Abstract
Background
Robotic‐assisted radical prostatectomy(RARP) is widely used to surgically treat of localized prostate cancer. Among RARP, retzius-sparing techniques(RS-RARP) are implemented through douglas pouch, not the existing conventional approach(C-RARP). We conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis including recent published papers.
Materials & methods
Systematic review was performed following the PRISMA guideline. PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched up to August 2021. We conducted meta-analysis as follows; Participants, patients with biopsy-proven PCa; Interventions, Patients underwent C-RARP or RS-RALP; Outcomes, comparison of continence recovery rate, positive surgical margins(PSM), complication, operation time and estimated blood loss(EBL) included for analysis.
Results
Thirteen studies with a total of 2917 patients were included for meta-analysis. Among them, three were randomized controlled trials (RCT) studies and the rest were non-RCT studies. Incontinence was analyzed with zero pad and safety pad, respectively. There showed a statistically significant advantage for RS-RARP in terms of continence recovery at 1 month(0 pad; OR 0.28, (0.16–0.47), safety-pad; OR 0.12 (0.07–0.22), p<0.001), as well as at 3 months(0 pad; OR 0.31 (0.18–0.53), safety-pad; OR 0.23 (0.14–0.40) p<0.001), 6 months(0 pad; OR 0.29 (0.17–0.51), safety-pad; OR 0.13 (0.06–0.27), p<0.001). And after 12 months, RS-RARP showed better results only in the safety-pad(0 pad; OR 0.64 (0.35–1.18), p = 0.15, safety-pad; OR 0.12 (0.04–0.36), p<0.001). In PSM, there was no statistical difference between two group at overall stage, but RS-RARP was observed to be higher than C-RARP in pT3 subgroup analysis(OR 0.74 (0.55–0.99), p = 0.047) (Fig 1). Whereas, there was no significant difference between the two groups in complication, operation time, and EBL.
Conclusions
Our analysis showed that RS-RARP is superior about early continence recovery than C-RARP. However, RS-RARP showed relatively high PSM in locally advanced PCa of pT3 or above. Therefore, although RS-RARP has few advantages about functional outcomes, we think that caution should be exercised when approaching patients with high-risk local diseases.
Citation: Chung DY, Jung HD, Kim DK, Lee MH, Lee SW, Paick S, et al. (2022) Outcomes of Retzius-sparing versus conventional robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: A KSER update series systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 17(5): e0268182. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268182
Editor: Frank JMF Dor, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UNITED KINGDOM
Received: January 18, 2022; Accepted: April 24, 2022; Published: May 26, 2022
Copyright: © 2022 Chung et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
1. Introduction
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of newly diagnosed malignancy in men, accounting for nearly 20% of all diagnosed cancers among men in the United State in 2020 [1]. Radical prostatectomy (RP) is one of the most commonly used therapeutic approaches for localized and locally advanced PCa. Robot-assisted RP (RARP) was first introduced in 2001 [2]. RARP has been widely used recently because of its advantages such as shorter hospital stay, less surgical trauma, and lesser need for analgesics than the existing open technique [3, 4]. However, despite advancements in surgical experience and technology, functional complications such as urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction caused by RP are the urologist’s conundrum. Therefore, continuous technological developments aim to reduce its associated functional complications. Accordingly, many urologists have devised and implemented methods to prevent incontinence, such as membranous urethral length preservation, posterior musculofascial reconstruction, and bladder neck preservation [5–8]. In 2010, Bocciardi et al. [9] published a new approach–Retzius-sparing RARP (RS-RARP)–that passes through the pouch of Douglas and spares the Retzius structures involved in continence. In a follow-up presentation, they reported remarkable results with no patients using safety liners by 1 year postoperative. This new surgical method has since been implemented by many surgeons and is being compared to conventional -RARP (C-RARP). Existing meta-analyses on this topic have been published, but many papers were not included, thus results such as continence and positive surgical margin (PSM) are conflicting, and the evidence level tends to be low. Therefore, here we included all recently published studies and compared the updated results of RS-RARP and C-RARP in a systematic review and meta-analysis.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Search strategy and data extraction
This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement (http://www.prisma-statement.org/) [10]. Relevant studies that compared the two robotic surgical methods (C-RARP and RS-RARP) for localized and locally advanced PCa cases were searched up to July 2021 using PubMed, Ovid-EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials using the following Medical Subject Headings terms: “prostate cancer,” “prostate carcinoma,” “Retzius,” “sparing,” “prostatectomy,” and relevant variations. We limited the search to studies published in English. Two reviewers (DYC and HDJ) independently reviewed the titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles based on the inclusion criteria. Any discrepancies between them were resolved by a third reviewer (JYL). Because this study was a systematic review and meta-analysis, it was exempted from ethics committee or institutional review board approval.
