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Abstract
In cool-climate viticulture, the short growing season can influence grape seed maturation by reducing the apparent oxidation of flavan-3-ol monomers and associated increase in seed browning. A reduction in seed maturation increases the potential extraction of flavan-3-ol monomers into wine during maceration operations, heightening bitterness. Here, we carried out a 2 × 2 factorial experiment to test the ability of freezing and heating treatments to advance maturation (decrease flavan-3-ol, improve browning) of (Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot noir and Cabernet Sauvignon seeds over a 24-h incubation period. Only freezing significantly increased seed browning in both cultivars. Subsequent correlations with seed flavan-3-ol monomer concentrations suggest that freezing enhanced the oxidation of these compounds. Interestingly, natural ripening and freezing reduced galloylated flavan-3-ol monomers to a greater extent than non-galloylated ones. This study provides new information regarding the susceptibility of flavan-3-ol monomers to freezing and heating, and also suggests that freezing can advance the maturation the seeds of under-ripe red vinifera grapes.
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Details
1 The University of British Columbia, Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Vancouver, Canada (GRID:grid.17091.3e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2288 9830); Plant and Soil Sciences Building, Michigan State University, Department of Horticulture, East Lansing, USA (GRID:grid.17088.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2150 1785)
2 Plant and Soil Sciences Building, Michigan State University, Department of Horticulture, East Lansing, USA (GRID:grid.17088.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2150 1785); Università di Udine, Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Udine, Italy (GRID:grid.5390.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 062X)
3 Plant and Soil Sciences Building, Michigan State University, Department of Horticulture, East Lansing, USA (GRID:grid.17088.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2150 1785)
4 Function Phenolics LLC, Corvallis, USA (GRID:grid.17088.36)
5 Università di Udine, Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Udine, Italy (GRID:grid.5390.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 062X)
6 Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Centro Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy (GRID:grid.9906.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2289 7785)