Abstract

We present a measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum above 100 PeV using the part of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory that has a spacing of 750 m. An inflection of the spectrum is observed, confirming the presence of the so-called second-knee feature. The spectrum is then combined with that of the 1500 m array to produce a single measurement of the flux, linking this spectral feature with the three additional breaks at the highest energies. The combined spectrum, with an energy scale set calorimetrically via fluorescence telescopes and using a single detector type, results in the most statistically and systematically precise measurement of spectral breaks yet obtained. These measurements are critical for furthering our understanding of the highest energy cosmic rays.

Details

Title
The energy spectrum of cosmic rays beyond the turn-down around 1017 eV as measured with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
Author
Abreu, P 1 ; Aglietta, M 2 ; Albury, J M 3 ; Allekotte, I 4 ; Almela, A 5 ; Alvarez-Muñiz, J 6 ; Alves, Batista R 7 ; Anastasi, G A 8 ; Anchordoqui, L 9 ; Andrada, B 10 ; Andringa, S 1 ; Aramo, C 11 ; Araújo Ferreira P R 12 ; Arteaga Velázquez J C 13 ; Asorey, H 10 ; Assis, P 1 ; Avila, G 14 ; Badescu, A M 15 ; Bakalova, A 16 ; Balaceanu, A 17 ; Barbato, F 18 ; Barreira Luz R J 1 ; Becker, K H 19 ; Bellido, J A 20 ; Berat, C 21 ; Bertaina, M E 8 ; Bertou, X 4 ; Biermann, P L 22 ; Billoir, P 23 ; Binet, V 24 ; Bismark, K 25 ; Bister, T 12 ; Biteau, J 26 ; Blazek, J 16 ; Bleve, C 21 ; Boháčová, M 16 ; Boncioli, D 27 ; Bonifazi, C 28 ; Bonneau, Arbeletche L 29 ; Borodai, N 30 ; Botti, A M 10 ; Brack, J 31 ; Bretz, T 12 ; Brichetto Orchera P G 10 ; Briechle, F L 12 ; Buchholz, P 32 ; Bueno, A 33 ; Buitink, S 34 ; Buscemi, M 35 ; Büsken, M 25 ; Caballero-Mora, K S 36 ; Caccianiga, L 37 ; Canfora, F 38 ; Caracas, I 19 ; Carceller J M 33 ; Caruso, R 39 ; Castellina, A 2 ; Catalani, F 40 ; Cataldi, G 41 ; Cazon, L 1 ; Cerda, M 42 ; Chinellato, J A 43 ; Chudoba, J 16 ; Chytka, L 44 ; Clay, R W 3 ; Cobos, Cerutti A, C 45 ; Colalillo, R 46 ; Coleman, A 47   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Coluccia, M R 41 ; Conceição, R 1 ; Condorelli, A 18 ; Consolati, G 48 ; Contreras, F 14 ; Convenga, F 49 ; Correia dos Santos D 50 ; Covault, C E 51 ; Dasso, S 52 ; Daumiller, K 53 ; Dawson, B R 3 ; Day, J A 3 ; de Almeida R M 50 ; de, Jesús J 54 ; de Jong S J 38 ; De, Mauro G 38 ; de Mello Neto J R T 55 ; De Mitri I 18 ; de Oliveira J 56 ; de Oliveira Franco D 43 ; de, Palma F 49 ; de Souza V 57 ; De, Vito E 49 ; del Río M 14 ; Deligny, O 58 ; Di, Matteo A 59 ; Dobrigkeit, C 43 ; D’Olivo J C 60 ; Domingues Mendes L M 1 ; dos Anjos R C 61 ; dos, Santos D 50 ; Dova, M T 62 ; Ebr, J 16 ; Engel, R 63 ; Epicoco, I 49 ; Erdmann, M 12 ; Escobar, C O 64 ; Etchegoyen, A 5 ; Falcke, H 65 ; Farmer, J 66 ; Farrar, G 67 ; Fauth, A C 43 ; Fazzini, N 64 ; Feldbusch, F 68 ; Fenu, F 2 ; Fick, B 69 ; Figueira, J M 10 ; Filipčič, A 70 ; 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1  Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Lisbon, Portugal (GRID:grid.9983.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 4263) 
2  INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.470222.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 7471 9712); Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.436940.c) 
3  University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (GRID:grid.1010.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7304) 
4  Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina (GRID:grid.466813.e) 
5  Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.497283.3); Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.440485.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0491 1565) 
6  Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Santiago de Compostela, Spain (GRID:grid.11794.3a) (ISNI:0000000109410645) 
7  Radboud University Nijmegen, IMAPP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5590.9) (ISNI:0000000122931605) 
8  INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.470222.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 7471 9712); Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.7605.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2336 6580) 
9  City University of New York, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, Bronx, USA (GRID:grid.212340.6) (ISNI:0000000122985718) 
10  Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.497283.3) 
11  INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy (GRID:grid.470211.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 8343 7696) 
12  RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany (GRID:grid.1957.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0728 696X) 
13  Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, México (GRID:grid.412205.0) (ISNI:0000 0000 8796 243X) 
14  Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina (GRID:grid.440295.e) 
15  University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania (GRID:grid.4551.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2109 901X) 
16  Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.424881.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0634 148X) 
17  “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania (GRID:grid.443874.8) (ISNI:0000 0000 9463 5349) 
18  Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy (GRID:grid.466750.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 6005 2566); INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy (GRID:grid.466877.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2201 8832) 
19  Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany (GRID:grid.7787.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2364 5811) 
20  University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (GRID:grid.1010.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7304); Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru (GRID:grid.441685.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0385 0297) 
21  Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, Grenoble, France (GRID:grid.4444.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2112 9282) 
22  Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.450267.2) 
23  Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Paris, France (GRID:grid.463935.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9463 7096) 
24  Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina (GRID:grid.482268.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 0385 0457) 
25  Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.497283.3); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany (GRID:grid.7892.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0075 5874) 
26  Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France (GRID:grid.508754.b) 
27  INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy (GRID:grid.466877.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2201 8832); Università dell’Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L’Aquila, Italy (GRID:grid.158820.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 2611) 
