1. Introduction
Germin was originally described as a specific marker of wheat germination and was named “germin” because of its function [1]; since then, it has been found in many plants, including monocotyledons and dicotyledons, such as Oryza sativa L. [2] and Arabidopsis [3]. Germin-like proteins (GLP) are homohexameric glycoproteins that belong to the Cupin superfamily and share 30–70% sequence identity with germin protein [2,4]. GLP generally consists of two exons and one intron, encodes a protein consisting of approximately 220 amino acids, and contains a conserved Cupin domain with metal ion binding at the C-terminus [5,6,7]. The functions of GLPs are diverse. Most GLP proteins show enzyme activities in the form of polymers, and the enzyme functions are similar to superoxide dismutase (SOD), oxalate oxidase (OXO), and ADP glucose pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (AGPPase) activities [2,8,9]. SOD can catalyze the conversion of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen [10]. Plants can further convert hydrogen peroxide into other harmless substances [11]. OXO detoxifies by oxidizing oxalic acid to produce H2O2 and CO2, and plays an important role in plant disease resistance defense, growth, and development [12]. AGPPase is a major player in the transfer of carbon flow from starch synthase and may play a key role in starch biosynthesis [13]. Therefore, GLP proteins may perform the functions of these three enzymes. In addition to their enzymatic activities, GLPs are involved in plant life activities as structural proteins or receptors [14].
GLPs can be expressed in various tissues of plants and can play an important role in plant growth and development, such as plant growth, seed dormancy, and fruit development [4,15,16]. PDGLP regulates primary root growth by controlling phloem-mediated resource allocation between primary and lateral root meristems [3]. Rice activates the OsGLP by regulating the gibberellin signaling pathway, thereby regulating seed primary dormancy [4]. GLPs are also involved in plant responses to abiotic stresses [2,17]. The results of transcriptome verification show that potato improved tolerance to salt stress by upregulating the expression of StGLP5 [7]. After knocking out the OsGLP1, rice became sensitive to UV-B stress and downregulated the expression of some UV-B protective genes, indicating that OsGLP1 is involved in the adaptation of rice to UV-B radiation [2]. GLP also participates in the defense mechanism of plants against pathogens [18,19,20]. TaGLP4 and HvGLP4 silencing reduces basal resistance in wheat and barley, while overexpression of these two genes enhances resistance to B. graminis in both species [21]. After the CchGLP gene is silenced in pepper, pepper plants become more susceptible to PHYVV and PepGMV [19].
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an important horticultural crop in the world with important nutritional and economic values [22,23]. In the actual production process, melons are susceptible to low-temperature stress when planted in early spring and late autumn [24,25]. Low-temperature stress limits the growth and development of melon, reduces its yield and quality, and causes melon death in severe cases [26]. Although a large number of GLPs have been identified and analyzed in many plants, the CmGLP gene family system and expression patterns under low-temperature stress in melon have still been insufficiently reported. In the present study, we identified the members of the melon GLP gene family, analyzed their chromosomal location, gene structure, promoter cis-acting elements, evolutionary relationships, and replication events, and studied the binding of the transcription factor to the CmGLP2-5 promoter via double luciferase assay. The CmGLP gene family relative expression levels in different melon tissues and CmGLP gene family expression patterns after low-temperature treatment were investigated by qRT-PCR. The results will provide a basis for the in-depth understanding of the evolution, function and low-temperature stress response of CmGLPs in melon.
2. Result
2.1. Identification, Chromosomal Location, and Physicochemical Properties Analysis of GLP Genes in Melon
A total of 36 candidate GLPs were obtained by searching ‘germin-like protein’ in the melon genome database Melon (DHL92). The structural domain analysis of 36 candidate melon GLP proteins led to the identification of 22 CmGLP genes with typical GLP structural domains (Table 1). The search results of ‘germin like protein’ using Ensembl plants are consistent with our final results. According to their position on the chromosome, the genes were named in the order of CmGLP1-1–CmGLP12-2 (Figure 1). CmGLPs had a CDS sequence length of 498–747 and encoded a protein with an average length of 215 amino acids (aa), an average molecular weight of 22.9 kDa, and an isoelectric point (pI) of between 5.45–9.42. The prediction results showed that all members of the melon GLP gene family were hydrophobins, 20 members had signal peptides, and 6 members had transmembrane domains. Subcellular localization predictions showed that 11 family members were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, and the remaining members were located in the extracellular, vacuolar, peroxisomal, and cytoplasmic.
