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This study was conducted to evaluate the concentration and health risk of trace elements in milk powder and baby food samples marketed in Iran using inductive couple plasma/optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) method. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were ranged from 1.80 × 10–5 to 2.17 × 10–3 and 6.00 × 10–5 to 7.22 × 10–3 mg/kg, respectively, with recoveries ranged from 92 to 105%. Zinc (Zn) was found in a high mean concentration (8.49 × 10–1 ± 3.93 × 10–2 mg/kg) in milk powder, and iron (Fe) was found in the highest mean concentration (2.04 ± 3.61 × 10–2 mg/kg) in baby food. The Monte Carlo simulation results for the infants revealed that the rank order of the hazard quotient (HQ) index was mercury (Hg) > nickel (Ni) > arsenic (As) > cadmium (Cd) > aluminum (Al). Further, the result of non-carcinogenic and probability of carcinogenic risk was lower than the limits of safe risk (HQ > 1 and cancer risk (CR) > 1 × 10–4). In conclusion, the toxic elements content in the tested products was sufficiently low, and all of the milk powder and baby food sold in Iran could be considered safe for infants and children.
Details
Food;
Nickel;
Iron;
Aluminum;
Trace elements;
Infants;
Carcinogens;
Optical emission spectroscopy;
Cadmium;
Risk assessment;
Quotients;
Milk;
Baby foods;
Powder;
Arsenic;
Emission spectroscopy;
Health risk assessment;
Spectroscopy;
Aluminium;
Probability theory;
Monte Carlo simulation;
Health risks;
Zinc;
Statistical analysis;
Inductively coupled plasma;
Babies;
Analytical methods;
Statistical methods;
Foods;
Trace elements (nutrients)
; Aeenehvand Saeed 4 ; Jahed, Khaniki Gholamreza 3 ; Abdel-Wahhab Mosaad 5 ; Shahsavari Saeed 6 1 Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Fasa, Iran (GRID:grid.411135.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0415 3047)
2 Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Vice-Chancellery of Food and Drug, Shahroud, Iran (GRID:grid.444858.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0384 8816)
3 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411705.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0166 0922)
4 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Department of Food Sciences and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411600.2)
5 National Research Center, Food Toxicology & Contaminants Dept, Cairo, Egypt (GRID:grid.419725.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 8157)
6 Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Health Products Safety Research Center, Qazvin, Iran (GRID:grid.412606.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 0405 433X)