2.2 Inclusion criteria and study eligibility
The eligibility of each study was assessed considering participants, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and study design approach [11]: participants, patients with biopsy-proven PCa who had localized or locally advanced PCa without neoadjuvant therapy; interventions, PCa patients who underwent C-RARP; comparators, PCa patients with the same characteristics who underwent RS-RALP; outcomes, incontinence recovery rates, PSM, estimated blood loss (EBL), operation time, complication rates; and study design, no restrictions on research design, with both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs included in the analysis.
The primary endpoint was incontinence recovery rates, the secondary endpoint was PSM, and the tertiary endpoints were EBL, operation time, and complication rates. The definition of urinary incontinence recovery was divided into zero pads and safety pads and analyzed. Safety pad was defined as one security pad per day used in most studies. For PSM, a sub-analysis was performed for each T stage as well as for the overall analysis.
2.3 Quality assessment
Quality assessments were performed independently by two reviewers (DYC and DKK) using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale [12, 13]. The Cochrane risk of bias tool for the quality assessment of RCTs was recommended by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and includes the following risk of bias domains: (1) random sequence generation, (2) allocation concealment, (3) blinding of participants and personnel, (4) blinding of outcomes assessment, (5) incomplete outcomes data, (6) selective reporting, and (7) other potential biases. Each item was further divided into three categories based on the risk of bias: high, low, and unknown.
For the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, a tool for evaluating non-RCTs, the three major assessment categories were selection, comparability, and exposure. Studies can be rated as up to nine stars [14]. A final score of six stars or more indicates high quality.
2.4 Statistical analysis
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for dichotomous variables. The weighted mean difference (WMD) was calculated for continuous variables. Inter-study heterogeneity was assessed using chi-square and I2 tests. A Cochran Q statistic p value <0.05 or an I2 statistic >50% was used to indicate statistically significant heterogeneity between trials [15]. Based on the degree of heterogeneity, a random-effects or fixed-effects model was applied to calculate summary measures [16]. The meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager Version 5.3 (RevMan, The Nordic Cochrane Center, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2013) and R (version 4.1.1, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria; http://www.r-project.org/) and its meta and metafor packages. A nonsignificant test result (p>0.05) indicated that the test hypothesis is true or should be accepted [17]. In the analysis of less than 10 studies, funnel plots were not used; only analyses containing 10 or more studies were added (S1 Fig) [18].
3. Results
3.1 Systematic review process
The PRISMA guidelines were followed; a flowchart of the study selection process is shown in Fig 1. The initial international database search identified 271 studies (100 in PubMed, 138 in OVID-EMBASE, and 33 in the Cochran Library). Of them, 162 remained after the removal of duplicates. After the title and abstract screening, 94 articles were excluded. Subsequently, 18 full-text articles were evaluated based on pre-established inclusion criteria. As a result, a total of 13 papers [19–32] (2,917 patients) were included in the final analysis (Table 1). Two studies included the same patients. Therefore, the two were combined included in the meta-analysis [19, 20].
[Figure omitted. See PDF.]
[Figure omitted. See PDF.]
Three studies were RCTs [19, 20, 25, 26]; the others [21, 22, 24, 27–32] were retrospective case-control studies. Among them, four [24, 28, 29, 31] analyzed propensity score matching. All trials enrolled patients diagnosed with PCa who had undergone C-RARP or RS-RARP as the initial treatment.
3.2 Quality assessment
The quality assessment results based on the Cochrane risk of bias tool are shown in Table 2A. Due to the limitations of the study topic regarding the comparison of surgical methods, all RCTs [19, 20, 25, 26] had high risk for performance bias and detection bias. In one study [19, 20], the risk of selection bias was high. In this study, C-RARP was selected to treat three patients (one with morbid obesity, one with a very large prostate gland, and one with peritoneal dialysis) (Table 2A). The results of the quality assessment using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for non-RCT studies are shown in Table 2B. Nine studies received a score of seven points, indicating high quality. In all non-RCT studies, no major problems were noted, except for the selection of control and non-response rates.
[Figure omitted. See PDF.]
3.3 Functional and perioperative outcomes
3.3.1 Incontinence recovery rate.
Urinary incontinence recovery was analyzed in two ways according to the definitions in each study. A forest plot for these analyses were shown in Figs 2 and 3.
[Figure omitted. See PDF.]
[Figure omitted. See PDF.]