CmGLPs were randomly distributed on eight chromosomes of melon, where the highest number of eight was observed on chromosome 8, followed by chromosome 2. The CmGLP gene family had a tandem duplication gene cluster containing five genes located on chromosome 8 (CmGLP8-1, CmGLP8-2, CmGLP8-3, CmGLP8-4, and CmGLP8-5). Two tandem duplication gene pairs were located on chromosome 2 (CmGLP2-4/CmGLP2-5) and chromosome 8 (CmGLP8-6/CmGLP8-7). In addition, seven pairs of segmental duplication genes were found within the CmGLP gene family (CmGLP9-1/CmGLP12-2, CmGLP8-1/CmGLP12-2, CmGLP1-1/CmGLP10-1, CmGLP1-1/CmGLP2-1, CmGLP8-8/CmGLP12-2, CmGLP8-8/CmGLP12-1, and CmGLP8-8/CmGLP10-1). Moreover, CmGLP12-2 had fragment duplication with CmGLP8-1 and CmGLP8-2, and these two genes had duplication events with multiple genes.
2.2. Analysis of Evolutionary Relationship between the GLP Proteins of Melon and Other Plants
To explore the evolutionary relationship of GLPs between melon and other species, we selected representative species and melon to construct phylogenetic trees (Figure 2). Arabidopsis is a representative plant of dicotyledons, rice belongs to monocotyledonous representative plants, and cucumber, like melon, belongs to Cucurbitaceae horticultural plants. We refer to the classification of the GLP gene family in cucumber by Liao et al. [27], and divide the GLP gene family into six subfamilies. In either melon, rice, or Arabidopsis, the GLP genes were randomly distributed in the five subfamilies (Group a–Group e). In addition to being distributed in these five subfamilies, the cucumber GLP gene family also had an additional Group f. Among the five subfamilies of the melon GLP gene family members, Group a had the largest number of members (nine members). The GLPs of Arabidopsis and rice also showed the same distribution.
2.3. Analysis of Protein Conserved Domains, Gene Structure, and Motifs of CmGLPs
The CDS sequences, UTR sequences, and intron positions of the CmGLPs members were mapped according to the results shown in the melon genome database (Figure 3A). Analysis of the gene structure revealed that each member of the CmGLPs gene family contains a typical Cupin_1 structural domain. Therefore, the structural domain of the Cupin of members of the melon GLP gene family has not diverged during evolution. A slight difference was observed in the number of introns among members of the CmGLP gene family in melon, except for CmGLP12-2, which contained four introns; all, other members contained only one intron or no intron. The introns containing gene family members CmGLP2-1 and CmGLP8-3 have an intron phase of 0; CmGLP4-1, CmGLP8-1, CmGLP8-4, and CmGLP8-5 have an intron phase of 1; and CmGLP2-2, CmGLP2-3, CmGLP5-1, CmGLP8-2, and CmGLP9-2 have an intron phase of 2. CmGLP12-2 contains four introns, two of which have a phase of 2 and two of which have a phase of 1. In terms of conservatism: 0 phase was the highest, 2 phase was the lowest, and 1 phase was in the middle [28]. Intron phase is a conservative feature of eukaryotic gene structure, which is related to the evolution of introns in splice [29]. Meanwhile, some studies showed that the distribution of intron phases supports the hypothesis of the late appearance of introns [30].
Conserved motif analysis was performed on the protein sequences of the melon CmGLP gene family using MEME online software, and seven conserved motifs were obtained, namely motifs 1–7 (Figure 3B). A total of 17 genes in CmGLPs contain all seven conserved motifs. CmGLP3-1 contains only two conserved motifs (motif 2 and motif 4) and differs significantly in number, type, and distribution from the conserved motifs of other genes. Among these conserved motifs, motif 2 is highly conserved, and all 22 CmGLP gene family members contain this motif.
