1. Introduction
Microbes compete for the nutrients and limited space existing in natural ecological niches. Consequently, they have developed numerous approaches to survive; production of antimicrobial compounds like bacteriocins is one of them. Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides/proteins synthesized ribosomally broadly dispersed in nature [1]. This peptide biodiversity is supported by numerous differences in its characterization and structures. The application of purified or semi-purified bacteriocins or bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as protective cultures is one technological alternative to traditional preservation strategies (i.e., chemical additives). Bacteriocins are considered the most appropriate substitutes to synthetic preservatives due to their non-toxic nature to eukaryotic cells [1].
Among bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria, most of the produced bacteriocins have been isolated mainly from the genus Lactobacillus, because of the diversity of its species and habitats [2]. Some findings have focused on bacteriocin production by strains of Lactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) and Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius), which are the predominant lactobacilli in human milk and display interesting probiotic and inhibitory properties [3,4].
Several strains of L. fermentum were isolated from several sources, such as conventionally fermented milk [5]. It has been one of the specific predominant lactobacilli in the human intestine tract [6,7]. A former clinical study exhibited that L. fermentum RC-14 played a significant role in controlling the stability of microflora [8]. Screening for potent probiotic characteristics of L. fermentum isolated from different traditional milk products. Prior studies supported that some L. fermentum shows probiotic characteristics and is a possible probiotic candidate for gastrointestinal tract-related problems [9,10]. L. fermentum secreted inhibitory substances, including bacteriocins, bio-surfactants, and H2O2, to inhibit the growth of urogenital and intestinal pathogens [10,11]. The clinical findings revealed that L. fermentum was effective in reducing intestinal pathogenic microbes and increasing the ratio of probiotic bacteria in healthy individuals [11]. L. fermentum antimicrobial attributes and specific production of antimicrobial compounds (called fermenticins) are described as potential possible means for food preservation and medical application [12]. The genus Lactobacillus and species L. fermentum have been subjected to a safety risk assessment under the scientific committee of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and approved on the QPS-recommended list (qualified presumption of safety) and certified to be applied to different food systems [13].
The World Health Organization (WHO) designates that Campylobacter, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), and Vibrio cholerae are among the most common foodborne bacteria that severely affect millions of people around the globe [14]. Milk and cereal products that are not produced with appropriate hygienic conditions can be contaminated with food pathogens like L. monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., and E. coli O157:H7, causing foodborne outbreaks. Among others, E. coli is a foodborne pathogen of major concern for the cereal and dairy industry. Most strains of E. coli remain non-pathogenic in the intestinal tract. However, some strains may cause infections in the urinary tract, gastroenteritis, meningitis, and septicemia. E. coli O157:H7, which belongs to the enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) class, is the most pathogenic serotype of E. coli [14].
The appropriate hygiene applications are compulsory to reduce potential contamination during food production. However, good manufacturing practices may not be sufficient to ensure the safety of food products. In this approach, the food industry has been adopting alternatives to decrease contamination and regulate the growth of microbes that may reach food during the production chain, such as bacteriocins secreted by lactic acid bacteria [15]. In previous and current decades, studies on the usage of bacteriocins indicate that they can provide several benefits in food products, such as decreasing the risk of proliferation of food spoilage pathogens, extending the shelf-life and safety of the end products, and limiting the use of synthetic chemical preservatives [15,16,17]. Currently, there is some bacteriocin that can be used commercially as a food preservative for the control of foodborne spoilage microorganisms in various food systems, thanks to its GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status; the use of nisin in food production is approved in approximately fifty countries [18,19,20]. These restrictions of alternatives have stimulated numerous researchers to characterize novel bacteriocinogenic strains and their bacteriocins focused on a potential application as food bio-preservatives in different food systems.
The most extensively grown millet species around the globe is pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.), followed by foxtail (Setaria italica L.) [21,22]. In comparison with some other cereals, millet is comprised of a high fiber percentage, mineral composition, and protein quality, which considerably contribute to the nutritional security of the population existing in the millet cultivating regions [23]. Moreover, millet is not only higher in nutritional value, but also superior to the key cereals in terms of protein, vitamins, minerals, and energy [24]. Additionally, millet is recommended as a good source of nutraceuticals, phytochemicals dietary fiber, and micronutrients.