28  Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (GRID:grid.8536.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 473X) 
29  Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, Brazil (GRID:grid.11899.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0722) 
30  Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland (GRID:grid.418860.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0942 8941) 
31  Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA (GRID:grid.47894.36) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8083) 
32  Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany (GRID:grid.5836.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2242 8751) 
33  Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain (GRID:grid.4489.1) (ISNI:0000000121678994) 
34  Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium (GRID:grid.8767.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2290 8069) 
35  INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy (GRID:grid.470198.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1755 400X) 
36  Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico (GRID:grid.440446.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1766 8314) 
37  INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.470206.7); Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.4708.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 2822) 
38  Radboud University Nijmegen, IMAPP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5590.9) (ISNI:0000000122931605); Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.420012.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0646 2193) 
39  INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy (GRID:grid.470198.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1755 400X); Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Catania, Italy (GRID:grid.8158.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 1969) 
40  Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, Brazil (GRID:grid.11899.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0722) 
41  INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy (GRID:grid.470680.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 1761 7699) 
42  Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina (GRID:grid.440295.e) 
43  Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, Brazil (GRID:grid.411087.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0723 2494) 
44  Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.10979.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 1245 3953) 
45  Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Mendoza, Argentina (GRID:grid.507426.2) 
46  INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy (GRID:grid.470211.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 8343 7696); Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini”, Naples, Italy (GRID:grid.4691.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0790 385X) 
47  University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, USA (GRID:grid.33489.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 0454 4791) 
48  INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.470206.7); Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.4643.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0327) 
49  INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy (GRID:grid.470680.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 1761 7699); Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Lecce, Italy (GRID:grid.9906.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2289 7785) 
50  Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Brazil (GRID:grid.411173.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2184 6919) 
51  Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA (GRID:grid.67105.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2164 3847) 
52  Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.7345.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 0056 1981); Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.482261.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1794 2491) 
53  Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany (GRID:grid.7892.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0075 5874) 
54  Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.497283.3); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany (GRID:grid.7892.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0075 5874) 
55  Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (GRID:grid.8536.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 473X); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (GRID:grid.8536.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 473X) 
56  Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (GRID:grid.452549.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 4647 9280) 
57  Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil (GRID:grid.11899.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0722) 
58  Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France (GRID:grid.460789.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4910 6535) 
59  INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.470222.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 7471 9712) 
60  Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, D.F., Mexico (GRID:grid.9486.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2159 0001) 
61  Universidade Federal do Paraná, Palotina, Brazil (GRID:grid.20736.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 1941 472X) 
62  Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, IFLP, La Plata, Argentina (GRID:grid.9499.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 3940) 
63  Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany (GRID:grid.7892.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0075 5874); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany (GRID:grid.7892.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0075 5874) 
64  Fermilab, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, USA (GRID:grid.417851.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0675 0679) 
65  Radboud University Nijmegen, IMAPP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5590.9) (ISNI:0000000122931605); Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.420012.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0646 2193); Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.425696.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 1161 7020) 
66  Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA (GRID:grid.170205.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7822) 
67  New York University, New York, USA (GRID:grid.137628.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8753) 
68  Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany (GRID:grid.7892.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0075 5874) 
69  Michigan Technological University, Houghton, USA (GRID:grid.259979.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0663 5937) 
