1. Introduction
Over the past few years, Artemisia species have gained huge research interest due to their chemical composition and biological activities. This increase in interest is undoubtedly due to the award of the Nobel Prize in medicine in 2015 for the discovery of artemisinin—a sesquiterpenoid lactone effective in the treatment of malaria, which is found in Artemisia annua. In addition to A. annua, Artemisia abrotanum, Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia dracunculus, and Artemisia vulgaris are also popular worldwide. Their applications are even found in historical traditional medicine. Today, their chemical composition and biological properties have been extensively studied. Of particular importance is the increase in interest in the application of these species in cosmetic products [1,2].
The habitats of different Artemisia ssp. differ from one another and are widely distributed. Natural habitats of these species are found in Europe, Asia, North Africa, North and South America, and Australia [1,2].
For years, plants have been used as remedies mainly in areas where they occurred naturally. Today, their ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological indications have been proved by scientific studies. There are known species, such as Matthiola incana and Daphne mucronata as well as the plants from genus Aronia, Mimosa, Schisandra, and many others, that have proven therapeutic effects and are common recognized phytopharmaceuticals [3,4,5,6,7]. For centuries, Artemisia ssp. have been considered effective in various ailments, e.g., parasitic disease, digestive ailments, irritation, and allergic rashes [8,9,10,11,12]. Currently, Artemisia ssp. are also used in phytopharmacology. Contemporary pharmacological studies have been focused on confirming and explaining the mechanisms of these traditionally reported activities. Of late, Artemisia ssp. extracts have been scientifically proved to exhibit many biological activities. Research studies have primarily focused on A. absinthium, which is reported to show hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antidepressant, cytotoxic, and digestion-stimulating activities [13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. Furthermore, antitumor activity has been documented for A. abrotanum and A. dracunculus extracts [20,21]. A. vulgaris and A. dracunculus have been shown to have an interesting biological effect on the endocrine system. A. dracunculus normalizes the profile of thyroid hormones, whereas A. vulgaris shows estrogenic activity [22,23,24]. One of the most important biological properties of Artemisia ssp. is their antiprotozoal activity, which has been proved for A. absinthium, A. annua, and A. dracunculus extracts [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37].
Furthermore, the use of Artemisia ssp. in the production of cosmetic products has been increasing significantly. They are used as ingredients in cosmetic products for skin and hair care and also in perfumes. Extracts of A. abrotanum and A. absinthium have scientifically proven effects against acne-causing bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes). In addition, A. abrotanum, A. absinthium, A. annua, A. dracunculus, and A. vulgaris extracts have been characterized by antioxidant activity. These properties are highly important due to their possible antiaging effect in cosmetic products [20,38,39,40,41].
While compiling this review, great efforts were invested to present the qualities of the most popular Artemisia ssp. (A. abrotanum, A. absinthium, A. annua, A. dracunculus, and A. vulgaris) in detail, with a particular emphasis on their cosmetological properties. In this review, chemical composition, biological activities, traditional and contemporary medicinal uses, and the safety of the abovementioned species are discussed.
2. Materials and Methods
A detailed literature review that included papers published from 1978 to 2022 was carried out. Several databases, such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, were explored in order to collect information on A. abrotanum, A. absinthium, A. annua, A. dracunculus, and A. vulgaris. Various publications, chapters and books were consulted. The species names and the synonyms names were used as keywords. The scientific names and their synonyms were validated using a standard database—The World Flora Online [42].
3. General Characteristics of Artemisia Species
Artemisia ssp. gained huge research attention in 2015, when the Nobel Prize in medicine was awarded for the discovery of artemisinin [1,2], a sesquiterpenoid lactone isolated from A. annua (annual mugwort), proving its effectiveness in the treatment of malaria. Subsequently, the chemistry and biological activity of other Artemisia species have gained increasing attention [8,9,10,11,12]. There are more than 300 Artemisia species. Furthermore, some Artemisia ssp. have many synonymous Latin names. In this review, the five most popular Artemisia ssp. worldwide from a phytopharmacological point of view were studied: A. abrotanum, A. absinthium, A. annua, A. dracunculus, and A. vulgaris.
The natural habitats of Artemisia ssp. are wide-ranging. A. abrotanum, A. absinthium, A. annua, A. dracunculus, and A. vulgaris are found mainly in Asia and Europe. However, the distribution of these species may differ from one another. A. abrotanum and A. dracunculus grow in Central Asia and Mediterranean countries. Additionally, A. abrotanum grows in Central and Northwestern Europe [1,43,44,45,46,47], whereas A. dracunculus grows in Eastern Europe and North America [2,47]. In West Asia, the natural habitats of A. absinthium and A. annua are found. The natural habitats of A. absinthium and A. annua are found in North and South Africa and Australia. The species A. vulgaris is widespread, as it is found in many areas of Asia, including the Himalayas, throughout Europe, and in warm regions of North America [44,45,46,48] (Table 1).
Artemisia ssp. are also artificially cultivated across the world. For instance, A. abrotanum is cultivated in the USA, whereas A. absinthium is cultivated in southern Europe, the USA, and Brazil [8,9,49,50,51]. The successful cultivation of A. annua has been carried out in many tropical countries, such as Congo, India, and Brazil. It is also an industrial crop in China, Kenya, Tanzania, and Vietnam. The species A. dracunculus is widely cultivated in North and South America, Asia, and Europe [52,53,54], while A. vulgaris is cultivated on an industrial scale in Italy, France, Brazil, Japan, and in the mountainous regions of India and Sri Lanka [55].
The mentioned species—A. abrotanum, A. absinthium, A. annua, A. dracunculus, and A. vulgaris—are herbaceous plants that grow up to 1.5 m in height, except for A. vulgaris, which can grow up to 2.5 m. The shape of the leaves may differ between species. The flowers are yellow and can be lingual and tubular. Inflorescences may be branched panicles or raceme-like. In each species described, the fruit is achenes. Detailed information on the morphological features of leaves, flowers, and fruits is presented in Table 1. Table 1
Comparison of botanical characteristics and occurrence of Artemisia ssp.
| Species | Height | Leaves | Flowers | Fruits | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. abrotanum | 0.7–1.5 m [56] | Gray-green leaves with numerous covering hairs on the upper side; the smooth underside of the leaves; in the lower part of the stem are doubly pinnate with ensiform sections; in the upper parts a singly pinnate, tripartite, also with ensiform shape [57,58] | Tiny yellow tubular flowers, gathered in spherical or ovoid-spherical hanging heads, panicle forms | Small oblong achenes [57,58] | Central Asia (Armenia, Iran, and Russia), Asia Minor (Turkey), Central and North Europe Europe (e.g., Albania and Croatia) [1,8] |
| A. absinthium | 0.8–1.5 m [8,9,59] | Gray-green color, densely pubescent on both sides; basal leaves with long petioles, triangular or oval blade, bi- or tripinnatisect, the lower leaves not intensely divided, and the lanceolate top leaves [8,9,59] | Capitulum inflorescences gathered in loose panicles from the axils of the leaves; light-yellow ligulate female flowers, and tubular hermaphroditic flowers [9,59] | Small achene with brown stripes [59] | Europe, West Asia, and North Africa; introduced and acclimatized in North and South America and Australia [8,9,49,50,51] |
| A. annua | 0.3–1 m [10] | Alternate arrangement [60], the tripinnatisect lower leaves from petioles, the middle leaves bipinnatisect, the upper leaves sessile with lanceolate shape [61], leaf blades can be ensiform or lanceolate, the edge of the blades serrated [8] | Flower heads in raceme-like inflorescences, small, spherical, yellow-green, only tubular flowers [8,61] | Small, long achenes [60] | Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, North and South America, Australia [8,51,60] |
| A. dracunculus | 0.5–1.5 m [2,62,63] | Alternate, sessile, the lower leaves tripartite at the apex, the middle and upper leaves lanceolate, tip of the leaf sharp and the leaf blade margins entire [2,62,63] | Yellow, tubular flowers in hanging, spherical capitula forming loose panicles [2,62,63] | Small achenes [2,62,63] | Central Asia, South Europe, Eastern Europe, North America [2] |
| A. vulgaris | 0.5–2.5 m [8,64] | Dense and alternate, primarily in the upper parts of the stem, the lower leaves with short petioles divided into segments and feathery shape, the middle and upper ones smaller and single or double pinnate, the dorsal side of the leaves with dark green color, the ventral side whitish and tomentose [65,66] | Small, almost bare, yellowish or brown-red flowers embedded in small baskets form heavily branched panicles with numerous lanceolate bracts at the top of the shoots, inflorescences with ligulate flowers and tubular flowers [65,66] | Small dark brown shiny achenes [66,67] | Europe, Asia, abundantly in North America [57,64,66,67] |
4. Phytochemical Characteristics of Artemisia Species
The Artemisia species discussed here differ from each other in their chemical composition; although there are some common classes of compounds, variable chemical composition has been reported for different species.