Bozai/Boza is a drink that has been produced from the fermentation of millet, maize, and barley, among others. Cooked cereal is inoculated either with specific microbial culture or previously prepared bozai or sourdough as a starter. The sludge is fermented at 30–37 °C for 24 h and kept at 4 °C for 2–3 days, as reported previously [25,26]. In our previous study, bozai has been explored in terms of bacteriocinogenic nature and the same fermentation method as “Boza” was reported, which is widely reported in different countries [27]. It produces the bacteriocin LF-BZ532, which has been previously characterized [27]. This bacteriocin shows the inhibitory activity against several food pathogens such as Escherichia coli K-12 (E. coli K-12), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 (S. aureus ATCC6538), and Listeria monocytogenes.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of bacteriocinogenic Lactobacillus fermentum BZ532 strain (L. fermentum BZ532) on freshly prepared bozai, specifically with regards to co-culturing of BZ532 strain against food spoilage microorganisms, i.e., E. coli, S. aureus, in situ bacteriocin production evaluation by agar well diffusion assay against key food pathogens, and physicochemical and sensory evaluation with and without bacteriocinogenic L. fermentum BZ532.
2. Materials and Methods
Millet seeds (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.) as a raw material to produce fresh bozai were purchased from a local market located in Nanjing, China.
2.1. Bacterial Strains and Culture Conditions
L. fermentum BZ532 is a bacteriocinogenic strain isolated from the fermented beverage named bozai. L. fermentum BZ532 was grown in De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) broth Merk, Darmstadt, Germany) at 37 °C for 24 h, as previously described [27]. E. coli K-12, S. aureus ATCC6538, and Salmonella sp. D104 were used as indicator strains in the present study and activated as reported previously [27].
2.2. Fresh Bozai Production
Millet seeds were purchased from a local market located in Nanjing, China, and immediately delivered to our lab under aseptic conditions. Millet seeds were washed with sterile water and soaked overnight in sterile water. Afterward, they were cooked in boiling water with continuous stirring for 20–30 min. Then, the mixture was homogenized and water was added to reach the required consistency. The mixture was further strained for removing the solid phase and sugar (5%) was added to the liquid phase. Finally, the sweet liquid was inoculated with an overnight culture of L. fermentum BZ532 in MRS (105 CFU/mL, 1% v/v) and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C (Figure 1). Moreover, four bozai treatments, co-culturing the BZ532 strain with two food pathogenic strains (E. coli K-12 and S. aureus ATCC6538), were prepared separately for co-culturing study; i.e., first, control bozai was inoculated with mono-culture of S. aureus and its treatment co-culture the BZ532 strain with S. aureus in bozai; Second, control bozai was inoculated with mono-culture of E. coli and its treatment co-culture the BZ532 strain with E. coli, in order to study their antimicrobial effect. An additional bozai treatment was also produced as an experimental control by natural fermentation (sourdough starter), without the addition of L. fermentum BZ532, for physicochemical and organoleptic evaluation. Microbiological (TVC and LAB count), physicochemical, and organoleptic evaluations were performed at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of storage at 4 °C.
2.3. Microbiological Analysis
2.3.1. Total Viable Count (TVC) and LAB Enumeration
The bozai sample of different treatments was procured on storage days 1, 3, 5, and 7 to determine the TVC. In brief, 10 g of bozai sample was homogenized in 90 mL of 0.85% NaCl (w/v) sterilized saline and ten-fold dilutions were performed with the same saline. Different dilutions were pour plated on plate count agar (PCA; Oxoid), and then incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The results were expressed as log CFU/g. LAB populations were counted by pour plate of particular dilutions on MRS agar and incubated at 37 °C for 36 h; the colonies were enumerated after a specific incubation time and the results were expressed in CFU/g according to previously reports [28,29].
2.3.2. Co-Culturing of L. fermentum BZ532 with Pathogenic Bacteria during Bozai Production
Two food pathogen indicator strains (S. aureus and E. coli K-12) and L. fermentum BZ532 were inoculated simultaneously to produce fresh bozai at a level of 104 CFU/mL of indicator strains and 105 CFU/mL for bacteriocinogenic BZ532, respectively, and then incubated (48 h) at 37 °C. Enumeration of various strains was conducted at specific incubation intervals of 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h by pouring specific ten-fold dilution on Baird–Parker agar (BP; Oxoid) for S. aureus, violet red bile glucose agar (VRBG; Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) for E. coli K-12, and MRS agar for L. fermentum BZ532, and then incubated for 48 h at 37 °C.