2.4. Analysis of CmGLP Promoter cis-Acting Elements
Specific cis-elements in the 5′-upstream promoter (2.0 kb) region of 22 CmGLPs were analyzed using PlantCARE. In further analysis of the results, the cis-acting elements of the melon CmGLPs promoter could be divided into four main functional groups (Figure 4), hormone response elements (HREs), defense and stress response elements (DSREs), photoresponsive elements (LREs), and transcription factor regulatory elements. The HREs included auxin-responsive element, MeJA-responsiveness element, ethylene, and abscisic acid. The DSREs included low-temperature responsiveness elements, TC-rich, and drought responsive elements. The LREs included G-Box and I-Box. Moreover, the promoters of CmGLPs contain many binding sites for transcription factors, such as MYB, MYC, and W-box.
2.5. Relative Expression Analysis of CmGLP Gene Family in Different Tissue
The expression of the CmGLP gene in each main tissue of melon was analyzed by qRT-PCR, and the relative expression heat map was generated (Figure 5). All the members of the CmGLP gene family were expressed in the main tissues of melon, and the expression patterns differed in different tissues. The relative expression of CmGLP9-2 was high in stems and seeds and low in fruits, indicating that it was preferentially expressed in stems and seeds. The relative expression levels of CmGLP8-3 in stems and flowers were lower. Two genes, namely, CmGLP3-1 and CmGLP8-4, had the highest relative expression in roots. CmGLP2-2 had the highest relative expression in stems. Two genes, namely, CmGLP1-1 and CmGLP8-5, had the highest relative expression in leaves. Five genes, namely, CmGLP2-4, CmGLP2-5, CmGLP8-7, CmGLP10-1, and CmGLP12-1, had the highest relative expression in flowers. Ten genes, namely, CmGLP2-1, CmGLP4-1, CmGLP5-1, CmGLP8-1, CmGLP8-2, CmGLP8-3, CmGLP8-6, CmGLP9-1, CmGLP9-2, and CmGLP12-2, had the highest relative expression in seeds. Two genes, namely, CmGLP2-3 and CmGLP8-8 had the highest relative expression in fruit. This result suggests that members of the CmGLP gene family can play important roles in various tissues of melon. Notably, nearly half of the CmGLP gene family members were highly expressed in seeds.
2.6. Expression Analysis of Melon CmGLP Gene Family in Melon Seedling Leaves under Low-Temperature Stress and Prediction of CmGLP2-5 Protein Structure
The expression levels of CmGLP gene family members in melon leaves were analyzed by qRT-PCR under low-temperature stress (Figure 6). The results showed that the CmGLP gene family was actively involved in the adaptation of melon to low-temperature stress. In comparison with CK, the 18 CmGLPs showed an up-regulated expression trend after low-temperature treatment. Among these 18 genes, the relative expression levels of 13 CmGLPs, namely, CmGLP1-1, CmGLP2-1, CmGLP2-2, CmGLP2-4, CmGLP2-5, CmGLP3-1, CmGLP4-1, CmGLP8-2, CmGLP8-4, CmGLP8-5, CmGLP8-8, CmGLP10-1, and CmGLP12-2 reached the maximum at 48 h after low-temperature treatment. Notably, the relative expression of CmGLP2-5 in the LT group was 157.13 times higher than that in the CK group after treatment at low temperature for 48 h. Among these 18 genes, the relative expression levels of the three CmGLPs (CmGLP2-3, CmGLP8-1, and CmGLP8-6) reached the maximum at 24 h after low-temperature treatment. The relative expression of CmGLP8-6 in the LT group was 20.20 times higher than that in the CK group after treatment at low temperature for 24 h. Among these 18 genes, the relative expression levels of the two CmGLPs (CmGLP9-2 and CmGLP12-1) reached the maximum at 12 h after low-temperature treatment. The relative expression levels of CmGLP9-2 and CmGLP12-1 in the LT group were 3.98 and 4.31 times that of the CK group, respectively, when treated at low temperature for 12 h. In comparison with CK, the relative expression levels of CmGLP5-1 and CmGLP8-7 showed a downward trend after low-temperature treatment. The relative expression levels of CmGLP5-1 and CmGLP8-7 in the LT group were 0.42 and 0.43 times that of the CK group when treated at low temperature for 12 h. The expression patterns of CmGLP8-3 and CmGLP9-1 under low-temperature stress were complex, which first decreased and then increased, and the lowest relative expression was observed at 12 h, whereas the highest expression was observed at 48 h. CmGLP2-5 positively responded to low-temperature stress in melon seedling leaves. In order to increase the understanding of CmGLP2-5, we predicted its protein structure. The secondary structures of CmGLP2-5 protein included Random Coil, Extended Strand, and Alpha Helix, and the percentages of the three structures were 66.97%, 28.96%, and 4.07% (Figure S2A). We also predicted the tertiary structural model of CmGLP2-5 protein (Figure S2B). We used a Ramachandran plot to evaluate the quality of the tertiary structure model (Figure S2C). The results showed that the amino acid residue conformation of the CmGLP2-5 protein had a good spatial conformation.