* Zero pad
A total of five studies [19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 30] were included in the zero pad analysis. After catheter removal, outcomes at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months were evaluated. Each result was as follows: after 1 month, the outcome was OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.16–0.47; p 0.00001; I2 = 0%. The 3-month outcome was OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.18–0.53; p<0.0001; I2 = 4%. The 6-month outcome was OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.17–0.51; p<0.0001; I2 = 0%. At 1, 3, and 6 months, RS-RALP showed a significantly better incontinence recovery rate than C-RALP. However, at 12 months, the result was OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.35–1.18; p = 0.15; I2 = 0%. However, this result was not statistically significant. No heterogeneity was observed in any of the analyses (Fig 2).
* Safety pad
A total of 10 studies [19–21, 23, 24, 27–32] were included in the safety pad analysis. Similarly, after catheter removal, outcomes at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months were evaluated. The 1-month outcome was OR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.07–0.22; p<0.0000; I2 = 52%. The 3-month outcome was OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.14–0.40; p<0.00001; I2 = 2%. The 6-month outcome was OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.06–0.27; p<0.00001; I2 = 40%. The 12-month outcome was OR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.04–0.36; p = 0.0002; I2 = 0%. At all periods, RS-RALP showed a significantly better incontinence recovery rate than C-RALP. Heterogeneity was observed at the 1-month outcome. No heterogeneity was observed in the remaining outcomes (Fig 3).
3.3.2 Positive surgical margin.
A total of 12 studies [19–21, 23–32] involving 2,673 patients were included, and the result of the total patient analysis was OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.72–1.06; p = 0.20; I2 = 6%. We also performed a sub-analysis of each T stage using studies that reported PSM according to T stage.
At the T2 stage, the PSM results were OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.80–1.53; p = 0.55; I2 = 31%. At the T3 stage, the PSM results were OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.55–0.99; p = 0.047; I2 = 0%. The overall PSM result of five studies without T stage classification was OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.56–1.26; p = 0.40; I2 = 0%). In terms of PSM, the study results of the total patient and T2 stage were not statistically significant, but C-RARP showed better results than RS-RARP for the T3 stage (Fig 4).
[Figure omitted. See PDF.]
3.3.3 EBL and operation time.
EBL and operation time analyses were conducted of only studies that reported mean values and standard deviation values. A total of five studies [22, 27–30] were included in the EBL analysis. The result was WMD = 8.80; 95% CI, -22.15 to 39.75; p = 0.58; I2 = 91%. There were no statistically significant intergroup differences, and heterogeneity was observed. A total of five studies [24, 25, 27–29] were included in the operation time analysis. The result was WMD = 3.02; 95% CI, -32.03 to 38.06; p = 0.87; I2 = 98%. There was also no statistically significant intergroup difference, and heterogeneity was observed (Fig 5).
[Figure omitted. See PDF.]
3.3.4 Complications.
A total of 10 studies [19–23, 25, 26, 28–30, 32] were included in the complications analysis. Complications were classified according to Clavien–Dindo classification; the study by Lee et al. [28] reported only grade 3 or higher complications, while the remaining studies were reported as total complications. The result of the meta-analysis on the occurrence of complications was OR = 1.05; 95% CI, 0.65–1.70; p = 0.85; I2 = 33%. There were no statistically significant intergroup differences, and no heterogeneity was observed (Fig 6).
[Figure omitted. See PDF.]
4. Discussion
RP is a standard treatment with good oncological outcomes for localized and locally advanced PCa cases. Therefore, urologists are paying close attention to reducing functional complications such as incontinence and erectile dysfunction that may occur after RP [33, 34]. The Retzius space is a structure that becomes a landmark for surgery in cases of urologic and gynecological diseases [35, 36]. The pubourethral ligaments and eventual accessory pudendal arteries within this structure may be responsible for functional outcomes [37, 38]. Therefore, RS-RARP was first introduced under the assumption that preserving the Retzius space may help prevent incontinence [9]. They presented on the superiority of continence after RS-RARP versus C-RARP [39]. Since then, several surgeons have implemented this surgical method for PCa. Although some meta-analyses have been published in recent years to provide comparative results of RS-RARP and C-RARP, debate persists [40–45]. Published studies often yield conflicting results, and the number of analyzed studies remains small. Therefore, this study included the largest number of patients to date by synthesizing recent studies. We compared and analyzed our results with meta-analyses published within the last 2 years. As it is a topic of interest to many urologists, five papers were published on the same topic from 2020 to present [40, 42–45]. Among them, Rosenberg et al. [45] performed a meta-analysis of only RCT studies, while the rest analyzed both RCTs and non-RCTs as in our study. The level of evidence could be raised by including only RCTs in the meta-analysis. However, few RCTs have been conducted on this topic. A total of five studies were included in the meta-analysis by Rosenberg et al. [45] However, two were conference data. The inclusion of conference data in meta-analyses is controversial [46–48]. Therefore, we did not include those two studies. Furthermore, given that RCT research is scarce, we combined the non-RCTs that passed the quality assessment. Our strategy is similar to other recently published meta-analyses, but most previous meta analysis studies included fewer than 10 studies [40, 43, 44]. However, we proceeded with a total of 13 studies and a larger number of patients, including studies published more recently than those included in previous meta-analyses. In particular, the study by Lim et al. [49] included in the previous meta-analyses was recently updated and published. This was analyzed for the first time in our study [28].
