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Abstract
The aim of this study is to acquire a deeper understanding of the response mechanism that is associated with the formation of CdS thin films. We presented an effective and new hybrid sensitisation technique, which involved the 1-step linker between the related chemical bath deposition (CBD) process and the traditional doping method during CBD for synthesising high-quality, CdS thin films. The mechanism for the combined synthesis of the films is also describes. CdS films were electrostatically bonded to soda-lime glass, causing the formation of the intermediate complexes [Cd(NH3)4]2+, which aided in the collision of these complexes with a soda-lime glass slide. In the one-step fabrication technique, 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid (MPA) was employed as a second source of sulphur ions and a linker molecule. Optical studies showed that the bandgap ranged between (2.26–2.52) eV. CdS + MPA films exhibited a uniform distribution of spherical molecules based on their morphological properties. After annealing, this approach significantly altered the electrical characteristics of CdS films. The CdS + MPA films displayed the highest carrier concentration whereas the CdS + Ag + MPA films exhibited the lowest resistivity, with a jump of 3 orders of magnitude.
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Details
1 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Bangi, Malaysia (GRID:grid.412113.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1557); University of Technology, Chemical Engineering Department, Baghdad, Iraq (GRID:grid.444967.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0618 8761)
2 University of Al Muthanna, Samawah, Iraq (GRID:grid.444967.c)
3 Al-Mustaqbal University College, Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Babylon, Iraq (GRID:grid.444967.c)
4 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bangi, Malaysia (GRID:grid.412113.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1557)
5 Mustansiriyah University, Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, College of Pharmacy, Baghdad, Iraq (GRID:grid.411309.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1765 131X)
6 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Bangi, Malaysia (GRID:grid.412113.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1557)
7 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Bangi, Malaysia (GRID:grid.412113.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1557)
8 Oil Exploration Laboratories, Baghdad, Iraq (GRID:grid.412113.4)
9 University of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department, Baghdad, Iraq (GRID:grid.444967.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0618 8761)
10 University of Technology, Chemical Engineering Department, Baghdad, Iraq (GRID:grid.444967.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0618 8761)