2.3.3. In Situ Production of Bacteriocin Antimicrobial Compounds
The bacteriocin LF-BZ532 produced in bozai fermented by the strain L. fermentum BZ532 was evaluated according to the method of Castilho et al. [30], with some modifications. Bozai sample (10 g) was homogenized with 10 mL of 0.02 N HCl and centrifuged (12,000× g, 15 min, 4 °C). The pH of attained cell-free supernatant (CFS) was set to 6.0 with 4N NaOH and lyophilized. Afterward, 5 µg lyophilized CFS was diluted with 150 μL of Ringer × 1/4 and 40 μL of this CFS was transferred to wells of different test plates inoculated with three indicator strains of S. aureus (106 CFU/mL), E. coli. K-12 (106 CFU/mL), and Salmonella sp. D104 (106 CFU/mL) on BP (0.7% agar), VRBG (0.7% agar), and LB (0.7% agar) medium, respectively. Then, they were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h and inhibition zones were observed to detect the production of bacteriocin in the tested bozai samples.
2.4. Physicochemical Evaluation of Bozai
All the treatments of bozai from 1 to 7 days of storage were subjected to physicochemical analysis, i.e., titratable acidity, pH, and protein content according to AOAC methods [31].
2.4.1. Titratable Acidity
The obtained samples of bozai were subjected to potentiometric titration with 0.1 N NaOH up to pH 8 to analyze the total titratable acidity according to AOAC methods with some modifications [31]. All samples including control and treatment groups were evaluated in duplicate and the results were calculated according to the following formula and expressed as % lactic acid.
% acid = [(ml of NaOH used] × [0.1 N NaOH] × milliequivalent factor × 100)]/grams of sample.
2.4.2. pH
The pH was determined using a digital pH meter (PHS-3C, Shanghai, China) according to the method described by [32,33]. In brief, 5 g of bozai sample was diluted in 20 mL of neutral distilled water and homogenized. The pH meter was calibrated against buffer solution (pH 4 and 6.86).
2.4.3. Total Protein Content
The total protein in terms of the crude protein content of bozai samples was determined according to the Kjeldahl method with some modifications and multiplied by a constant factor of 6.25 to quantify the crude protein proportion [32,33].
2.5. Organoleptic Evaluation
The organoleptic properties of bozai treatments (BZ-C, bozai without L. fermentum BZ532 and BZ-Lf, bozai fermented with L. fermentum BZ532) were evaluated by ten panelists according to the process described by [34] with slight modification. Color, odor, mouthfeel, and overall acceptability of bozai samples were evaluated and scores were assigned on a hedonic scale from 1 (extremely dislike) to 9 (extremely like), as previously reported [34].
2.6. Statistical Analysis
All experiments were carried out in triplicate and the result was expressed as a mean ± standard deviations (SD), and all data were compared to check the significance by ANOVA (p < 0.05) and Tukey’s t-test by software STATISTIX 8.1.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Changes in TVC and L. fermentum BZ532 Enumeration during Bozai Storage
TVC is extensively used as a key parameter to evaluate the general quality status of the fermented product of any origin. Changes in TVC of bozai are presented in Figure 2a. TVCs of two bozai treatments (BZ-C and BZ-Lf) were 4.8 and 4.43 log CFU/mL, respectively, at day 0. All bozai samples were evaluated throughout 7 days of storage at 4 °C and the control group of bozai (BZ-C) treatment showed a steady increase, BZ-C expressed the highest value, and BZ-Lf showed the minimum as compared with the BZ-C group. The TVCs of BZ-C reached 7.22 log CFU/mL on day 7; instead, BZ-Lf showed 5.03 log CFU/mL, relatively lower than the control group of bozai, indicating that the bacteriocinogenic strain with the antimicrobial product had a substantial inhibition effect on TVC of bozai, which followed the findings of previously studies [35,36]. The microbiological standard of fermented food products was standardized at 6 log CFU/mL [37]; according to standardized values, the results of BZ-C bozai exceed that limit, but accordingly, BZ-Lf is still edible. These results exhibited that the antimicrobial product could prolong the shelf-life of bozai by inhibiting the viable count of bacteria.