Most meta-analyses show a common result regarding the superiority of early continence recovery in RS-RARP. However, compared with C-RARP, late continence recovery and PSM in RS-RARP remain debatable. In RS-RARP, continence recovery is among the most important postoperative outcomes. Looking at the previous meta-analyses, all report that RS-RARP is excellent in early urinary incontinence recovery, but different results appear in long term follow-up. Study by Checcucci et al. [44] reported that 12-month long term follow up continence was also better in RS-RARP, on the other hand, studies by Barakat et al. [42], Rosenberg et al. [45] and Phukan et al. [43] reported that there was no difference between the two methods in long term continence recovery. In our study, unlike other studies, urinary incontinence was categorized and reported in two definitions. In previous studies, the definition of incontinence was not classified; however, in clinical practice, the criteria for zero pad versus safety pad are clear and useful [50]. Therefore, it is possible to analyze the two criteria separately to reflect the real clinical setting. Based on the safety pad, RS-RARP has better continence recovery than C-RARP regardless of the postoperative period. However, there is no significant difference in the recovery of late continence after 12 months based on a zero pad. The safety pad can involve a more vague definition than the zero pad [51]. Therefore, RS-RARP is better for early incontinence recovery than C-RARP; however, it is difficult to conclude that it is also better for late continence recovery using stricter criteria. Therefore, we believe that this result is more reliable than the results of previous studies on urinary incontinence recovery in RS-RARP through a more accurate analysis.
And next, in the analysis of PSM, previous meta-analyses have controversy. The Cochrane review by Rosenberg et al. [45] reported that PSM was significantly higher in RS-RARP, but the level of evidence was low. In the most recent study by Barakat et al. [42], although not a statistically significant result, it was announced that there was a significantly higher trend in RS-RARP in pT3 or higher. Also, in study by Checcucci et al. [44], when the overall patients were analyzed, RS-RARP was significantly higher, and there were no specific findings in the sub analysis. On the other hand, a study by Phukan et al. [43] reported no statistically significant difference in PSM. Our study has crucial distinction from previous studies to address these controversies. Although other studies were sub-analyzed by T stage, they did not classify the number of patients at each T stage. Therefore, many studies had inaccurate numbers because the analysis included the total patients and not the subgroups analyzed by T stage [42–44]. In the current study, sub-analyses were performed for PSM in T2 and T3 patients. As a result, there was no statistically significant differences in T2 stage or total T stage, but RS-RARP showed a higher PSM rate than C-RARP for stage T3 patients. PSM in RS-RARP was debatable because it was performed in a relatively narrow Douglas space. Our results are the first meta-analysis to statistically prove an increase in PSM in patients with T3 or higher in RS-RARP. Therefore, our results show that a more cautious approach should be taken if RS-RARP is performed in patients with locally advanced PCa. Since many studies related to RS-RARP have been conducted recently, there are few long-term follow-up reports. Therefore, in the currently available literature, the evidence level is very low for an analysis of oncologic outcomes, such as biochemical recurrence. If long-term follow-up reports are published in the near future, it will be helpful to analyze oncologic outcomes of a newly reported series. In addition, there was no difference in EBL, operation time, and complication rate, which are the perioperative factors analyzed in the current study. Similar results were also reported by other published meta-analyses.
However, this meta-analysis has some limitations. First, non-RCTs were included in the analyses. Therefore, the findings should be interpreted with caution because the evidence level might be lower than that of previous meta-analyses that included only RCTs. Second, we did not analyze erectile dysfunction as a functional outcome. There are few long-term analyses of erectile dysfunction between these two surgical methods. Therefore, previously published meta-analyses did not analyze erectile dysfunction or found no difference between the two surgical methods. In addition, the level of evidence for comparing erectile dysfunction was very low in previous studies [42, 45]. Therefore, further research on this issue should be performed. Finally, the surgeon’s experience and surgical techniques can significantly impact the study. However, in meta-analyses of differences in surgical techniques, it is difficult to reflect surgeon experience level, resulting in these limitations [52].
