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Abstract
Liefferink et al. (GM 22: 57, 2020) reported the effect of liquid volume fraction on the penetration hardness/shear modulus and the friction coefficient of several types of wet sand. However, no analytical equation can simultaneously explain these two observations. In this paper, we formulate the effective elastic modulus of wet granular material as a function of the liquid volume fraction using the effective medium approximation. We also propose the equation of the friction coefficient between the surface of an object and the surface of the wet granular materials. The equations for the modulus of elasticity and coefficient of friction as a function of the liquid volume fraction can well explain the observed data by using a few adjusted parameters.
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; Rahmawati, Munir 5 1 Bandung Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Bandung, Indonesia (GRID:grid.434933.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1808 0563)
2 State Polytechnic of Creative Media, Jakarta, Indonesia (GRID:grid.434933.a)
3 Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Research Center of Metallurgy and Materials, South Tangerang, Indonesia (GRID:grid.249566.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0644 6054)
4 University of Bengkulu, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bengkulu, Indonesia (GRID:grid.443165.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0096 1344)
5 University of Mulawarman, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Samarinda, Indonesia (GRID:grid.444232.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 9609 1699)