2.7. Dual Luciferase Assay
We selected the CmGLP2-5 with the highest expression induced by low temperature. The cis-elements analysis of the promoter sequence of CmGLP2-5 (2000 bp) found that its promoter sequence contained a large number of MYB-binding sites and W-box (Figure 4). Among them, W-box is considered to be the potential binding site of the WRKY transcription factor [31,32,33]. We cloned a fragment P in the CmGLP2-5 promoter, which contains a W-box and three MYB-binding sites (Figure 7A). We recombined fragment P with the pGreen 0800-LUC vector to generate the reporter. Meanwhile, we recombined CmMYB23 and CmWRKY33 with pGreen 62-SK, respectively, to generate effectors (SK-CmMYB23 and SK-CmWRKY33). The reporter and effectors were co-transformed into tobacco leaves for dual luciferase assay. Quantitative dual luciferase assay demonstrated that CmMYB23 and CmWRKY33 regulate the expression of CmGLP2-5 by interacting with fragment P (Figure 7C).
3. Discussion
GLP is a key class of enzymes, which play an important role in plant growth and development, defense against pathogens, and abiotic stress. The GLP gene family has been characterized in many plants, including Oryza sativa [34], A. thaliana [34], Camellia sinensis [16], Triticum aestivum L. [35], Cucumis sativus L. [27], and Vitis vinifera [36]. Although the melon’s full genome has been sequenced, the GLP gene family has not been identified by a genome-wide study in melon. This work involves the first genome-wide identification of the CmGLP gene family and analysis of CmGLP gene family characterization by using bioinformatics techniques.
3.1. Characteristics of the Melon GLP Gene Family
A total of 22 melon GLP genes were identified in this work (Table 1), and CmGLPs can be divided into five subfamilies according to their evolutionary relationships (Figure 2). Among them, Group a has nine members and is the largest subfamily in the CmGLP gene family. The number of members of the GLP gene family varies greatly in different species. For example, only seven GLPs [36] have been identified in grape, while 258 GLPs [35] have been identified in wheat. Gene duplication events such as tandem duplication and fragment duplication play an important role in the process of gene evolution, and gene duplication events often lead to the increase of gene family members [28]. The CmGLP gene family has a tandem repeat gene cluster, two tandem repeat gene pairs and seven pairs of segmental duplication genes (Figure 1). These gene duplication events drive the evolution of the CmGLP gene family to a certain extent. Notably, the CmGLPs on chromosome 8 are involved in the occurrence of multiple duplication events, which possibly explains the occurrence of most CmGLP gene family members on chromosome 8 in melon. Based on the analysis of the protein conserved domains, gene structure, and the motifs of CmGLP gene family, each member of the CmGLP gene family contains a typical Cupin_1 domain, most members have almost no difference in terms of the number of introns, and all members of the CmGLP gene family contain motif 2 (Figure 3). This indicates that members of the melon GLP gene family were relatively conserved in melon. We also found that the motifs of CmGLPs were only conserved in melon, and are quite different from the motifs of Arabidopsis, cucumber, and rice (Figure S3). The phylogenetic tree showed that GLP gene family members in Group a and Group c are located in different branches, and we found that Group f is a subfamily unique to cucumber. This indicates that GLP gene families of different species have diverged in evolution. The results of qRT-PCR show that the melon GLP gene family is expressed in the seeds, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of melon, indicating the diversity of functions of the CmGLP gene family, which could play an important role in various life stages of melon (Figure 5). Studies on the GLP gene family of other plants show that the GLP gene family can be expressed in different tissues of the plant [37,38].