Despite these limitations, this study is an updated study compared to previously published studies with more accurate statistical methods and including the latest studies. Therefore, we believe that our results lead to more reliable results than previous studies. Therefore, we think that it can help readers who come across our research more accurately compare and understand RS-RARP and C-RARP.
5. Conclusions
Our analysis showed that RS-RARP is superior to C-RARP for early continence recovery. However, RS-RARP showed a relatively high PSM in locally advanced PCa cases of pT3 or above. Therefore, when performing RS-RARP, a cautious approach is required in high-risk local disease, although it has advantages in functional outcome. However, these results should be interpreted with caution, as there are inherent limitations of studies that include retrospective studies, until well-designed long-term follow-up multicenter RCTs are published.
Supporting information
S1 Checklist. PRISMA 2020 checklist.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268182.s001
(DOCX)
S1 Fig. Funnel plot of positive surgical margin.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268182.s002
(PNG)
S1 Table. Search strategies for systematic review.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268182.s003
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Korean Society of Endourology and Robotics (KSER) Research Committee.
Citation: Chung DY, Jung HD, Kim DK, Lee MH, Lee SW, Paick S, et al. (2022) Outcomes of Retzius-sparing versus conventional robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: A KSER update series systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 17(5): e0268182. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268182
About the Authors:
Doo Yong Chung
Roles: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft
Affiliation: Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
Hae Do Jung
Roles: Data curation, Methodology
Affiliation: Department of Urology, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Gunpo, Korea
Do Kyung Kim
Roles: Formal analysis, Methodology
Affiliation: Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Min Ho Lee
Roles: Validation
Affiliation: Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
Sin Woo Lee
Roles: Validation
Affiliation: Department of Urology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Sunghyun Paick
Roles: Visualization
Affiliation: Department of Urology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Joo Yong Lee
Roles: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing
E-mail: [email protected] (JYL); [email protected] (SHJ)
Affiliations Department of Urology, Severance Hospital, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Center of Evidence Based Medicine, Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3470-1767
Seung Hyun Jeon
Roles: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing
E-mail: [email protected] (JYL); [email protected] (SHJ)
Affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Background
Robotic‐assisted radical prostatectomy(RARP) is widely used to surgically treat of localized prostate cancer. Among RARP, retzius-sparing techniques(RS-RARP) are implemented through douglas pouch, not the existing conventional approach(C-RARP). We conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis including recent published papers.
Materials & methods
Systematic review was performed following the PRISMA guideline. PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched up to August 2021. We conducted meta-analysis as follows; Participants, patients with biopsy-proven PCa; Interventions, Patients underwent C-RARP or RS-RALP; Outcomes, comparison of continence recovery rate, positive surgical margins(PSM), complication, operation time and estimated blood loss(EBL) included for analysis.
Results
Thirteen studies with a total of 2917 patients were included for meta-analysis. Among them, three were randomized controlled trials (RCT) studies and the rest were non-RCT studies. Incontinence was analyzed with zero pad and safety pad, respectively. There showed a statistically significant advantage for RS-RARP in terms of continence recovery at 1 month(0 pad; OR 0.28, (0.16–0.47), safety-pad; OR 0.12 (0.07–0.22), p<0.001), as well as at 3 months(0 pad; OR 0.31 (0.18–0.53), safety-pad; OR 0.23 (0.14–0.40) p<0.001), 6 months(0 pad; OR 0.29 (0.17–0.51), safety-pad; OR 0.13 (0.06–0.27), p<0.001). And after 12 months, RS-RARP showed better results only in the safety-pad(0 pad; OR 0.64 (0.35–1.18), p = 0.15, safety-pad; OR 0.12 (0.04–0.36), p<0.001). In PSM, there was no statistical difference between two group at overall stage, but RS-RARP was observed to be higher than C-RARP in pT3 subgroup analysis(OR 0.74 (0.55–0.99), p = 0.047) (Fig 1). Whereas, there was no significant difference between the two groups in complication, operation time, and EBL.
Conclusions
Our analysis showed that RS-RARP is superior about early continence recovery than C-RARP. However, RS-RARP showed relatively high PSM in locally advanced PCa of pT3 or above. Therefore, although RS-RARP has few advantages about functional outcomes, we think that caution should be exercised when approaching patients with high-risk local diseases.
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Details
; Jeon, Seung Hyun