L. fermentum BZ532 counts in bozai beverage during 7 days of storage at 4 °C are shown in Figure 2b. The count level increased from 5.11 to 7.95 log CFU/mL in the first five days of storage at 4 °C, then gradually decreased to 7.19 log CFU/mL) after 7 days. The evolution of the lactic acid strain level in bozai is dependent on storage time and temperature, as previously observed by other authors [38]. These microorganisms have played a substantial role in food fermentations, leading to texture and flavor change together with a preservative effect, increasing the shelf-life of the altered product [17].
3.2. Co-Culturing of L. fermentum BZ532 with Pathogenic Bacteria during Bozai Production
The bacteriocin LF-BZ532 produced by the strain L. fermentum BZ532 has been preliminarily characterized in a previous study [27]. The inhibition spectrum of BZ532 was assessed by co-culturing the BZ532 strain against pathogenic strains such as S. aureus ATCC6538 and E. coli k-12 separately. To test the ability of L. fermentum BZ532 as a protective culture, fresh bozai BZ-LF was inoculated simultaneously with indicator pathogen strains cited above. For control purposes, mono-cultures of bozai BZ-C with S. aureus ATCC6538 and E. coli k-12 were also performed separately. S. aureus ATCC6538 presented a prompt growth rate from 3.82 to 7.11 log CFU/mL during a mono-culture of 48 h. Meanwhile, the growth rate of S. aureus ATCC6538 during co-culturing with L. fermentum BZ532 showed a slight rise, then significantly (p < 0.05) reduced to a level of 3.85 log CFU/mL within 24 h of fermentation, as stated in Figure 3a. Microbial growth of E. coli was increased 2–3 log CFU/mL during monoculture in bozai; however, a limited increase was observed during co-culturing from 3.95 to 4.53 log with bacteriocinogenic L. fermentum BZ532 during the initial 8 h (Figure 3b), then declining gradually afterward. However, no effect on L. fermentum BZ532 growth was observed during co-culturing. Similar results were previously described [35,39].
A significant decrease in the growth of two indicator strains was detected in co-cultures with L. fermentum BZ532, and food spoilage strains were inhibited during bozai fermentation. The antimicrobial peptides produced during fermentation accumulated continuously, leading to increased antimicrobial potential. A comprehensive mechanism is needed to validate this in further studies. These results recognized that L. fermentum BZ532 can used as a protective culture in bozai to limit the growth of pathogenic food spoilage microbes.
3.3. In Situ Bacteriocin Activities in Bozai during Storage
The application of bacteriocinogenic strains as a protective culture is based on in situ production of bacteriocins in several reported studies [30,40]. CFS extracted from bozai treatments showed antimicrobial activities, the neutralized CFS of bozai BZ-LF treatment showed a wide range inhibitory spectrum against S. aureus ATCC6538 and E. coli, but not against Salmonella sp. D104, as presented in Table 1. In Figure 4, this was varied from LF-BZ532 produced by L. fermentum BZ532 in MRS (broth) medium, which expressed strong inhibition against Salmonella sp. D104 [27]. The production of bacteriocins might be intensively affected by the composition of the growth medium [16]. Bozai treatment with bacteriocinogenic strain inoculation presented in situ bacteriocin production against two pathogens, as stated previously. However, generally, LAB can produce different organic products such as organic acids (lactic acid, propionic acid, acetic acid, and so on), acetaldehyde, diacetyl, and bacteriocins with antimicrobial characteristics [41]. Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides/proteins, showing a diverse activity spectrum. Several bacteriocins produced by LAB strains have been documented and proved to be effective against S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, Bacillus sp., Clostridium sp., and other spoilage microbes [42]. Numerous LAB strains from cereal-based products have been recognized as a good producer of antimicrobial compounds against different foodborne pathogens; i.e., E. coli, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus, among others [43].
Based on this study, L. fermentum BZ532 can inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. aureus in the fresh bozai production system thanks to its bacteriocinogenic ability during storage; however, it was not able to counter the activity of Salmonella sp. in fresh bozai. Further studies must be directed to evaluate the inhibitory spectrum of L. fermentum BZ532 bacteriocin at various concentrations with advanced methodology.