70  University of Nova Gorica, Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), Nova Gorica, Slovenia (GRID:grid.438882.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0212 6916); J. Stefan Institute, Experimental Particle Physics Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia (GRID:grid.11375.31) (ISNI:0000 0001 0706 0012) 
71  Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA (GRID:grid.170205.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7822); Kyoto University, Hakubi Center for Advanced Research and Graduate School of Science, Kyoto, Japan (GRID:grid.258799.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 2033) 
72  INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.470206.7) 
73  Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium (GRID:grid.4989.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2348 0746) 
74  Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina (GRID:grid.466813.e); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany (GRID:grid.7892.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0075 5874) 
75  Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil (GRID:grid.412317.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2325 7288) 
76  Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium (GRID:grid.8767.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2290 8069); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany (GRID:grid.7892.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0075 5874) 
77  Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania (GRID:grid.450283.8) 
78  Colorado School of Mines, Golden, USA (GRID:grid.254549.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8155) 
79  Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany (GRID:grid.7892.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0075 5874) 
80  Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Nova Friburgo, Brazil (GRID:grid.457073.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9001 3008) 
81  Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (GRID:grid.412368.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0643 8839) 
82  Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico (GRID:grid.411659.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2112 2750) 
83  University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, USA (GRID:grid.14003.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2167 3675) 
84  University of Nova Gorica, Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), Nova Gorica, Slovenia (GRID:grid.438882.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0212 6916) 
85  Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.9026.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2287 2617) 
86  INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy (GRID:grid.470198.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1755 400X); Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica ”E. Segrè”, Palermo, Italy (GRID:grid.10776.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 1762 5517) 
87  Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA (GRID:grid.64337.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 0662 7451) 
88  INFN, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.470219.9); Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Dipartimento di Fisica, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.6530.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2300 0941) 
89  Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium (GRID:grid.4989.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2348 0746); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany (GRID:grid.7892.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0075 5874) 
90  Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA (GRID:grid.29857.31) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 4281) 
91  Charles University, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.4491.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 116X) 
92  Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia (GRID:grid.411595.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2105 7207) 
93  CITEDEF and CONICET, Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, Villa Martelli, Argentina (GRID:grid.424881.3) 
94  Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), Mexico, D.F., Mexico (GRID:grid.418275.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2165 8782) 
95  Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.482261.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1794 2491) 
96  INFN, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.470219.9) 
97  Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France (GRID:grid.460789.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4910 6535); INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy (GRID:grid.470680.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 1761 7699); Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Lecce, Italy (GRID:grid.9906.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2289 7785) 
98  Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium (GRID:grid.8767.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2290 8069); University of Groningen, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.4830.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0407 1981) 
99  Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany (GRID:grid.7892.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0075 5874); University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, USA (GRID:grid.33489.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 0454 4791) 
100  INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy (GRID:grid.470198.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1755 400X); Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy (GRID:grid.450006.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 4910 2737) 
101  Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (GRID:grid.418228.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0643 8134) 
102  “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania (GRID:grid.443874.8) (ISNI:0000 0000 9463 5349); Physics Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania (GRID:grid.5100.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 497X) 
103  University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics, Łódź, Poland (GRID:grid.10789.37) (ISNI:0000 0000 9730 2769) 
104  Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia (GRID:grid.440796.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 0083 1304) 
105  Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (GRID:grid.8536.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 473X) 
106  Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.7177.6) (ISNI:0000000084992262) 
107  University of Leeds, School of Physics and Astronomy, Leeds, UK (GRID:grid.9909.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8403) 
Publication year
2021
Publication date
Nov 2021
Publisher
Springer Nature B.V.
ISSN
14346044
e-ISSN
14346052
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09700-w
ProQuest document ID
2591877725
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.