3.2. Potential Role of CmGLPs in Melon Response to Low-Temperature Stress
With the intensification of the greenhouse effect, extreme low temperatures continue to emerge and are constantly setting new records [39]. Low-temperature stress can cause serious damage to melon, resulting in the decline of melon yield and quality, thus restricting the development of the melon industry [40,41]. GLPs play an active role in plants coping with abiotic stresses, including low-temperature stress [42,43,44]. Based on the analysis of the cis-acting elements of the promoters of the melon GLP gene family, the promoters of the members of the melon GLP gene family contained a large number of DSREs, including low-temperature responsiveness elements (Figure 4). This finding further indicates that the melon GLP gene family could be regulated by low temperature. However, we found few studies on CmGLPs in melon under low-temperature stress. Therefore, the study of CmGLPs as an important low-temperature regulator is expected to be an interesting entry point for exploring the relationship between melon and low-temperature stress. qRT-PCR results in the leaves of melon seedlings showed that the relative expression levels of 18 CmGLP gene family members showed an upward trend after low-temperature stress, and the relative expression levels of two CmGLP gene family members showed a downward trend after low-temperature stress, and the relative expression levels of two CmGLP gene family member initially decreased and then increased (Figure 6). This finding suggests that most members of the CmGLP gene family actively respond to low-temperature stress by up-regulating their expression. The different expression patterns of different CmGLPs under low-temperature stress indicate that the CmGLPs involved in the low-temperature regulation mechanism of melon are complex. Among the upregulated genes after low-temperature stress, CmGLP2-5 had the largest change. Under low-temperature stress for 48h, the relative expression level of CmGLP2-5 in the LT group was 157.13 times that of the CK group at the same time point. The CmGLP2-5 may play a key role in the response of melon seedlings to low-temperature stress. AS similar research result was shown in C. plantagineum after treatment with mannitol and exogenous ABA, and the CpGLP1 expression significantly increased, thus supporting the participation of CpGLP1 in adapting to drought stress processes [45]. GmGLP7 was transformed into Arabidopsis, and the transgenic Arabidopsis exhibited good salt tolerance and was sensitive to ABA treatment [43]. Therefore, low-temperature resistance in melon can be improved by transforming CmGLP through overexpression, gene editing, and other techniques. Functional proteins are often regulated by upstream transcription factors when they function [46,47,48]. Based on the analysis of the promoter elements of CmGLP2-5, the promoter of CmGLP2-5 contains a large number of transcription factor regulatory elements, including the MYB binding site and W-box (Figure 4 and Figure 7A). MdMYB23 enhances low-temperature tolerance in apples by accumulating proanthocyanidin [49]. VaWRKY33 enhances the low-temperature tolerance of grapes by responding to ethylene [50]. In the present study, we cloned the homologous genes CmMYB23 and CmWRKY33 in melon and demonstrated by dual luciferase assay that CmMYB23 and CmWRKY33 interact with fragment P to regulate the expression of CmGLP2-5. The result provided further insights into the regulatory patterns of the melon GLP gene family members.
4. Materials and Methods
The flowchart of methodology is shown in Supplementary Materials file: Figure S1.
4.1. Plant Material and Stress Treatments
Melon (cv ‘Qianyu No. 6’) seedlings were cultivated as previously described [23,28] and grown in a controlled environment greenhouse. The culture conditions for melon seedlings were 25 °C day/18 °C night, 65% relative humidity, 15,000 LX light intensity, and a 12 h day/12 h night. The experiments began when the third true leaves were completely expanded.
