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Abstract
Magmatic arcs are terrestrial environments where lithospheric cycling and recycling of metals and volatiles is enhanced. However, the first-order mechanism permitting the episodic fluxing of these elements from the mantle through to the outer Earth’s spheres has been elusive. To address this knowledge gap, we focus on the textural and minero-chemical characteristics of metal-rich magmatic sulfides hosted in amphibole-olivine-pyroxene cumulates in the lowermost crust. We show that in cumulates that were subject to increasing temperature due to prolonged mafic magmatism, which only occurs episodically during the complex evolution of any magmatic arc, Cu-Au-rich sulfide can exist as liquid while Ni-Fe rich sulfide occurs as a solid phase. This scenario occurs within a ‘Goldilocks’ temperature zone at ~1100–1200 °C, typical of the base of the crust in arcs, which permits episodic fractionation and mobilisation of Cu-Au-rich sulfide liquid into permeable melt networks that may ascend through the lithosphere providing metals for porphyry and epithermal ore deposits.
The presence and mobility of metal-rich sulfides in lower crustal magma chambers can act as a gateway for metals to be trapped, or released into ascending magmas that are then able to form upper crustal porphyry copper and gold deposits.
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1 University of Leicester, Centre for Sustainable Resource Extraction, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Leicester, UK (GRID:grid.9918.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8411)
2 University of Western Australia, Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence in Core to Crust Fluid Systems, Crawley, Australia (GRID:grid.1012.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7910)
3 Cardiff University, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Park Place, UK (GRID:grid.5600.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0807 5670)
4 University of Western Australia, Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence in Core to Crust Fluid Systems, Crawley, Australia (GRID:grid.1012.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7910); BHP, Technical Centre of Excellence, Perth, Australia (GRID:grid.432840.9) (ISNI:0000 0000 8900 8068)