3.4. Changes in Physicochemical Parameters of Bozai during Storage
The effect of bacteriocinogenic activity and storage on pH and acidity is presented in Table 2. pH and titratable acidity are inversely correlated parameters. Moreover, the pH of bozai samples declined, while the total acidity percentage indicated a significant (p < 0.05) increase during fermentation and storage, as presented in Table 2, with initial pH and acidity between 5.75 and 4.51 and 0.89% and 2.37%, respectively, in the control BZ-C and BZ-Lf group of bozai. The pH decreased slightly from 5.75 to 5.11 in the control group of bozai (BZ-C), but a significant decline from 4.51 to 3.11 in the BZ-LF group was observed during 7 days of storage at 4 °C. As pH and titratable acidity are inversely correlated, the initial acidity of BZ-LF was 2.37%; thereafter, it increased to 3.88%. BZ-Lf treatments were also observed in terms of their acidity percentage changes during storage and showed a significant increase in acidity level during 7 days of storage. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in pH of bozai samples was due to the specific microbiological activity of L. fermentum BZ532 in terms of their lactic acid production by glycolysis of various carbohydrates during fermentation and storage. The findings are compatible with previously reported studies that were targeted to optimize different cereal-based probiotic food products [44,45,46,47]. Food formulations with pH levels (3.5–4.5) are desired because they boost the stability and benefits of probiotic microbes [48] as well as inhibit the growth of coliforms [49].
The changes in protein content of bozai with the effect of bacteriocinogenic strain are presented in Table 2. The maximum protein content of the control bozai BZ-C group was 3.26%; however, BZ-Lf had 3.18%. It is indicated that no significant (p < 0.05) effect of the bacteriocinogenic strain was explored on the protein content, as no consistent changes in total protein content were observed during fermentation and storage.
3.5. Changes in Organoleptic Properties of Bozai during Storage
The effect of bacteriocinogenic strain and storage days on sensory attributes of bozai is presented in Table 3. It was determined that storage time and antimicrobial compounds had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the organoleptic characteristics (color, odor, mouthfeel, and overall acceptability) of bozai. As likely, a decline in sensory scores of bozai treatments during storage was exhibited, demonstrating a slight decrease in overall acceptability. All of the bozai treatments exhibited maximum sensory scores at storage day 1, with a decrease during storage of 7 days, and indicated that antimicrobial products did not have any adverse effect on bozai quality at day 1. The highest sensory score of the BZ-Lf bozai group at day 1 in terms of color was 6.55, while the odor and mouthfeel score was 6.33 and 6.63, respectively, as presented in Table 3. The highest overall acceptability score of bozai BZ-Lf was 6.66; however, the control group of bozai BZ-C showed the lowest overall acceptability of 5.60, a clear indication of the significant (p < 0.05) effect of bacteriocinogenic strain with antimicrobial compounds on bozai treatments of BZ-Lf. The results of various sensory parameters revealed that the bacteriocinogenic strain with bacteriocin could positively affect the overall quality of bozai during storage of 7 days. In conclusion, these findings presented that consumers may accept LAB bozai as a natural functional cereal beverage.
4. Conclusions
A bozai drink was developed by inoculation of L. fermentum BZ532 and compared with a control group of bozai with natural starter (Sourdough) inoculation. L. fermentum BZ532 showed significant antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens such as S. aureus and E. coli during the co-culturing study, and in situ production of antimicrobial compounds also had an antimicrobial effect on two food spoilage microbes, i.e., S. aureus and E. coli. The microbiological status of bozai treatments concerning TVC and BZ532 count was also determined during storage. Bozai treatments (BZ-C and BZ-LF) were also subjected to physicochemical characteristics in terms of pH, titratable acidity, and protein content. Overall acceptability of bozai treatments was also determined by evaluating several organoleptic parameters, and it was found that the BZ-LF bozai had significantly high acceptability by the expert panelists.
Author Contributions
Writing—original draft, Formal Analysis and Investigation: H.A.R.; Resources, Review and Editing: T.T.; Software, Data Curation: Z.L.; Resources, Review and Editing: M.T.; Visualization, Resources: Y.Z.; Conceptualization, Supervision and Validation: M.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), China.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not Applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not Applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Data is contained within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest regarding this manuscript.
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Figures and Tables
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. Changes in (A) TVC of bozai treatments and (B) LAB enumeration during storage of 7 days at 4 °C. Data with different letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05).
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. Changes in (A) TVC of bozai treatments and (B) LAB enumeration during storage of 7 days at 4 °C. Data with different letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05).
