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Abstract
Microplastics released from textiles during the washing process represent the most prevalent type of microparticles found in different environmental compartments and ecosystems around the world. Release of microfibres during the washing process of synthetic textiles is due to the mechanical and chemical stresses that clothes undergo in washing machines. Several washing process parameters, conditions, formulations of laundering additives have been correlated to microfibre release and some of them have been identified to affect microfibre release during washing process, while no correlation has been evaluated between microfibre release and washing load. In the present study, microfibre release was evaluated as function of the washing load in a real washing process, indicating a progressive decrease of microfibre release with increasing washing load. The quantity of released microfibres increased by around 5 times by decreasing the washing load due to a synergistic effect between water-volume to fabric ratio and mechanical stress during washing. Moreover, the higher mechanical stress to which the fabric is subjected in the case of a low washing load, hinders the discrimination of the effect on the release of other washing parameters like the type of detergent and laundry additives used.
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Details
1 National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Pozzuoli, Italy (GRID:grid.5326.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 1940 4177); University of Naples Federico II, P.Le Tecchio, Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, Naples, Italy (GRID:grid.4691.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0790 385X)
2 National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Pozzuoli, Italy (GRID:grid.5326.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 1940 4177); University of Plymouth, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth, UK (GRID:grid.11201.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2219 0747)
3 National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Pozzuoli, Italy (GRID:grid.5326.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 1940 4177)
4 University of Naples Federico II, P.Le Tecchio, Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, Naples, Italy (GRID:grid.4691.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0790 385X)