
| 5f | 10 | 58.2 ± 3.3 | 27.79 ± 1.34 |
| 5g | - | 41.4 ± 4.4 | |
| 1 | - | 68.6 ± 8.9 | 7.02 ± 0.85 |
| 3 | 2 | 64.8 ± 6.0 | 2.19 ± 0.34 |
The structure of compounds 7a–7j and 7q.
Enlarge this image.Figure 7. Kinetic analysis of 7c. The inhibitor was tested in the presence of different concentrations of substrate: 250 nM (▲), 500 nM (■), and 750 nM (●). BACE1 (β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1) inhibition was analyzed in the presence of different concentrations of sample as follows: 0.1 μM, 0.5 μM, 1.0 μM, 5.0 μM.
| Compound | R = | Compound | R = |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7a | H | 7g | 4-NO2 |
| 7b | 2-OH | 7h | 4-NMe2 |
| 7c | 3-OH | 7i | 4-OMe |
| 7d | 3,4-diOH | 7j | 4-C(CH3)3 |
| 7e | 4-F | 7q | 4-OAc |
| 7f | 4-Cl |
The enzyme activity of Series Ⅲ compounds.
| Compound | Inhibition rate at 10 μM (%) | IC50 (μM) | Compound | Inhibition rate at 10 μM (%) | IC50 (μM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7a | 57.5 ± 7.5 | 2.49 ± 0.32 | 7q | 25.7 ± 4.6 | - |
| 7b | 67.7 ± 12.5 | 2.27 ± 0.42 | 7k | 54.4 ± 3.5 | 0.15 ± 1.01 |
| 7c | 66.7 ± 8.3 | 1.44 ± 0.18 | 7l | 59.5 ± 7.1 | 0.37 ± 0.25 |
| 7d | 66.6 ± 7.1 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 7m | 22.2± 7.1 | - |
| 7e | 28.5 ± 7.1 | - | 7n | 55.2 ± 7.1 | 3.05 ± 0.39 |
| 7f | 21.3 ± 7.1 | - | 7o | 51.9 ± 1.9 | - |
| 7g | 73.9 ± 7.1 | 0.96 ± 1.55 | 7p | 56.7 ± 4.4 | 4.39 ± 0.34 |
| 7h | 53.8 ± 4.4 | 6.58 ± 1.16 | 8 | 59.5 ± 4.4 | 4.15 ± 1.97 |
| 7i | 28.9 ± 4.4 | - | 6 | 20.5 ± 4.4 | - |
| 7j | 37.6 ± 4.4 | - | 1 | 64.8 ± 6.0 | 1.09 ± 1.34 |
| 3 | 68.6 ± 8.9 | 1.87 ± 1.91 |
Cytotoxicity study of Series Ⅲ compounds.
| Compound | IC50 (μM) | Compound | IC50 (μM) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7a | >100 | 7q | >100 |
| 7b | 15.6 | 7k | >100 |
| 7c | 90 | 7l | 9.51 |
| 7d | 16.7 | 7m | 14.4 |
| 7e | 16.8 | 7n | 33 |
| 7f | 9.97 | 7o | 10.3 |
| 7g | 21.8 | 7p | 90 |
| 7h | >100 | 5g | 4.21 |
| 7i | 3.94 | 6 | 28.3 |
| 7j | 20.3 | 8 | >100 |
| 3 | 62.4 | 1 | 39.8 |
The enzyme selectivity of compound 7c, 7k, and 8.
| Compound | BACE1 IC50 (µM) | BACE2 IC50 (µM) | Renin IC50 (µM) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7c | 1.44 ± 0.18 | >100 | >100 |
| 7k | 0.15 ± 1.01 | >100 | >100 |
| 8 | 4.15 ± 1.97 | >100 | 25.42 |
© 2019 by the authors.