Half of the melon seedlings were kept under normal temperature (25 °C/18 °C, day/night), and the remaining melon seedlings were exposed to low temperature (4 °C/4 °C, day/night) with the same air humidity and light condition as the normal temperature melon seedlings. The second true leaf of the melon seedlings was sampled at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h after temperature treatment. All melon seedling samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C for RNA extraction. Three biologicals and three technical replicates were used in the experiment.
4.2. Identification of Melon GLP Gene Family Members
For the identification of GLP in melon, we used the following strategy: First, the candidate sequence was obtained by searching ‘germin-like protein’ in melon genome database (
4.3. Chromosome Localization and Gene Duplication of Melon CmGLP Gene Family
The length of each melon chromosome and the position of each member of the CmGLP gene family were identified through the melon genome database (DHL92). Duplication events of CmGLP gene family members were analyzed using MCscanX software [53], and only ≥3 Mb duplicate fragments were selected as background events [54]. Combined with the chromosomal location information of CmGLP gene family members, Circos software was used to map the tandem replication.
4.4. Analysis of Melon CmGLP Gene Family Characteristics
The characteristics of each CmGLP gene were analyzed using the online analysis software of ExPASY (
4.5. Phylogenetic, Gene Structure, Multiple Sequence Alignment, Promoter cis-Acting Elements Analysis of Melon GLP Gene Family
The protein sequences of the GLP gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana (
4.6. Relative Expression Analysis of CmGLP Gene Family in Different Tissue
All major tissues of a healthy growing melon, including seeds, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and ripe fruits, were washed and quickly placed in liquid nitrogen. Twenty plump melon seeds were selected as samples. When the fourth leaf is fully unfolded, the third leaf and the root system are sampled, while the stem between the third and fourth leaf is sampled. Completely open female and male flowers were selected, and the samples were mixed and sampled according to the quality of 1:1. The seeds of fully ripe melon fruits were first removed, and then the fruits were pulped and sampled. Except for seeds, other tissues were selected from 3 independent plants for sampling. All samples were stored at −80 °C for RNA extraction.
4.7. RNA Extraction and qRT-PCR Analyses
Total RNA was extracted following the method of Liu et al. [65]. Total RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA following the method of Zhang et al. [23]. qRT-PCR analysis was performed following the method of Liu et al. [65]. Gene-specific primers and actin7 are listed in Supplementary Materials file: Table S2. Actin7 expression was used as an internal standard, and the expression levels of other genes were normalized using the comparative Ct method [45].
4.8. CmGLP2-5 Protein Structure Prediction
We used the ALIGNSEC online website (
4.9. Dual Luciferase Assay
The CDSs of CmMYB23 and CmWRKY33 were inserted into the pGreen 62-SK vector, respectively, to generate two effectors (SK-CmMYB23 and SK-CmWRKY33). The promoter fragment of CmGLP2-5 was recombined to the pGreen 0800-LUC vector to generate the reporter. The constructs were co-transformed into tobacco seedlings as described in a previous report [69]. The transformed tobacco seedlings were cultured in the dark for 2 days to conduct a dual luciferase assay. Luciferase activities were measured with TransDetect® Double-Luciferase Reporter Assay Kit (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The primers used for Dual luciferase assay are shown in Supplementary Table S2.
4.10. Statistical Analysis
This experiment used three biologicals and three technical replicates. Statistical analysis of the bioassays was performed using the SAS software version 8.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) through the Tukey’s test at a level of p < 0.05.
