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Contents
- Abstract
- How Rank-Order Stable Are Personality Traits?
- Personality Rank-Order Stability Varies Across the Life Span
- Personality Rank-Order Stability Decreases With Increasing Time Intervals
- Personality Rank-Order Stability Is Robust Across Measures, Methods, and Samples
- Summary
- How Do Personality Trait Levels Change Across the Life Span?
- Mean-Level Trajectories Differ Across Trait Domains
- Personality Mean-Level Change Varies Across the Life Span
- Personality Trait Change Increases With Increasing Time Intervals
- Personality Mean-Level Change Is Robust Across Measures, Samples, and Methods
- Summary
- Additional Moderators of Personality Rank-Order Stability and Mean-Level Change
- Publication Year
- Sample Characteristics
- Measurement Properties
- Overview and Hypotheses
- Method
- Transparency and Openness
- Literature Searches
- Coding of Study Variables and Effect Size Information
- Calculation of Effect Sizes and Standard Errors
- Analytic Strategy
- Results
- Publication Bias
- Descriptive Statistics
- Age and Time Effects on Rank-Order Stability
- Trait Specific Age Trends for Rank-Order Stability
- Exponential Age Trends for Rank-Order Stability
- Age and Time Effects on Mean-Level Change
- Trait-Specific Age Trends for Mean-Level Change
- Additional Moderators of Test–Retest Stability and Mean-Level Change
- Discussion
- The Role of Age and Time in Personality Trait Rank-Order Stability and Mean-Level Change
- Additional Moderators of Personality Rank-Order Stability and Mean-Level Change
- What Accounts for Personality Rank-Order Stability and Mean-Level Change?
- A Meta-Perspective on the Empirical Landscape of Personality Psychology
- Strengths and Limitations
- Conclusion
Figures and Tables
Abstract
Past research syntheses provided evidence that personality traits are both stable and changeable throughout the life span. However, early meta-analytic estimates were constrained by a relatively small universe of longitudinal studies, many of which tracked personality traits in small samples over moderate time periods using measures that were only loosely related to contemporary trait models such as the Big Five. Since then, hundreds of new studies have emerged allowing for more precise estimates of personality trait stability and change across the life span. Here, we updated and extended previous research syntheses on personality trait development by synthesizing novel longitudinal data on rank-order stability (total k = 189, total N = 178,503) and mean-level change (total k = 276, N = 242,542) from studies published after January 1, 2005. Consistent...