Is the motivation to quit smoking greater if the smoker is going to quit smoking of their own free will or when advised by a health professional?

Abstract

Subjects who attend smoking cessation clinics of their OFW do not have higher scores on the motivation questionnaires used when compared to those who attend on the advice of their PC or OS. 1. de Granda-Orive JI, Pascual-Lledó JF, Asensio-Sánchez S, et al. Factors motivating smoking cessation: a cross-sectional study in a lower-middle-income country. José I. de Granda-Orive 1 ; José Francisco Pascual-Lledó 2 ; Santos Asensio-Sánchez 2 ; Segismundo Solano-Reina 3 ; Marcos García-Rueda 4 ; Manuel Ángel Martínez-Muñiz 5 ; Lourdes Lázaro-Asegurado 6 ; Daniel Buljubasich 7 ; Susana Luhning 8 ; Rogelio Pendino 7 ; Isabel Cienfuegos-Agustín 1 ; Carlos A. Jiménez-Ruiz 9 1Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain 2Respiratory Department, General University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante, Spain 3Respiratory Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain 4Respiratory Department, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya de Málaga, Málaga, Spain 5Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitario San Agustín, Avilés, Spain 6Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain 7Respiratory Department, Sanatorio Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Rosario, República Argentina 8Neumóloga, Centro Médico Humana, Córdoba, República Argentina 9Unidad Especializada de Tabaquismo de la Comunidad de Madrid, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain

Dear Editor,

As a complement to a previous study by our group whose data and methodology have already been published^1,2, we hypothesize that the motivation to quit smoking could be greater if the subject is going to quit smoking of their own free will (OFW) than if they are sent on the advice of a health professional.

The aim of the study was to check whether the degree of motivation to quit smoking is different depending on who refers the smoker to the smoking treatment consultation, considering three sources of remission (variable ‘referred by’): primary care (PC), medical specialist (OS) or by OFW.

For this analysis, the subjects finally included were 292 [72.1%; 155 women (53.1%); mean age 51.1 ± 11.0 years (range: 25 – 77)]. Ninety-nine subjects (33.9%) attended our smoking clinics on PC advice, 116 (29.7%) subjects on OS advice, and 77 subjects (26.4%) on OFW. We have used four motivational tests to quit smoking (MTQS): Richmond Test (RT), the Henri Mondor Paris Motivation Test (HMPMT), Khiwji-Watts test (KWT) and the visual analogue scale (VAS)¹.

Supplementary file shows the distribution of the three categories of the variable ‘referred by’ for all participants and by sex, and we found no significant differences. shows the mean age values for all participants, by sex, and by each category of the variable ‘referred by’. There were no statistically significant differences between the mean ages of the different categories. also shows the mean values of the scores of the MTQS according to the categories of the variable ‘referred by’, for all participants and by sex. Only in the HMPMT were there significant differences between PC versus OS, but this was only for men.

Table 1

Description of the quantitative variables for all participants, by sex, and by ‘referred by’