5. Conclusions
In the present study, 22 CmGLPs were identified in melon, and the melon GLP gene family was analyzed in detail in terms of chromosomal location, physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, protein conserved domains, gene structure, motifs, promoter cis-acting elements, gene duplication, expression levels in various tissues, and low-temperature expression pattern analysis. A large number of gene duplication events promoted the evolution of the melon GLP gene family to a certain extent. The melon GLP gene family is relatively conserved in the evolutionary process with limited functional differentiation. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the melon GLP gene family was expressed in various tissues of melon and actively participated in the low-temperature response. CmGLP2-5 played an important role in melon low-temperature responses. The dual luciferase assay showed that CmMYB23 and CmWRKY33 could regulate the expression of CmGLP2-5 by acting on the promoter fragment. The genome-wide investigation of the CmGLP provides a good framework for functional assessments of GLPs in melon. Taken together, this study not only provides comprehensive information about the melon GLP gene family but also lays the foundation for genetic modification technologies to improve melon low-temperature tolerance.
Z.Z., Y.W., and X.H. designed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. Z.Z., Y.W., L.Y., Y.Z., J.L., F.Z., Q.W. performed the experiments. Z.Z. and X.H. analyzed the data. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
All the raw data, as well as gene annotations can be found in the Solanaceae Genomics Network (
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Enlarge this image.Figure 1. Chromosomal localization and collinear distribution of melon GLP genes. The gray line indicates the collinear block between the melon genome; the green line indicates the tandem duplication gene pairs of the CmGLP, gene names marked in red and connected with red lines indicate segmented duplication genes.
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of GLPs from melon (Cm), Arabidopsis thaliana (At), rice (Os), and cucumber (Cs). To distinguish different subfamilies by the color of evolutionary branches.
Enlarge this image.Figure 3. Gene structure (A) of CmGLPs and the conserved motifs (B,C) in their encoded proteins. (A) Gene structures of CmGLP genes in melon. UTR, CDS, Cupin_1 and introns were represented by green boxes, orange boxes, pink boxes and black lines, respectively. The size of CDS and introns can be estimated using the ratio of the bottom. The numbers of 0, 1, and 2 represent the splicing phase of intron. (B) Schematic representation of the conserved motifs predicted in the CmGLP proteins. The different colours represent different conserved motifs. The length of the amino acid was inferred by ruler at bottom. (C) Length and amino acid species of the seven conserved motifs of the CmGLPs protein sequence. The size of letters represents the frequency of amino acid occurrence.
Enlarge this image.Figure 4. Predicted cis-elements in CmGLP promoters of melon. Different cis-elements were identified and plotted against a bar diagram. The abundance of different regulatory elements on each of the promoters is shown in different colors.
Enlarge this image.Figure 5. Heat map of relative expression differences of GLP genes in different tissues of melon based on qRT-PCR analysis. Each column represents the relative expression levels of CmGLP genes in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds. The expression level of each gene in the root was used as a control, with log2 processing on the qRT-PCR value. Blue indicates lower expression levels and red indicates higher expression levels.
Enlarge this image.Figure 6. Relative expression of melon GLP gene family members in melon leaves under low-temperature (LT) stress. (A–V) Relative expression levels of melon GLP gene family members in leaves of melon seedlings after low-temperature stress. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of three independent biological replicates. Different letters above the bars indicate a significant difference at p < 0.05.
Enlarge this image.Figure 7. Dual luciferase assay CmMYB23 and CmWRKY33 binding to CmGLP2-5 promoter. (A) Schematic diagram of CmGLP2-5 promoter, black rectangle indicates the W-box and MYB-binding elements in the partial promoter fragment (P). (B) Schematic diagrams of effector and reporter constructs used for dual-LUC transient assay. (C) The various combinations of vectors were performed on Dual-LUC transient expression assays. Asterisks indicate that the value is significantly different from that of the control (*** p < 0.001).
The information on the GLP gene family in melon.
