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© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an incapacitating condition characterized by loss of interest, anhedonia and low mood, which affects almost 4% of people worldwide. With rising prevalence, it is considered a public health issue that affects economic productivity and heavily increases health costs alone or as a comorbidity for other pandemic non-communicable diseases (such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases, etc.). What is even more noteworthy is the double number of women suffering from MDD compared to men. In fact, this sex-related ratio has been contemplated since men and women have different sexual hormone oscillations, where women meet significant changes depending on the age range and moment of life (menstruation, premenstruation, pregnancy, postpartum, menopause…), which seem to be associated with susceptibility to depressive symptoms. For instance, a decreased estrogen level promotes decreased activation of serotonin transporters. Nevertheless, sexual hormones are not the only triggers that alter neurotransmission of monoamines and other neuropeptides. Actually, different dietary habits and/or nutritional requirements for specific moments of life severely affect MDD pathophysiology in women. In this context, the present review aims to descriptively collect information regarding the role of malnutrition in MDD onset and course, focusing on female patient and especially macro- and micronutrient deficiencies (amino acids, ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFAs), folate, vitamin B12, vitamin D, minerals…), besides providing evidence for future nutritional intervention programs with a sex-gender perspective that hopefully improves mental health and quality of life in women.

Details

Title
The Problem of Malnutrition Associated with Major Depressive Disorder from a Sex-Gender Perspective
Author
García-Montero, Cielo 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Ortega, Miguel A 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Alvarez-Mon, Miguel Angel 2 ; Fraile-Martinez, Oscar 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Romero-Bazán, Adoración 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Lahera, Guillermo 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Montes-Rodríguez, José Manuel 5   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Molina-Ruiz, Rosa M 6 ; Mora, Fernando 7   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Rodriguez-Jimenez, Roberto 8 ; Quintero, Javier 7 ; Álvarez-Mon, Melchor 9   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; [email protected] (M.A.A.-M.); [email protected] (O.F.-M.); [email protected] (A.R.-B.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (J.M.M.-R.); [email protected] (M.Á.-M.); Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain 
 Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; [email protected] (M.A.A.-M.); [email protected] (O.F.-M.); [email protected] (A.R.-B.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (J.M.M.-R.); [email protected] (M.Á.-M.); Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, 28031 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (F.M.); [email protected] (J.Q.) 
 Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; [email protected] (M.A.A.-M.); [email protected] (O.F.-M.); [email protected] (A.R.-B.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (J.M.M.-R.); [email protected] (M.Á.-M.) 
 Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; [email protected] (M.A.A.-M.); [email protected] (O.F.-M.); [email protected] (A.R.-B.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (J.M.M.-R.); [email protected] (M.Á.-M.); Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; Psychiatry Service, Center for Biomedical Research in the Mental Health Network, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias (CIBERSAM), 28806 Alcalá de Henares, Spain 
 Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; [email protected] (M.A.A.-M.); [email protected] (O.F.-M.); [email protected] (A.R.-B.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (J.M.M.-R.); [email protected] (M.Á.-M.); Psychiatry Service, Center for Biomedical Research in the Mental Health Network, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal (CIBERSAM), 28034 Madrid, Spain 
 Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, San Carlos Clinical University Hospital, IdiSSC, 28034 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 
 Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, 28031 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (F.M.); [email protected] (J.Q.); Department of Legal Medicine and Psychiatry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 
 Department of Legal Medicine and Psychiatry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected]; Institute for Health Research 12 de Octubre Hospital, (Imas 12)/CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health), 28041 Madrid, Spain 
 Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; [email protected] (M.A.A.-M.); [email protected] (O.F.-M.); [email protected] (A.R.-B.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (J.M.M.-R.); [email protected] (M.Á.-M.); Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service an Internal Medicine, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, (CIBEREHD), 28806 Alcalá de Henares, Spain 
First page
1107
Publication year
2022
Publication date
2022
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20726643
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2637787630
Copyright
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.