A common characteristic of these species is sesquiterpenoid lactones. Artemisinin (Figure 1a) is a well-known sesquiterpenoid lactone present in A. annua, A. abrotanum, and A. vulgaris. Artemisinin was discovered by Prof. Youyou Tu, a Chinese scientist in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry, and for this achievement and proving the effectiveness of this compound in the treatment of malaria, she was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in medicine [68]. In addition to artemisinin, sesquiterpenoid lactones artemisinic acid and artannuin B are found in A. annua [69,70,71,72,73,74], whereas in A. vulgaris, the presence of 1,2,3,4-diepoxy-11(13)-eudesmen-12,8-olide, psilostachyin (Figure 1b), psilostachyin C, vulgarin, and yomogin is reported. Moreover, artemisin (Figure 1c) and santonin has been identified in A. abrotanum [58]. Studies have reported a wide range of sesquiterpenoid lactones in the herb of A. absinthium [75]. The major metabolite found is absinthin (Figure 1d)—a guaianolide dimer. Other compounds, such as anabsinthin, anabsin, artabsin, and absintholide—all being absinthin isomers—are also found in high concentrations [76]. In the herb extracts of A. dracunculus, artemether and dihydroartemisinin have been detected [77]. Additionally, various sesquiterpenoid compounds have been reported in essential oils of the discussed Artemisia ssp. (Table 2) [2,11,33,54,55,57,65,73,74,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109].
Flavonoids are another important group of compounds found in Artemisia ssp. Similar to sesquiterpenoid lactones, flavonoid composition in the studied species differs from each other. The most frequently listed flavonoids characteristic of Artemisia ssp. are artemetin (Figure 2a) and casticin (Figure 2b), which are detected in extracts from the herb of A. abrotanum, A. absinthium, and A. annua [69,74,110,111]. Other Artemisia species also have flavonoids, such as apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin, as well as their derivatives, such as rutoside (Table 2).
Another group of metabolites found in the discussed Artemisia ssp. are coumarins. Several coumarins have been found in A. dracunculus, such as arethinol, aridiodiol, artemidiol, artemidine, artemidinol, dacumerin, and their derivatives [2,54,97,102,112,113,114,115]. In addition, the presence of coumarin (Figure 3a), esculetin (Figure 3b), scopoline (Figure 3c), and herniarin (Figure 3d) has been documented in most of the discussed Artemisia ssp. (Table 2) [2,54,55,84,89,97,102,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120].
Phenolic acids are another group of compounds found in Artemisia spp. extracts. In the most of discussed Artemisia ssp., the presence of caffeic acid (Figure 4a), p-coumaric acid (Figure 4b), chlorogenic acid (Figure 4c), ferulic acid (Figure 4d), rosmarinic acid, syringic acid, and vanillic acid has been documented [20,35,54,58,74,76,84,97,101,111,113,114,116,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. In addition to the abovementioned compounds, protocatechuic acid has also been found in A. abrotanum and A. vulgaris [20,58,116,127,128], whereas gallic acid and salicylic acid have been reported in A. absinthium [35,76,84,121,122]. All compounds present in the discussed Artemisia ssp. are listed in Table 2. Table 2
Chemical composition of extracts from aerial parts of Artemisia ssp.
| Species | Sesquiterpenoid Lactones | Flavonoids | Coumarins | Phenolic Acids |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. abrotanum | artemisin, santonin [58] | apigenin, artemetin, casticin centaureidine, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, patuletin, rutoside, quercetin, quercetol [58] | coumarin, esculetin, herniarin, isofraxidine, scopoletin, umbelliferone [116,117] | caffeic acid, caftaric acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gentisic acid, isochlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, rosmarinic acid, sinapic acid, syryngic acid, vanillic acid [20,58,116] |
| A. absinthium | absintholide, absinthin, anabsin, anabsinthin, arabsin, artabin, artabsin, artenolide, caruifolin D, deacetyloglobicin, germacranolide, hydroxypelenolide, isoabsinthin, ketopelenolide, ketopepenolid-A, matricin, parishine B and C, β-santonin, santonin-related lactones [9,35,75,76,121,129,130] | apigenin, artemetin, Artemisia bis-isoflavonyl dirhamnoside, Artemisia isoflavonyl glucosyl diester, casticin, catechin, flavone, 5-hydroxy-3,3′,4′,6,7-pentamethoxyflavone, glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol, myristin, naringenin, quercetin, quercetin dihydrate, quercetin-3-rutinoside, 5,6,3, 5′-tetramethoxy 7,4′-hydroxyflavone, rutoside [9,34,35,84] | coumarin, herniarin [84,89] | caffeic acid, 5′-O-caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, 1′,3′-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 1′,5′-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3′,5′-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4′,5′-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, rosmarinic acid, salicylic acid, syryngic acid, tannic acid, vanillic acid [35,76,84,121,122] |
| A. annua | artemisinic acid, artemisinin, artannuin B [69,70,71,72,73,74] | acacetin, apigenin, apigenin 6-C-arabinosyl-8-C-glucoside, apigenin 6-C-glucosyl-8-C-arabinoside, apigenin derivatives, artemetin, astragalin, camferol, casticin, chrysin, chrysoeriol, chrysoeriol rutinoside, chrysosplenol C, chrysosplenol D, chrysosplentin, cinaroside, cirsilineol, dihydroartemisinin, 3,5-dihydroxy-3′, 4′, 6,7-tetramethoxyflavone, 3,5-dihydroxy-6,3′, 4′-tetramethoxyflavone, 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone, 3,5-dimethoxyquercetagentin, 3,4′-dimethyl-quercetagentin ether, ether 3-methyl-quercetin, quercetin 3-glucoside, eupatin, eupatorine, 7-O-glucoside of diosmetin, 3-O-glucoside of kaempferol, 3-O-glucoside of quercetin, 3-O-hexoside of marnsetin, isocempheride, isoquercetin, isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin derivatives, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, isovitexin, jaceidin, kaempferol, kaempferol derivatives, kirsiliol, kirsimaritin, laricitrin, luteolin, luteolin derivatives, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, marnsetin glucoside, marnsetin, 8-methoxykaempferol, 3-methoxy-kaempferol glucoside, 7-methyl-luteolin ether, 3-O-methylquercetagentin, micanine, myrcetin, patulentin glucoside, quercetin, quercetin derivatives, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercimeritin, retina, rhamnetine, rutoside, syringetin, tamarixetine [69,74,111,119,123,124,131,132,133,134] | coumarin, esculetin, isofraxidine, cis-melilotoside, trans-melilotoside, scopoletin, scopoline, tomentin [111,118,119] | caffeic acid, 4-caffeoyl-3,5-di-succinylquinic acid, 3,5-caffeoyletherquinic acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, 3,4-di-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-di-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, diferulcaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-diferuloquinic acid, 3,5-diferuloquinic acid, 4,5-diferuloquinic acid, ferulic acid, 3-feruloquinic acid, 4-feruloquinic acid, 5-feruloquinic acid, rosmarinic acid [74,111,123,124] |
| A. dracunculus | artemether, dihydroartemisinin, [77] | anangenin, apigenin, biocovertsetin, davidigenin, 5,7-dihydroxy flavone, 2′,4′-dihydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone syn, 7,3′-dimethyleriodictyol, DMC-2; 4-O-methyldavidigenin, estragoniside, estroside, 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, isorhamnetin glycosides, kaempferol, kaempferol glycosides, luteolin, luteolin glycosides, 7-methylaringenine, 7-methyleriodictiol, naringenin, patuletin hexoside, patuletin malonylrhamnosylhexoside, patuletin 3-O-malonylrobinobioside, patuletin rhamnosylhexoside, 5,6,7,8,4′-pentahydroxymetoflavone, pinocembrin, quercetin, quercetin glycosides, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, rutoside, sacuranetine, 3,5,4-trihydroxy-7,3′-dimethoxyflavone 3,5,4′-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, vicenin [2,54,97,113,114,115,125,126,135,136] | arethinol, aridiodiol, artemidiol, artemidine, artemidinol, artemidynal ether, artidin, capillarin, coumarin, dacumerin, 3,4-dehydroherniarin, (+)-(S,R)-epoxyartemidine, esculetin, esculin, herniarin, 6-demethoxycapilarisine, γ,γ-dimethylallyl ether esculetin, (+)-(R)-(E)-3′-hydroxyartemidine, 8-hydroxyartemidin, 9-hydroxyartemidine, 8-hydroxycapillarin, 4-hydroxycoumarin, isocoumarin, isovalerate capillarin, (−)-(R)-20-methoxydihydro-artemidine, 7,8-methylenedioxy-6-methoxycoumarin, methylenedaphnetin, 7-methyl daphnetin ether, scoparon, scopoletin, skimming [2,54,97,102,112,113,114,115] | caffeic acid, caffeoylquinic acid, chicory acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-coumaroyl-caffeoylquinic acid, p-coumaroyl-feruloylquinic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, ferulic acid, ferulic acid hexoside, (E) 2-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-methoxycinnamic acid, sakuranetin, syringic acid, vanillic acid [54,97,101,113,114,125,126] |
| A. vulgaris | artemisinin, 1,2,3,4-diepoxy-11(13)-eudesmen-12,8-olide, psilostachyin, psilostachyin C, vulgarin, yomogin [55,64,137,138,139,140,141] | apigenin, chrysoeriol, diosmetin, eriodictyol, eupafolin, homoeriodictyol, hyperoside, isorhamnetin, jaceosidin, kaempferol 3-glucoside, kaempferol 7-glucoside, kaempferol 3-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3-rutinoside, luteolin, luteolin 7-glucoside, quercetin, quercetin 3-galactoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, rutoside, tricine, vitexin [23,55,142,143] | esculin, esculetin, umbelliferone [55,120] | caffeic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-O-di-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-feruloylquinic acid, protocatechuic acid glucoside, quinic acid [127,128] |
Essential oils are the major components of the herb and leaves of Artemisia ssp. Studies have confirmed that the qualitative and quantitative compositions of essential oils depend on the location of the cultivation site, the salinity of the soil, and the age of the plant. The highest concentrations of essential oils are observed in two stages: at the beginning of leaf budding and at the beginning of flowering.