| No. | Gene Name | Gene ID | Length (bp) | Mw (kDa) | Exons | pI | Singal |
Trans- |
Protein (aa) | GRAVY | Localization | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene | cDNA | CDS | |||||||||||
| 1 | CmGLP1-1 | MELO3C024356 | 966 | 966 | 627 | 21.37 | 1 | 6.02 | Yes | 0 | 208 | 0.617 | vacuolar |
| 2 | CmGLP2-1 | MELO3C015515 | 1906 | 1112 | 648 | 22.42 | 2 | 7.70 | Yes | 1 | 215 | 0.506 | endoplasmic reticulum |
| 3 | CmGLP2-2 | MELO3C010114 | 2117 | 988 | 672 | 24.10 | 2 | 6.27 | Yes | 0 | 223 | 0.271 | endoplasmic reticulum |
| 4 | CmGLP2-3 | MELO3C010121 | 2032 | 895 | 672 | 24.03 | 2 | 7.82 | Yes | 0 | 223 | 0.355 | endoplasmic reticulum |
| 5 | CmGLP2-4 | MELO3C017139 | 642 | 642 | 642 | 23.05 | 1 | 8.54 | Yes | 0 | 213 | 0.448 | endoplasmic reticulum |
| 6 | CmGLP2-5 | MELO3C017138 | 821 | 821 | 666 | 23.59 | 1 | 8.82 | Yes | 1 | 221 | 0.386 | extracellular |
| 7 | CmGLP3-1 | MELO3C019788 | 831 | 831 | 669 | 24.05 | 1 | 8.71 | Yes | 0 | 222 | 0.038 | endoplasmic reticulum |
| 8 | CmGLP4-1 | MELO3C026976 | 2329 | 2208 | 690 | 25.08 | 2 | 6.28 | Yes | 1 | 229 | 0.212 | extracellular |
| 9 | CmGLP5-1 | MELO3C004143 | 1620 | 1081 | 660 | 23.08 | 2 | 9.42 | Yes | 0 | 219 | 0.204 | vacuolar |
| 10 | CmGLP8-1 | MELO3C007061 | 940 | 738 | 660 | 23.33 | 2 | 7.77 | Yes | 0 | 219 | 0.255 | endoplasmic reticulum |
| 11 | CmGLP8-2 | MELO3C007062 | 1178 | 976 | 654 | 22.86 | 2 | 5.84 | Yes | 0 | 217 | 0.406 | peroxisomal |
| 12 | CmGLP8-3 | MELO3C007063 | 1198 | 984 | 654 | 23.27 | 2 | 7.78 | Yes | 1 | 217 | 0.297 | endoplasmic reticulum |
| 13 | CmGLP8-4 | MELO3C007064 | 972 | 851 | 651 | 22.80 | 2 | 5.84 | Yes | 0 | 216 | 0.379 | peroxisomal |
| 14 | CmGLP8-5 | MELO3C007065 | 1045 | 922 | 648 | 22.60 | 2 | 6.03 | Yes | 0 | 215 | 0.354 | endoplasmic reticulum |
| 15 | CmGLP8-6 | MELO3C007067 | 498 | 498 | 498 | 18.00 | 1 | 5.65 | No | 0 | 165 | 0.076 | cytoplasmic |
| 16 | CmGLP8-7 | MELO3C032878 | 755 | 755 | 561 | 19.73 | 1 | 6.90 | No | 0 | 186 | 0.319 | cytoplasmic |
| 17 | CmGLP8-8 | MELO3C024541 | 627 | 627 | 627 | 22.54 | 1 | 8.91 | Yes | 0 | 208 | 0.114 | cytoplasmic |
| 18 | CmGLP9-1 | MELO3C005184 | 7426 | 1028 | 672 | 23.33 | 2 | 8.72 | Yes | 0 | 223 | 0.130 | endoplasmic reticulum |
| 19 | CmGLP9-2 | MELO3C005186 | 2576 | 924 | 666 | 23.52 | 2 | 5.50 | Yes | 1 | 221 | 0.260 | extracellular |
| 20 | CmGLP10-1 | MELO3C012352 | 885 | 885 | 630 | 22.53 | 1 | 6.37 | Yes | 0 | 209 | 0.158 | extracellular |
| 21 | CmGLP12-1 | MELO3C004688 | 633 | 633 | 633 | 22.62 | 1 | 5.45 | Yes | 2 | 210 | 0.331 | endoplasmic reticulum |
| 22 | CmGLP12-2 | MELO3C002829 | 2833 | 1246 | 747 | 26.59 | 1 | 8.50 | Yes | 0 | 248 | 0.168 | endoplasmic reticulum |
Supplementary Materials
The following supporting information can be downloaded at:
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