Characteristics	All	Males	Females	p
Total, n	292	137	155
Age (years), mean ± SD (range)	51.1 ± 11.0 (25 – 77)	51.5 ± 11.1 (27 – 77)	50.7 ± 10.9 (25 – 76)	0.522
Referred by	Primary Care	Other Specialties	Own Free-Will	p
Total, n
All	99	116	77
Males	45	61	31
Females	54	55	46
Age (years), mean ± SD (range)
All	50.0 ± 10.9 (29 – 77)	53.0 ± 10.9 (25 – 77)	48.7 ± 10.9 (26 – 72)	0.084
Males	51.4 ± 11.0 (29 – 77)	53.6 ± 10.6 (28 – 77)	47.8 ± 11.7 (27 – 66)	0.122
Females	48.9 ± 10.8 (29 – 70)	52.3 ± 11.3 (25 – 76)	50.9 ± 10.3 (26 – 72)	0.248
Motivation scales (scores), mean ± SD (range)
All
RT	7.9 ± 1.6 (3 – 10)	7.8 ± 1.5 (4 – 10)	8.2 ± 1.4 (5 – 10)	0.340
HMPMT	13.8 ± 2.4 (6 – 18)	12.6 ± 2.7 (3 – 18)	13.5 ± 2.9 (5 – 18)	0.003
KWT	11.6 ± 2.6 (5 – 15)	11.2 ± 2.6 (5 – 15)	11.7 ± 2.4 (7 – 15)	0.302
VAS	8.1 ± 1.8 (0 – 10)	7.7 ± 2.1 (0 – 10)	8.2 ± 1.7 (0 – 10)
MD (SE) (95% CI)*		1.2 (0.4) (0.3 – 2.1)
Males
RT	7.9 ± 1.6 (3 – 10)	7.9 ± 1.5 (4 – 10)	8.5 ± 1.3 (6 – 10)	0.122
HMPMT	14.2 ± 2.3 (10 – 18)	12.7 ± 2.7 (7 – 18)	13.5 ± 3.1 (7 – 18)	0.021
KWT	11.3 ± 2.6 (7 – 15)	10.9 ± 2.6 (5 – 15)	12.3 ± 2.6 (7 – 15)	0.054
VAS	8.3 ± 1.9 (0 – 10)	7.9 ± 1.9 (2 – 10)	8.5 ± 1.6 (4 – 10)	0.216
MD (SE) (95% CI)*		1.5 (0.5) (0.2 – 2.8)
Females
RT	7.9 ± 1.7 (4 – 10)	7.8 ± 1.6 (4 – 10)	7.9 ± 1.4 (5 – 10)	0.890
HMPMT	13.4 ± 2.5 (6 – 18)	12.4 ± 2.8 (3 – 18)	13.5 ± 2.7 (5 – 18)	0.068
KWT	11.8 ± 2.7 (5 – 15)	11.5 ± 2.7 (5 – 15)	11.3 ± 2.3 (7 – 15)	0.475
VAS	8.0 ± 1.7 (3 – 10)	7.5 ± 2.3 (0 – 10)	8 ± 1.7 (0 – 10)	0.733

RT: Richmond Test. HMPMT: Henri Mondor Paris Motivation Test. KWT: Khiwji-Watts Test. VAS: Visual Analogue Scale. SD: standard deviation. MD: means differences. SE: standard error.

* Primary Care versus Other Specialties for HMPMT.

A previous study concluded that smoking cessation is motivated by concern for self-health and family’s health, family’s support, and social pressures³. In some studies, promptings by doctors were reported as being a reason for quitting by only 13% of respondents, and only one quarter of respondents received cessation-related awareness from their doctors⁴. It is known that personal willpower is an essential feature of the 5As model in ‘Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence’⁵, of which the first three As build towards willingness to quit and the last two As facilitate those willing to quit to take the final decision to quit⁵. This suggests how personal motivation that arises from within the individual is more likely to lead to successful cessation than when it arises externally³, but also, it is known, that a specific referral to a smoking cessation program can increase participation by patients^6,7.

So, we cannot demonstrate differences in the scores of the analyzed smoking cessation motivation scales depending on who refers the subject. Subjects who attend smoking cessation clinics of their OFW do not have higher scores on the motivation questionnaires used when compared to those who attend on the advice of their PC or OS.

References

1. de Granda-Orive JI, Pascual-Lledó JF, Asensio-Sánchez S, et al. Is the motivation to quit smoking a predictor of abstinence maintenance? Tob Prev Cessat. 2021; 7(June). doi:10.18332/tpc/136506.

2. de Granda-Orive JI, Pascual-Lledó JF, Asensio-Sánchez S, et al. Is There an Association Between the Degree of Nicotine Dependence and the Motivation to Stop Smoking? Arch Bronconeumol (Engl Ed). 2019;55(3):139-145. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2018.08.003

3. Martins RS, Junaid MU, Khan MS, et al. Factors motivating smoking cessation: a cross-sectional study in a lower-middle-income country. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1419. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11477-2.

4. Butler CC, Pill R, Stott NC. Qualitative study of patients' perceptions of doctors' advice to quit smoking: implications for opportunistic health promotion. BMJ. 1998;316(7148):1878–1881. doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7148.1878.

5. Fiore MC, Jaen CR, Baker TB et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. US Department of Health and Human Services; 2008. Accessed February 23, 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/b...

6. de Granda-Orive JI, Pascual-Lledó JF, Solano-Reina S, et al. When should we measure self-efficacy as an aid to smoking cessation? Arch Bronconeumol (Engl Ed). 2019;55(12):654-656. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2019.04.015.

7. Lichtenstein E, Hollis J. Patient referral to a smoking cessation program: who follows through? J Fam Pract. 1992;34(6):739-744. Accessed February 23, 2022. https://ncbi.nlm.nih.go...