Enlarge this image.Figure 3. Co-culturing of L. fermentum BZ532 strain against pathogenic strains (A) S. aureus and (B) E. coli in bozai treatments during 48 h fermentation. Data with different letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05).
Enlarge this image.Figure 4. Antimicrobial action of in situ production of bacteriocin in bozai BZ-LF against (A) S. aureus, (B) E. coli k-12, and (C) Salmonella sp. D104. 1, 2, 3 represents as triplicate of inhibition zone (n = 3).
In situ antimicrobial activities of prepared bozai treatments.
| Indicator Strains | Antimicrobial Activities 1 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 h | 36 h | 48 h | ||||
| BZ-C | BZ-LF | BZ-C | BZ-LF | BZ-C | BZ-LF | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 1.66 ± 0.21 b | 3.32 ± 0.08 a | 1.81 ± 0.17 b | 4.85 ± 0.10 a | 1.93 ± 0.15 b | 5.54 ± 0.13 a |
| Escherichia coli k-12 | 1.84 ± 0.15 b | 3.64 ± 0.06 a | 1.98 ± 0.17 b | 5.36 ± 0.13 a | 2.09 ± 0.22 b | 5.64 ± 0.09 a |
| Salmonella sp. D104 | 1.02 ± 0.16 a | 0 ± 0 b | 1.11 ± 0.13 a | 0 ± 0 b | 1.26 ± 0.21 a | 0 ± 0 b |
Data with different letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05). 1 Antimicrobial activities: diameter of inhibition zones (mm); values expressed as means ± SD (n = 3).
Table 2Changes in physicochemical parameters of Bozai samples during storage of 7 days at 4 °C.
| Parameters | Treatments | Storage Time (Days) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | ||
| pH | BZ-C | 5.75 ± 0.13 a | 5.47 ± 0.08 a | 5.22 ± 0.09 a | 5.11 ± 0.11 a |
| BZ-Lf | 4.51 ± 0.11 b | 3.85 ± 0.10 b | 3.25 ± 0.06 b | 3.11 ± 0.06 b | |
| Total acidity (%) | BZ-C | 0.89 ± 0.08 b | 1.36 ± 0.04 b | 1.70 ± 0.08 b | 1.89 ± 0.07 b |
| BZ-Lf | 2.37 ± 0.13 a | 3.14 ± 0.04 a | 3.69 ± 0.14 a | 3.88 ± 0.07 a | |
| Protein (%) | BZ-C | 3.26 ± 0.41 b | 2.82 ± 0.38 b | 3.15 ± 0.31 b | 2.69 ± 0.21 b |
| BZ-Lf | 3.07 ± 0.51 a | 2.99 ± 0.23 a | 3.18 ± 0.33 a | 2.87 ± 0.26 a | |
Results expressed as means ± SD (n = 3). Data with different letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05).
Table 3Changes in organoleptic properties of Bozai samples during storage of 7 days at 4 °C.
| Parameters | Treatments | Storage Time (Days) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | ||
| Color | BZ-C | 5.76 ± 0.40 b | 4.88 ± 0.32 b | 5.1 ± 0.17 b | 4.66 ± 0.23 b |
| BZ-Lf | 6.55 ± 0.23 a | 5.70 ± 0.20 a | 5.93 ± 0.40 a | 5.53 ± 0.50 a | |
| Odour | BZ-C | 4.26 ± 0.46 b | 4.56 ± 0.40 b | 4.66 ± 0.57 b | 5.66 ± 0.57 b |
| BZ-Lf | 6.33 ± 0.57 a | 5.56 ± 0.51 a | 6.50 ± 0.5 a | 6.83 ± 0.76 a | |
| Mouthfeel | BZ-C | 5.26 ± 0.64 b | 5.13 ± 0.80 b | 4.86 ± 0.80 b | 4.56 ± 0.51 b |
| BZ-Lf | 6.63 ± 0.47 a | 5.86 ± 0.51 a | 6.46 ± 0.45 a | 5.66 ± 0.57 a | |
| Overall acceptability | BZ-C | 5.60 ± 0.36 b | 5.5 ± 0.86 b | 5.5 ± 0.5 b | 5.20 ± 0.34 b |
| BZ-Lf | 6.66 ± 0.76 a | 6.06 ± 0.4 a | 6.0 ± 0.30 a | 5.93 ± 0.40 a | |
Results are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3). Data with different letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05).
© 2021 by the authors.