Monoterpenoids are abundant in the essential oils of A. abrotanum, A. absinthium, A. annua, and A. vulgaris, whereas in the essential oil of A. dracunculus, phenylpropanoids are predominant. The discussed species differ in terms of the composition of their essential oils. The most commonly found monoterpenoids are 1-terpineol, trans-piperitol, 1,8-cineole, and camphor in A. abrotanum [81,82,109]; thujyl alcohol esters, α-thujone, β-thujone, camphene, (Z)-epoxyocimene, trans-sabinyl acetate, and chrysantenyl acetate in A. absinthium [9,76]; camphene, camphor, β-pinene, borneol, and cuminal in A. annua [71,73,74,90,91,92,93,94,95]; sabinene, terpinen-4-ol, β-ocimene, cis-ocimene, α-trans-ocimene, limonene, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, (Z)-artemidin, and capillene in A. dracunculus [2,11,54,96,98,99,101,144,145,146]; and 1,8-cineole, sabinene, camphor, camphene, caryophyllene oxide, α-thujone, and β-thujone in A. vulgaris [63,65,73,88,104,105,106,107,108,147,148]. In addition to monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and diterpenoids are found in essential oils [9,11,33,54,55,57,65,73,74,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,115,144,149,150,151]. Phenylpropanoids are detected in the essential oils of A. abrotanum, A. absinthium, and A. dracunculus, among which estragole, elemicine, eugenol, and their derivatives are the most common [11,54,80,82,89,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,109,115,144,149,150]. Moreover, triterpenoids and spiroterpenoids are reported in the essential oil of A. abrotanum [82,109], whereas triterpenoids alone are reported in A. dracunculus [54]. All compounds found in the essential oils of the discussed Artemisia species are listed in Table 3.
5. Applications in Medicine
5.1. Ethnopharmacological Uses of Artemisia Species
Artemisia ssp. have for long been used in the traditional European, Asian (mainly Chinese and Hindu medicine), and South American medicines (Table 4). The uses of infusions, extracts, and tinctures, as well as dried parts of plants, are here reported. In the traditional medicines of China and South America, A. abrotanum, A. annua, and A. vulgaris have been used, especially in malaria treatment [8,71,156].
In the European traditional medicine, Aboratani herba has been used in liver diseases, such as atony, the contractile states of the bile ducts, and the stagnation of or insufficient bile secretion. Artemisia ssp. infusions are recommended as an aid in cases of anorexia, flatulence, and hypoacidity [157]. A. abrotanum leaves have been used to stimulate menstruation [20].
The flowers of A. absinthium have been used in the European folk medicine to treat parasitic diseases and digestive ailments. The herb of this species was used to treat jaundice, constipation, obesity, splenomegaly, anemia, insomnia, bladder diseases, menstrual cramps, and injuries and nonhealing wounds [8,9,10]. The tincture of A. absinthium is a valuable tonic and digestive aid. Similarly, A. absinthium is used in the traditional Hindu medicine (Unani), in the drug “Afsanteen”, which is used to treat chronic fever, hepatitis, and edema [9].
All the parts of A. annua are used in the traditional medicines of China and India, such as flowers, leaves, stems, seeds, and essential oils. They are used to treat jaundice, bacterial dysentery, fever, bleeding wounds, and hemorrhoids [71,158].
In European traditional medicine, A. dracunculus is used to treat ailments of the digestive system and as an appetite and digestive stimulant [54,159]. According to the Hindu traditional medicine (Ayurveda), A. dracunculus is effective in the treatment of helminthiasis and intestinal smooth muscle spasms and in the regulation of the menstrual cycle [54,160]. In Arabic countries, A. dracunculus is used in the treatment of gingivitis and foot and mouth disease, whereas in Central Asia, including Russia, it is used to treat irritation, allergic rashes, and gastritis [11,12].
In European folk medicine, the oral administration of A. vulgaris stimulates the secretion of gastric juice. The species A. vulgaris is also used as a relaxant for the gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts and for relieving colic [55], whereas its laxative effect is observed in the treatment of obesity. In traditional Hindu medicine (Unani), many preparations based on A. vulgaris are used. These preparations are recommended for liver inflammation and obstruction, treating enlarged liver or spleen and nephrolithiasis, chronic fever, and dysmenorrhea [161]. In the Asian medicine, A. vulgaris is often used in the treatment of gynecological diseases [162,163]. Furthermore, A. vulgaris is recommended for inducing labor or miscarriage [164]. Table 4
Ethnopharmacological uses of Artemisia species.
| Species | Traditional Activity | Traditional Medicine | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. abrotanum |
| Europe | [20,157] |
| A. absinthium |
| Europe | [8,9,10] |
| Hindu medicine (Unani) | [9] | |
| A. annua |
| China and India | [71,158] |
| A. dracunculus |
| Europe | [54,159] |
| Hindu traditional medicine (Ayurveda) | [54,160] | |
| Arabia | [11,12] | |
| Central Asia | [11,12] | |
| A. vulgaris |
| Europe | [55] |
| Hindu medicine (Unani) | [161,164] |
5.2. Contemporary Phytotherapy
There are many monographs published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) on the homeopathic preparations of A. abrotanum [165]. Moreover, A. abrotanum is included in homeopathic medicine according to the French Pharmacopoeia. These preparations are recommended for the treatment of the inflammation of the colon, rosacea, frostbite, inflammation of the lymph nodes, mucous membranes, and anxiety [166,167,168].
Among Artemisia ssp., A. absinthium herb (Absinthii herba) alone has the pharmacopoeial monograph in the newest tenth edition of the European Pharmacopoeia [59]. The raw material is the herb collected from young plants—in their first year of vegetation, butt-end leaves are cut off—and from older plants with sparsely leaved, flowering shoot tips. The essential oil content of this raw material is standardized; this content must not be less than 2 mL/kg in the dried herb. Moreover, the bitterness index of the raw material must not be less than 10,000 [59]. In addition, the European Pharmacopoeia and the French Pharmacopoeia have classified the fresh, flowering herb of A. absinthium as a homeopathic raw material. The tincture produced should contain a minimum of 0.05% (w/w) of derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acid, expressed in terms of chlorogenic acid [169]. In the homeopathic medicine, the plant is recommended for hallucinations, nightmares, nervousness, insomnia, dizziness, and epileptic seizures [170]. Additionally, A. absinthium herba has been discussed in a monograph in the German Pharmacopoeia. The herb of A. absinthium is indicated for the loss of appetite, digestive problems, and bile secretion disorders [171,172,173]. Furthermore, the German Pharmacopoeia also mentions a tincture from the herb [174]. Homeopathic preparations from the herb of A. absinthium have been discussed in monographs published by EMA [165]. The species A. absinthium herba is recommended as the raw material in the temporary loss of appetite, mild dyspepsia, and gastrointestinal disorders. It can be used in different forms, e.g., finely divided or powdered herbal substance, fresh juice, or tincture from the herb. Commercial herbal preparations are made in solid or liquid forms, and the finely divided herb is used in herbal teas. Moreover, the herb of A. absinthium has been discussed in a monograph of the ESCOP (European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy). It can be used in digestive disorders and anorexia [175].
There are no monographs in European pharmacopeias describing A. annua. However, monographs of Artemisiae annuae folium are found in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia [176,177]. The raw material of Artemisiae annuae folium is standardized for the artemisinin content, which cannot be lower than 0.7% of dry weight. It is recommended for the treatment of fever of various origins and malaria [10]. It is worth noting that Artemisiae annuae herba is included in the International Pharmacopoeia published by the WHO [10].
It must be noted that A. dracunculus is not a pharmacopoeial species, and it is used only in the traditional medicine.
The species A. vulgaris is classified as a homeopathic raw material in the tenth edition of the European Pharmacopoeia [178] and in the French Pharmacopoeia [179]. Its preparations are recommended for the treatment of irregular menstrual cycles and menopausal symptoms [66], and nervous disorders such as sleepwalking, seizures, epilepsy, and anxiety [170]. In addition, A. vulgaris herba has been discussed in a monograph in the German Pharmacopoeia. It abovementioned uses are listed only in the traditional medicine, and it has been emphasized that the effectiveness of A. vulgaris preparations had not been confirmed; hence, they are not recommended for therapeutic uses [172]. Furthermore, A. vulgaris has been described in a monograph published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) [148].
Artemisia ssp. extracts have scientifically proven biological activities. Most of the studies are concentrated on A. absinthium, which have confirmed that A. absinthium extracts have an influence on the digestion system, due to their appetite-stimulating, antiulcer, and hepatoprotective effects, among others activities [13,19,180,181,182,183,184]. Additionally, they have also shown, inter alia, cytotoxic, anthelmintic, antiprotozoal, analgesic, immunostimulating, cytotoxic, neuroprotective, and antidepressant activities [14,15,16,17,18,25,26,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,86,122,130,185,186,187,188,189,190,191].
Antitumor activity was confirmed in A. abrotanum leaf extracts and essential oil components [20,168]. Flavonoids from A. abrotanum are reported to relieve the symptoms of allergic rhinitis [117]. The extract from the leaves has shown antiparasitic activity [192].
Extracts of A. annua essential oil and its components have scientifically proven effects, such as immunosuppressive, cytotoxic, analgesic, neuroprotective, and antimalarial properties, and have shown auxiliary effects in obesity treatment [91,93,123,131,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203].
Studies have confirmed the antitumor, hepatoprotective, immunosuppressive, antidepressant, and hypoglycemic activities of A. dracunculus extracts and their components. [21,40,112,114,149,204,205,206,207].
Hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, cytotoxic, analgesic, hypolipemic, antihypertensive, and bronchodilatory activities have been reported for of A. vulgaris extracts, inter alia [138,142,186,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215].
Scientifically proven biological activities and mechanisms of action of Artemisia ssp. are presented in detail in Table 5.
6. Cosmetic Potential of Artemisia Species
6.1. From the History of Cosmetic Uses of Artemisia Species
In the twenty-first century, the terms “cosmetics” and “cosmetology”, meaning “the art of body care”, refer to not only a wide range of products and application techniques but also a multisector industry for which modern medical laboratories work, exclusively focusing on the beautifying aspect of the manufactured preparations. For this reason, the analysis of the historical sources in terms of possible cosmetic uses must be adapted to the time when the preparation was made or described.
In the therapeutic portrait of mugwort A. vulgaris, three forms of external application are shown, which can now be treated also as elements of cosmetic care: sit-ups, diaphoretic baths, and leg compresses [222,223,224,225].
Diaphoretic baths are used to regulate menstrual bleeding, especially in women experiencing trouble becoming pregnant.
Leg wraps, in the form of ointments or compression dressings, have the longest history of indication and are described in all epochs. They eliminate leg fatigue, reduce exercise pain in the lower limbs, and maintain the condition of the skin in these areas.
It is worth noting that although the use of A. vulgaris monopreparations without any admixtures is considered sufficient for each of the above indications, some authors have also provided recipes with an extended composition, e.g., with the addition of mugwort, chamomile flowers, mint pour, or lemon balm.
Most of the sources confirming the cosmetic use of Artemisia spp. refer to mugwort wormwood (A. absinthium).
In ancient Rome, wormwood (“artemisia” in Latin) was an ingredient in hair dyes. The use of wormwood ash, mixed with rose ointment, to anoint the hair to make it black, was mentioned by Pliny the Elder in Historia Naturalis (HN 15.87) [226].
Elagabalus, the Roman emperor who reigned from 218 to 222 AD, provided information about bathing in water flavored with rose petals and wormwood in another ancient work Scriptores Historiae Augustae [226].
According to Dioscorides (first century), a Greek physician and botanist, who is the author of the work on medicinal substances “Peri hyles iatrikes” (“De materia medica”), mugwort wormwood (“Apsinthion bathypicron” in Greek) should be used with water for blemishes formed at night and mixed with honey for bruises, eye problems, and rheumy ears. Wormwood cooked in raisin wine (“passum” in Latin) helped to ease eye pain, which was applied in the form of a soothing poultice and rubbed with oil to protect against insect bites [227].
Similar descriptions of the cosmetic uses of mugwort were also reported in the so-called renaissance Polish herbaria (herbaria), which were based on the works of ancient and medieval botanists.
Szymon Syreński (Syrenius), the author of the Herbarium published in 1613, provided much information on the nurturing and healing properties of A. absinthium L. According to him, fresh wormwood, grated with honey and ground caraway seeds, removes dark circles below the eyes and bruises all over the body; in the case of bruises covered with blood, crushed wormwood, sprinkled with wine on a hot brick, should be used. It helps with itchy pimples, scabies, and lichens when grated with coating, cumin, and white pepper and served with white wine. A daily intake of wormwood juice mixed with wine and drunk is reported to remove skin problems (impetigo). Wormwood is also effective in eye ailments, such as redness, swelling, and pain. For bloodshot eyes, either a poultice of mashed wormwood mixed with the white of fresh egg or eye drops made of wormwood with breast milk and a little rose vodka was used. The hair care benefits of wormwood are listed in the Herbarium of Syrenius: washing with wormwood boiled in water can remove dandruff and scabs on the head and frequent washing with wormwood cooked with a tree (A. abrotanum L.) can treat baldness. Wormwood also repels lice, fleas, and clothing moths. Mermaid also wrote that wormwood cooked in vinegar can be used as a mouthwash to remove unpleasant odors [228].
Information on the use of A. absinthium in cosmetology was also found at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In 1805, a work by a pharmacist, professor of chemistry, and pharmacognosy, J.B. Trommsdorf (1770–1837), was published, entitled “Kallopistria, oder die Kunst der Toilette für die elegante Welt” (Wien, 1805), containing the first monographs on A. absinthium with regard to their cosmetic use. Trommsdorf mentioned wormwood (A. absinthium) leaves, used in perfume production, and tarragon vinegar (A. dracunculus) as raw materials for cosmetic products [229].
6.2. CosIng Database
Of late, Artemisia ssp. raw materials have been increasingly appearing in cosmetic products.
Information about forms of Artemisia available in cosmetology is provided in the European Union Special Cosmetic Ingredients database CosIng (Table 6) [230].
Two forms of A. abrotanum are listed in the CosIng database, which show skin conditioning, skin protecting, and moisturizing activities.
In cosmetics, six forms of A. absinthium are reported, and they are reported as having antimicrobial, perfuming, skin conditioning (emollient), and hair conditioning activities. Moreover, A. absinthium filtrate obtained after fermentation of the leaves by Lactobacillus spp. is used in cosmetology.
Eleven forms of A. annua are listed in CosIng, which show skin conditioning, fragrance, perfuming, antiseborrheic, antioxidant, and skin protecting activities. In addition, it has been reported in CosIng that A. annua can be used as a cosmetic ingredient in the callus culture extracts of antimicrobial, antioxidant, hair conditioning, skin protecting, and skin conditioning activities. After the fermentation of its leaves by a microorganism, e.g., Aspergillus spp., Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Leuconostoc spp., A. annua herb extracts are also used as a filtrate. Essential oils possessalso the important position.
According to CosIng, A. dracunculus can be used in six forms, which have skin conditioning, perfuming, and fragrance properties.
In cosmetology, A. vulgaris can be used in nine forms as skin conditioning, perfuming, antioxidant, and skin protecting ingredients. In addition, original cosmetic ingredients, such as filtrates obtained by fermentation with bacteria (Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp.) or fungi (Saccharomyces spp.) deserve attention [230] (Table 6).
6.3. Potential Cosmetic Biological Activities of Artemisia ssp. Confirmed by Scientific Studies
Artemisia ssp. as cosmetic ingredients are subject of numerous studies (Table 7). Essential oils or extracts of Artemisia ssp. discussed in this review have antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities [14,20,38,39,58,84,85,87,88,91,92,93,122,168,201,212,217,232,233,234,235,236,237,238].
From a cosmetic point of view, a very interesting scientifically proven activity against P. acnes strains has been reported for the extracts from the herb of A. abrotanum and A. absinthium. Studies have shown that these extracts can be used to create new therapeutic and cosmetic products for the treatment of acne and for skincare [233].
It has also been demonstrated that the antioxidant activity of Artemisia ssp. extracts is conditioned mainly by the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenol compounds. This antioxidant activity is very important as it is related to the antiaging effect in cosmetic products [20,38,39,40,41].
Extracts of A. absinthium, A. annua, A. dracunculus, and A. vulgaris have also shown scientifically proven anti-inflammatory activities [86,126,191,239,240,241,242,243].
Moreover, A. vulgaris herb extracts have been reported to help in decreasing skin and eye sensitivity [244].
In the Philippines, A. absinthum and A. vulgaris are traditionally used to treat skin diseases and ulcerative sores. An entire plant is made into a decoction and is used as a wash for many kinds of wounds and skin ulcers. The dried leaves are cut into small fragments to help induce a more rapid healing of wounds and are used in eczema, herpes, and purulent scabies [245].
The methanolic extracts of aerial parts of A. absinthium have been tested for the sun protection activity. Studies have indicated that A. absinthium extracts have a higher value of SPF in comparison with other species, such as Sambucus nigra, Sambucus ebulus, Orobanche orientalis, Vicia faba, Albizzia julibrissin, Danae racemosa, and Echium amoenum. These activities are significantly correlated with the phenolic and flavonoid content, which was also studied [246].
Recent studies have investigated the efficacy and safety of a nail gel containing glycerin and A. abrotanum extract in the treatment of nail plate surface abnormalities. The findings of these studies have confirmed a significant reduction in roughness and an increase in smoothness. These values were observed after 2 and 8 weeks of using the preparation [247].
Studies of A. vulgaris extracts have focused on the antioxidant effect against the oxidative stress caused by UV radiation, which was tested on hairless mouse skin. The A. vulgaris extract and, for comparative purposes, a lotion as well as ascorbic acid were applied on mouse skin before exposure to UV radiation. The animals were then irradiated with increasing doses of UV-B for 4 weeks. Results suggested that the A. vulgaris extract was more effective than ascorbic acid extract in protecting hairless mouse skin from photoirradiation and that it can be used as a potential antiaging cosmetic ingredient [248]. Table 7
Cosmetic and potentially cosmetic properties of Artemisia species.
| Direction of Activity | Species | Extract/Essential Oil | Part | Classification | Compounds | Modal/Assay | Short Description of Studies Performed | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibacterial and antifungal activity | A. abrotanum | Ethanol | Aerial parts | nt * | nt | Cup plate method | Lethal effecton the bacteria Bacillus stearothermophilus (MIC = 250 µg/mL), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC = 250 µg/mL), Micrococcus luteus (MIC = 500 µg/mL), Pseudomonas cepacian (MIC = 500 µg/mL), and Salmonella typhi (MIC = 125 µg/mL), and the fungi Candida albicans (MIC = 250 µg/mL), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MIC = 125 µg/mL), and Trichosporon beigelii (MIC = 125 µg/mL). | [232] |
| Essential oil | Aerial parts | nt | nt | In vitro/diffusion well agar method (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus)/paper disc diffusion method (Candida albicans)/ | Inhibition of the growth of Escherichia coli (inhibition zone diameter = 16 mm), Proteus vulgaris (inhibition zone diameter = 18.89 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (inhibition zone diameter = 10.33 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (inhibition zone diameter = 20 mm), and C. albicans by components of A. abrotanum essential oil and essential oil. Some activity against Aspergillus flavus | [80,168,237] | ||
| Methanol | leaves | nt | nt | A microtiter plate-based protocol (microdilution) | Inhibition of the growth of the bacteria Bacillus cereus (MIC = 0.41 mg/mL), E. coli (MIC = 0.39 mg/mL), Listeria monocytogenes (MIC = 0.45 mg/mL), Micrococcus flavus (MIC = 0.57 mg/mL), P. aeruginosa (MIC = 0.47 mg/mL), and S. aureus (MIC = 0.38 mg/mL), and the fungi A. flavus (MIC = 0.39 mg/mL), Aspergillus niger (MIC = 0.78 mg/mL), Aspergillus ochraceus (MIC = 0.55 mg/mL), C. albicans (MIC = 0.86 mg/mL), Penicillium funiculosum (MIC = 0.85 mg/mL), and Penicillium ochrochloron (MIC = 0.86 mg/mL) by leaf extracts of A. abrotanum. | [20] | ||
| Ethanol | herb | nt | nt | In vitro/micromethod of diffusion in agar | Moderate inhibition of the growth of the bacteria Citrobacter freundii (inhibition zones diameter = 8.81 mm), Enterococcus faecalis (inhibition zones diameter = 6.65 mm), E. coli (inhibition zones diameter = 6.44 mm), P. aeruginosa (inhibition zones diameter = 8.52 mm), Streptococcus pyogenes (inhibition zones diameter = 5.29 mm), Streptococcus agalactiae (inhibition zones diameter = 5.19 mm), Streptococcus gordoni (inhibition zones diameter = 5.89 mm); methicillin-susceptible: S. aureus (inhibition zones diameter = 6.34 mm)and Staphylococcus epidermis (inhibition zones diameter = 6.38 mm); methicillin-resistant: S. aureus (inhibition zones diameter = 7.20 mm) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (inhibition zones diameter = 6.85 mm); and macrolides-resistant: Propionibacterium acnes (inhibition zones diameter = 8.71 mm) strains. | [233] | ||
| A. absinthium | Essential oil | Aerial parts | nt | nt | In vitro | Growth inhibition by the essential oil from A. absinthium and its lethal activity against Clostridium perfringens, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and Staphylococcus sonnei and inhibition of growth fungi Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium solani. The range of MIC values was from < 0.08 mg/mL for P. mirabilis and E. aerogenes isolated from stool and for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus isolated from wounds, up to 2.43 mg/mL for K. oxytoca isolated from stool. | [85,88,234] | |
| Ethanol | Herb | nt | nt | In vitro/micromethod of diffusion in agar | Lethal effect of A. absinthium extract on B. cereus (inhibition zones diameter = 20.40 mm), Bacillus subtilis (inhibition zones diameter = 14.40 mm), Haemophilus influenzae (inhibition zones diameter = 18.40 mm), P. aeruginosa (inhibition zones diameter = 7.22 mm), and S. aureus (inhibition zones diameter = 9.37 mm) and growth suppression in P. acnes (inhibition zones diameter = 7.26 mm). | [233,235] | ||
| Essential oil | Aerial parts | nt | nt | In vitro | Growth inhibition of the bacteria L. monocytogenes (inhibition zone = 20 mm) and methicillin-sensitive/resistant S. cerevisiae var. chevalieri (inhibition zone = 16 mm), S. aureus (inhibition zone = 25 mm), and the fungi Fusarium culmorum (inhibition zone = 45 mm), Fusarium graminearum (inhibition zone = 15 mm), F. oxysporum (inhibition zone = 19 mm), Rhizoctonia solani (inhibition zone = 25 mm), and Sclerotinia sp. (inhibition zone = 24 mm) by A. absinthium essential oil. | [84,87] | ||
| Aerial parts | Phenolic acids | Chlorogenic acid, 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid | In vitro | Some bactericidal activity of chlorogenic acid and efflux pump inhibition by 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid isolated from A. absinthium. | [122] | |||
| Essential oil | Aerial parts | nt | nt | In vitro | Lethal action by essential oil A. absinthium against the fungi Alternaria alternata, A. niger, Fusarium oxysporum, F. sambucinum, and F. solani and the bacteria Arthrobacter spp., Bacillus mycoides, Micrococcus lylae, and P. aeruginosa. | [236] | ||
| A. annua | Water | Leaves | nt | nt | In vitro (disk diffusion method) | Lethal activity of A. annua leaf extracts against E. coli. | [201] | |
| Essential oil | Aerial parts | Monoterpenoids | 1,8-cineole, camphor | In vitro (disk diffusion method) | Lethal activity of essential oil and 1,8-cineol, camphor, and Artemisia ketone isolated from A. annua herb against E. coli, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, S. typhi, and Yersinia enterocolitica. Components of essential oil penetrate through the bacterial cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction, increasing permeability of bacterial membrane and components. | [91,93] | ||
| Essential oil | Aerial parts | nt | nt | In vitro (disk diffusion method) | Essential oil inhibits growth of the bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus, and fungi C. albicans, Candida famata, and C. utilis, and also inhibits cell adhesion and reduces the expression of virulence factors. | [92] | ||
| A. dracunculus | Essential oil | Herb | nt | nt | In vitro (disk diffusion method) | Inhibition of the growth of B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes, M. luteus, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes, Streptococcus typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella marcescens under the influence of the essential oil of the A. dracunculus herb. Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Proteus spp., and S. aureus colony growth inhibition after application of the essential oil. S. epidermidis showing the largest zone of inhibition (21.5 mm). | [101] | |
| Essential oil | Leaves | nt | nt | In vitro (agar well diffusion) | Essential oil of A. dracunculus leaves hampers the growth of B. cereus, Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, M. flavus, S. enteritidis, and S. aureus strains. | [125,153,249] | ||
| Hydro-ethanol | Leaves | nt | nt | In vitro (disk diffusion method)/In vivo (mice) | Hydroethanolic extract of A. dracunculus leaves (at dose 200 mg/kg) significantly reduces the number of colony-forming units of C. albicans in the liver and kidneys of mice. | [100,126,205] | ||
| A. vulgaris | Essential oil | Aerial parts | nt | nt | In vitro/paper disc diffusion method (Candida albicans) | Inhibitory effect of the oil fraction on the development of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. enteritidis, P. aeruginosa, S. enteritidis, S. aureus, and Streptococcus mutans. | [41,80,88,151,250,251,252] | |
| Antioxidant activity | A. abrotanum | Ethanol | Herb | Polyphenols | Apigenin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gentisic acid, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, luteolin, rutoside, sinapic acid, quercitol, quercitrin, | In vitro | Moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 = 284.50 µg/mL) of A. abrotanum ethanolic extract in the test with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). | [58] |
| Essential oil | Aerial parts | nt | nt | In vitro | Reducing potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (82.34%, 1000 µL) by the essential oil from the herb of A. abrotanum. | [237] | ||
| Methanol | Herb | Phenolic acids | Isochlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, quercitrin | In vitro | Reducing the potential of methanolic extract from A. abrotanum herb, in particular its components, rosmarinic acid, isochlorogenic acid, and quercitrin. | [20] | ||
| A. absinthium | Methanol | Herb | Flavonoids, phenolic acids | nt | In vitro | Antioxidant activity of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in A. absinthium. In the DPPH test, the IC50 value for radical scavenging activity was 612 μg/mL. | [238] | |
| Methanol | Herb | nt | nt | In vitro/DPPH assay, FRAP assay | Methanolic extracts from A. absinthium herb have a significant reduction potential (IC50 = 9.38 mg/mL). Herb extracts reduced iron(III) ions, the EC50 were lower than for the ascorbic acid control | [84] | ||
| Essential oil | Aerial parts | nt | nt | In vitro/DPPH assay, ABTS assay | A. absinthium essential oil has the ability to scavenge radicals in DPPH and ABTS (2,2’-azobis(3- ethylobenzotiazolino-6-sulfonian)) tests. | [88] | ||
| Methanol | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (mice) | Reducing properties of A. absinthium extract (at dose 100 or 200 mg/kg) and the ability to capture superoxide and hydrogen peroxide anions, hydroxy and nitric oxide radicals, inhibiting oxidative stress, reducing the concentration of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), and increasing the concentration of superoxide and glutathione dismutases. | [217] | ||
| A. annua | Methanol | Leaves | Phenolic acids, flavonoids | nt | In vitro | Methanolic extracts from A. annua leaves have the highest concentration of phenolic and flavonoid compounds showing a reducing effect. | [39] | |
| Hexane, chloroform, methanol, and water | Leaves | nt | nt | In vitro | Reducing activity of A. annua leaf extracts in DPPH test. | [201] | ||
| Essential oil | Herb | Monoterpenoids | 1,8-cineol, and α-pinene | In vitro | Essential oil from A. annua herb and its components 1,8-cineol, Artemisia ketone, and α-pinene shows weak reducing activity in tests with DPPH, ABTS radical tests, and hydrogen peroxide. | [93] | ||
| A. dracunculus | Hydro-ethanol | Herb | Flavonoids, phenolic acids | nt | In vitro | Reducing properties of the hydroethanolic herbal extract related to the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. | [40,100,113,125] | |
| A. vulgaris | Hydro-ethanol | Herb | Flavonoids, phenolic acids | nt | In vitro | Proved by different methods, such as DPPH (IC50 value was 65.5 μg/mL), lipid peroxidation, protein glycation, xanthine oxidases, ABTS, hydroxyl, superoxide, nitric oxide, ferric reducing power activity, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive species assays. | [41,128,243,253,254] | |
| Anti-inflammatory activity | A. absinthium | Essential oil/Methanol | Aerial parts | nt | nt | In vivo (mice) | Reduction (41%) in inflammatory edema in mice after administration of the essential oil (at dose 4 and 8 mg/kg) or methanolic extract from A. absinthium (at dose 300, 500, and 1000 mg/kg). | [86,191] |
| nt | Aerial parts | flavonoid | 5,6,3′,5′-tetramethoxy-7,4-hydroxyflavone (p7F) | In vitro, In vivo (mice) | Inhibition of the expression of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, reduction in the production of prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), reduction in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species by 5,6,3′,5′-tetramethoxy-7,4-hydroxyflavone isolated from A. absinthium. | [239] | ||
| nt | Aerial parts | Chalcone | Cardamonin | In vitro (THP-1 (monocyte cell line of acute monocytic leukaemia) and RAW 264.7 (cell line of mouse macrophages) | Cardamonin isolated from A. absinthium inhibits the NFĸB (nuclear factor ĸB) pathway by the direct inhibition of DNA transcription factors, which leads to reduced NO release. | [255] | ||
| Methanol | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (rats) | Reduction in paw edema in rats given carrageenan and venom of Montivipera xanthina after the application of A. absinthium extract (at dose 25 and 50 mg/kg). | [241] | ||
| A. annua | supercritical CO2 | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo | Reduction in pain and stiffness in joints and improvement in mobility after using A. annua extract (at dose 150 mg). | [242] | |
| Aqueous | Leaves | Phenolic acid | Rosmarinic acid | Use of aqueous extracts from A. annua leaves reduces secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-8 and IL-6. Rosmarinic acid is largely responsible for this effect. | [119] | |||
| A. dracunculus | Ethanol, Aqueous | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (mice) | Reduction in pain sensations and xylene-induced ear edema after the administration of the ethanolic herbal extract (at dose 50 and 100 mg/kg) to mice. | [255] | |
| A. vulgaris | Methanol | Leaves | nt | nt | In vivo (rats) | Extract (at dose 400 mg/kg) caused the normalization of serum lipid profile, an increase in paraoxonase-1 activity, and a decrease in serum malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and TNF-α level. Proved by lipoxygenase inhibitory activity assay and “Cotton Pellet Granuloma method.” | [214,243,256] | |
| Antiallergenic activity | A. vulgaris | Aqueous | Aerial parts | nt | nt | In vivo | Decrease in skin sensitivity and eye sensitivity. | [244] |
* nt—not tested.
6.4. Artemisia ssp. in Cosmetology
Artemisia ssp. are used as ingredients in skincare cosmetics, such as creams, shampoos, essences, serums, masks, lotions, and tonics. Different cosmetic brands based on Artemisia spp. extracts or essential oils are available worldwide.
The species A. abrotanum is used in the products of Australian, German, Japanese, Polish, and US cosmetic companies, whereas A. absinthium is very often used in the cosmetics from South Korean, Canadian, French, Russian, and USA. Furthermore, A. annua is used as a cosmetic ingredient in Malaysia, Swiss, Singapore, South Korea, and US cosmetic products, while A. dracunculus is primarily used by UK, South Korea, and US cosmetic companies (Table 8).
The essential oil of A. dracunculus obtained by steam distillation is widely used as an ingredient in perfumes [2]. It is also used in aromatherapy during massages and baths and in facial masks and compresses [113,145]. The essential oil of A. dracunculus is also very often used by prestigious fashion brands, such as the Italian Prada, Versace, Dolce & Gabbana; the French Givenchy and Chloé; the American Calvin Klein and Tom Ford; and many others.
The use of A. vulgaris is widespread in the cosmetic industry. Various companies from Canada, France, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, Indonesia, Israel, and South Korea use the A. vulgaris herb extract and A. vulgaris essential oil in the production of different cosmetics (Table 7). An original form of A. vulgaris—the filtrate obtained as a result of fermentation by bacteria (Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp.) or fungi (Saccharomyces sp.)—is used in cosmetic products. During fermentation, Bacillus sp. produces valuable physiologically active substances, such as peptides, viscous compounds (with polysaccharide structure), antioxidants, and fibrins. A combination of A. vulgaris and Bacillus sp. has been shown to enhance the effects of fermentation and to increase the antiaging and antiwrinkle effects by inhibiting the production of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and metalloproteinase-9 enzymes (decomposed of collagen) and increasing cell regeneration and collagen synthesis [35,76,84,121,122]. Table 8
Examples of some cosmetics based on Artemisia species.
| Artemisia ssp. | Producer | Country of Origin | Trade Name | Cosmetic Form | The Form of Artemisia Ssp. in the Composition of the Cosmetic (INCI) | Properties of the Cosmetic According to the Producer | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. abrotanum | Alpha Keri | Australia | Breast Lift And Firm | Cream | A. abrotanum extract | Firming the skin of the bust | [257] |
| Dr. Hauschka | German | Sensitive care conditioner | Ampoules | A. abrotanum flower/leaf/stem extract | The treatment in sensitive ampoules for day and night is intended for sensitive skin prone to redness and dilated blood vessels | [258] | |
| Laura Mercier | Japan | Infusion De Rose Moisturizing Glow Mask | Mask | A. abrotanum extract | Hydrates and soothes skin | [259] | |
| Dermika | Poland | Neocollagen M + Phytoestrogen Anti-Wrinkle Cream | Cream | A. abrotanum extract | Regenerating, antiwrinkle effect | [260] | |
| Aveeno | USA | Fresh Essentials Daily Nourishing Moisturizer SPF 30 | Cream | A. abrotanum extract | For daily skin hydration and protection against UV radiation | [261] | |
| Christophe Robin Paris | USA | Cleansing Mask With Lemon | Mask | A. abrotanum extract | Cleans colored and thin hair | [262] | |
| RéVive | USA | Intensité Complete Anti-Aging Eye Serum | Serum | A. abrotanum extract | Antiaging decreases the appearance of lines and wrinkles and gives skin a smoother, more youthful appearance | [263] | |
| USANA Celavive® Skincare | USA | Hydrating + Lifting Sheet Mask | Mask | A. abrotanum extract | Lifts, hydrates, and rejuvenates skin’s appearance | [264] | |
| A. absinthium | Cera Skin Care | Canada | Timeless Retinol Night Mask | Mask | A. absinthium extract | Diminishes the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, pore size, and problematic skin imperfections | [265] |
| It cosmetics | France | No. 50 Serum Collagen Veil Anti-Aging Face Primer | Serum | A. absinthium extract | Hydrating and antiaging activity | [266] | |
| Natura Siberica | Russia | Super Siberica Krasnika, Amaranth & Arginine, Care Cream | Cream | A. absinthium herb oil | Makes hair soft and manageable | [267] | |
| MAN:YO | South Korea | Zaodam Sooc Essence Toner | Toner | A. absinthium extract | Soothes essence toner to quickly treat damaged skin | [268] | |
| Mizon | South Korea | Multi-function formula all in one snail repair cream | Cream | A. absinthium extract | Intense regenerative, moisturizing effect; narrows pores; regenerates, firms, and helps to lighten discoloration | [269] | |
| Bioelements | USA | Restorative Clay | Mask | A. absinthium oil | Cleansing skin pores | [270] | |
| Kiehl’s | USA | Calendula Deep Cleansing Foaming Face Wash | Foam | A. absinthium extract | Deeply cleansing face, cleansing foam | [271] | |
| MALIN + GOETZ | USA | Resurfacing Serum | Serum | A. absinthium oil | Smoothens, clarifies, and brightens skin | [272] | |
| Neogen Dermatology | USA | Vita Lightening Serum | Serum | A. absinthium extract | Helps to reduce the appearance of discolorations for illuminating radiance and its potent antioxidant ingredients; moisturizes and revitalizes skin | [273] | |
| Pixi | USA | Rose Glow Mist | Essence | A. absinthium extract | Strengthens skin | [274] | |
| A. annua | Commonlabs | Malaysia | Vitamin E Micro Needle Spot Cream | Cream | A. annua extract | Antiacne activity | [275] |
| Kingnature | Swiss | Artemisia creme | Cream | A. annua extract | Protects and cares for the skin and has a supporting effect on skin irritations and skin problems | [276] | |
| Su:m37 | Singapore | Losec Summa Elixir Foam Cleanser | Gel | A. annua extract | Purifies and comforts the skin | [277] | |
| Dr. Oracle | South Korea | Artemisia Ultra Calming Serum | Serum | A. annua extract, A. annua leaf extract | Skin-soothing effect to irritated or sensitive skin | [278] | |
| MISSHA | South Korea | Artemisia Calming Ampoule | Essence | A. annua extract | Controls the balance of hydration and lubrication of the skin, soothes irritation and redness, controls the balance of hydration and lubrication of the skin, and soothes irritation and redness | [279] | |
| Neogen Dermatology | USA | Dermalogy Green Tea Moist PHA Gauze Peeling | Peeling | A. annua extract | Exfoliates and moisturizes skin | [273] | |
| PURE’AM | USA | Authentic Barrier Cream Balm | Cream | A. annua extract | Nourishes, repairs, and strengthens natural skin barrier | [280] | |
| A. dracunculus | ESPA | Great Britain | Age-Rebel Moisturiser | Cream | A. dracunculus oil | Moisturizes, nourishes, and smoothens skin | [281] |
| Lush | Great Britain | Dirty Shampoo | Shampoo | A. dracunculus oil | Cleanses hair | [282] | |
| Hayejin | South Korea | Blessing Of Sprout Radiance Toner | Toner | A. dracunculus leaf/stem extract | Brightens skin’s complexion, balances pH level, and moisturizes the skin | [283] | |
| Onekind | USA | Mega Multitasker All-Day Moisturizer | Cream | A. dracunculus oil | Hydrating, has antioxidant activity, and defends against daily damage | [284] | |
| A. vulgaris | Humphrey | Canada | Mugwort Anti Acne Serum | Serum | A. vulgaris extract | Treats acne, reduces inflammation on acne-prone skin, soothes and moisturizes skin | [285] |
| Vgam | Canada | Pure Artik | Gel | A. vulgaris extract | Gently removes impurities and protects skin | [286] | |
| Annayake | France | Makeup Remover Gel | Gel | A. vulgaris extract | Cleanses face and eye and removes makeup | [287] | |
| Cherry Brenchez | Great Britain | Venus Reviver Serum | Serum | A. vulgaris oil | Moisturizes skin, reduces spots and fine lines, and protects skin from sun damage | [288] | |
| Monuskin | Great Britain | Rosewood Reviving Mist | Essence | A. vulgaris oil | Refreshes and revitalizes skin | [289] | |
| R10 Labs | Great Britain | Hybrid Iq Shaving Gel-Oil | Gel | A. vulgaris oil | Softens the hair and makes it easier to shave | [290] | |
| Somethinc | Indonesia | AHA 7% BHA 1% PHA 3% Weekly Peeling Solution | Peeling | A. vulgaris extract | Helps clean clogged pores and remove dead skin cells | [291] | |
| Moraz | Israel | Body Oil Skin Saver | Oil | A. vulgaris extract | Hydrating and reduces burns, redness, itching and dryness | [292] | |
| Manuka Doctor | New Zealand | Apiclear Purifying Facial Peel | Peeling | A. vulgaris extract | Removes dead cells and stimulates cell renewal | [293] | |
| Skintific | Norway | Mugwort Anti Pores & Acne Clay Mask Pore Clarifying Wash Off Pack | Mask | A. vulgaris extract | Helps clean clogged pores, reduces skin changes, and brightens skin | [294] | |
| Natura Siberica | Russia | Anti Dandruff Shampoo | Shampoo | A. vulgaris extract | Cleanses the hair and has antidandruff properties | [267] | |
| Aprilskin | South Korea | Artemisia Essence Rice Toner | Toner | A. vulgaris extract | Calms and hydrates skin and makes skin firm | [295] | |
| I’m From | South Korea | Mugwort Spot Gel | Gel | A. vulgaris oil | Stabilizes sebum production and soothes skin | [296] | |
| Manyo Factory | South Korea | Herb Green Cleansing Oil | Cleansing oil | A. vulgaris oil | Cleanses skin | [268] | |
| Dermalogica | USA | Overnight Active Clearing Gel | Gel | A. vulgaris oil | Removes skin cells and regulates excess sebum | [297] | |
| Rms Beauty | USA | “re” Evolve Radiance Locking Hydrating Primer | Primer | A. vulgaris oil | Keeps makeup all day long | [298] |
7. Safety of Artemisia ssp. Use
Artemisia ssp. may have limitations in use depending on other ingredients used along with them or depending on the oral intake of other ingredients simultaneously, due to which various side effects could occur.
