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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) represents a clinical condition caused by compression of the neurovascular structures that cross the thoracic outlet. TOS can be classified in: 1) neurogenic TOS (NTOS), 2) venous TOS (VTOS), 3) arterial TOS (ATOS). Many different causes can determine the syndrome: congenital malformations, traumas, and functional impairments.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This manuscript reviews how the congenital malformations play an important role in adult age; however, TOS also affects patients of all ages.
RESULTS: Radiological imaging like X-ray (radiography), magnetic resonance and computed tomography can provide useful information to assess TOS causes and decide a potential surgery. 79% of the patients included in the first two stages of nerve, artery, vein (NAV) staging experienced excellent results with kinesiotherapy; whereas patients included in the third and fourth stage of NAV staging were subject to surgery.
CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of acute forms of TOS involves thrombolysis and anticoagulant therapy; surgery is appropriate for true NTOS, vascular TOS and in some cases when conservative treatment fails.
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Details
1 Department of Sensory Organs, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy
2 Neurosurgery Unit, Dell’Angelo Hospital, Mestre, Venice, Italy
3 Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
4 Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
5 Unit of Radiology Regina Coeli, Rome, Italy
6 Department of Biomedicine and Preventive Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy
7 Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy
8 Department of Sensory Organs, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy. [email protected]