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Abstract
Optical resonators are structures that utilize wave interference and feedback to confine light in all three dimensions. Depending on the feedback mechanism, resonators can support either standing- or traveling-wave modes. Over the years, the distinction between these two different types of modes has become so prevalent that nowadays it is one of the main characteristics for classifying optical resonators. Here, we show that an intermediate link between these two rather different groups exists. In particular, we introduce a new class of photonic resonators that supports a hybrid optical mode, i.e. at one location along the resonator the electromagnetic fields associated with the mode feature a purely standing-wave pattern, while at a different location, the fields of the same mode represent a pure traveling wave. The proposed concept is general and can be implemented using chip-scale photonics as well as free-space optics. Moreover, it can be extended to other wave phenomena such as microwaves and acoustics.
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Details
1 Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
2 Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
4 Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, AG Theoretische Optik & Photonik, D-12489 Berlin, Germany; Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
5 Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
6 Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA