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Abstract
Tongue strengthening exercise (TSE) has been proposed as an intervention to increase tongue strength and improve swallowing. However, clinical evidence of its effectiveness is lacking. In this review, seven databases were searched from inception to September 30, 2021 for randomized controlled trials that compared tongue strengths between the TSE intervention and control groups, obtained from maximal tongue elevation peak force in kilopascals (kPa). The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used for quality assessment. In total, 12 studies with 388 participants were included. The pooled meta-analysis demonstrated that the anterior tongue strength (ATS) (MD = 5.34 kPa; 95% CI 3.28–7.40; I2 = 71%) and posterior tongue strength (MD = 8.12; 95% CI 3.45–12.79; I2 = 90%) were significantly higher in the TSE intervention than that in the control group. Among healthy participants, subgroup analysis showed that TSE had improvements on ATS in all age groups, with the greatest improvement in old people (≥ 65 years) (MD = 8.01; 95% CI 4.39–11.64; I2 = 30%). Meta-regression analysis revealed a nonsignificant trend toward greater improvement on tongue strength with increasing TSE duration. This study provides positive evidence that TSE may be beneficial in improving tongue strength and could be applied for adults, especially healthy older adults.
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1 Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Department of Family Medicine, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, ROC (GRID:grid.413593.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0573 007X)
2 MacKay Memorial Hospital, Department of Medical Library, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC (GRID:grid.413593.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0573 007X)
3 Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, ROC (GRID:grid.413593.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0573 007X)
4 Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Department of Family Medicine, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, ROC (GRID:grid.413593.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0573 007X); MacKay Medical College, Department of Medicine, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC (GRID:grid.452449.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1762 5613); MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC (GRID:grid.507991.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0639 3191)