Studies on patients taking homeopathic remedies, herbal mixtures, or single-ingredient preparations from A. abrotanum extracts have reported no serious adverse effects. In a previous study, only two patients out of the 236 studied showed side effects. The intake of a preparation composed of A. abrotanum and Matricaria recutita extracts was reported to cure ailments such as stomach pain and allergy [299].
The species A. absinthium is rich in compounds that have toxic effects, of which α- and β-thujone deserve particular attention, with α-thujone being thought to be two to three times more harmful [300]. The EFSA listed α- and β-thujone, absinthin, and anabsinthin as potentially dangerous. However, the conclusions of the EFSA report regarding A. absinthium contain information that the plant can be safely used as a basic substance. Furthermore, A. absinthium has a known toxicological profile, and its compounds that were previously considered harmful are currently being investigated as medicinal substances [300]. Nonetheless, A. absinthium should not be recommended if the patient has gastric or duodenal ulcers, biliary obstruction, or liver disease or if he/she is allergic to plants of the family Asteraceae. It should not be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding [171,175]. Studies confirmed no skin irritation after the application of undiluted A. absinthium essential oil [301]. The dangers of drinking absinthe are worth mentioning. Absinthe consumption initially causes the feeling of well-being and hallucinations, slowly leading to a depressive stage. In recent years, it has been speculated that absinthe causes misdiagnosed alcoholism. The symptoms characteristic of absinthism can be attributed to ethanol itself [302]. The FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) has listed A. absinthium as an allergenic species. The source of allergens is the pollen, which can also be present in the extracts of the plant [303].
The species A. annua can cause inflammation of the skin, and due to its highly allergenic pollen, susceptible people may develop allergies. Adverse effects after consumption of preparations with A. annua extracts are as follows: abdominal pain, bradycardia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, flu-like symptoms, reticulocytopenia, and fever. The use of A. annua products is contraindicated in patients with ulcers and gastrointestinal disorders [8,304,305]. The EFSA listed A. annua leaves as a raw material that is not health-neutral due to the high concentration of camphor (2.58–37.5%) in the essential oil [306].
The FDA has listed A. dracunculus and the essential oils and extracts derived from this species as safe for use [307]. However, there have also been reports of the potential toxicity of the main components of the essential oil of A. dracunculus —estragole and methyl eugenol [54]. In animal studies, these components showed the adverse effects of causing, inter alia, liver tumors and neuroendocrine tumors in the glandular stomach, kidneys, and mammary glands [308]. After analyzing the available data, the EFSA has classified estragole and methyl eugenol as genotoxic and carcinogenic compounds. However, a safe threshold for the consumption of estragole and methyl eugenol has not yet been established. The EFSA recommends limiting the use of both compounds [308].
Herbal extracts of A. vulgaris used in therapeutic doses may not have any side effects. However, A. vulgaris can cause allergies, as confirmed by the FDA. Its pollen contains allergenic glycoproteins that cause type I (immediate) allergic reactions. In addition, in a few individuals, anaphylactic shock has been observed after swallowing the pollen [55,303]. The species A. vulgaris is also considered to be the primary cause of hay fever and allergic asthma in Northern Europe, North America, and a few regions of Asia [148,309]. People allergic to herbal ingredients from other plants of the Asteraceae family should avoid contact with these preparations. It has been reported that A. vulgaris cross-reacts with pollen from other plants as well as with food substances, such as birch, cabbage, grasses, hazelnuts, honey, pollen of the European olive, and sweet pepper, as well as with royal jelly, sunflower, kiwi, peach, mango, apple, celery, and carrot [148,310]. Apart from respiratory system ailments, allergic skin lesions have also been observed and allergic skin reactions, such as dermatitis and urticaria, may also occur [309,311,312,313].
The EFSA classified the essential oil components of A. vulgaris, such as α-thujone, β-thujone, camphor, and 1,8-cineol, as having potentially adverse effects on human health when taken with food or dietary supplements [306]. Therefore, A. vulgaris should be used with caution in patients with diabetes as it can increase blood glucose levels [148].
8. Conclusions
The multidirectional ethnopharmacological indications and recent popularity of artemisinin resulted in a huge increase in interest in the chemism of Artemisia species and in the biological activity of extracts obtained from these plants and essential oils. Research studies have confirmed their many valuable directions of biological activity, such as hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and antidepressant effects. Some of the proven biological properties, e.g., antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities, are of particularly utility from the perspective of the cosmetic industry. In the data presented by the European Commission, in the CosIng database, the number of cosmetic raw materials approved for the production of cosmetics includes as many as 37 raw materials based on the five species characterized in this review. Cosmetics based on these raw materials are becoming more popular not only in European but also in North American and East Asian countries.
Data collection: M.K.-S., A.S., P.K. and A.R.; design of the study: H.E., A.S.; analysis and interpretation of the data: M.K.-S., A.S., P.K., A.R. and H.E.; drafting the manuscript: M.K.-S., A.S., P.K. and A.R.; critical revision of the manuscript: H.E. and A.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Enlarge this image.Figure 1. Chemical structure of sesquiterpenoid lactones found in Artemisia species: artemisinin (a); psilostachyin (b); artemisin (c); absinthin (d).
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. Chemical structure of flavonoids found in Artemisia species: artemetin (a); casticin (b).
Enlarge this image.Figure 3. Chemical structure of coumarins found in Artemisia species: coumarin (a); esculetin (b); scopoline (c); herniarin (d).
Enlarge this image.Figure 4. Chemical structure of phenolic acids found in Artemisia species: caffeic acid (a); p-coumaric acid (b); chlorogenic acid (c); ferulic acid (d).
Chemical composition of essential oil from Artemisia species.
| Species | Sesquiterpenoids | Monoterpenoids | Diterpenoids | Triterpenoids | Phenylpropanoid Derivatives | Other Compounds |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. abrotanum | δ-amorphene, aromadendrene, artedouglasia C, artedouglasia oxide A, artedouglasia oxide B, artedouglasia oxide D, bicyclogermacrene, trans-α-bisabolen, α-bisabolol, β-bourbonene, δ-cadinene, cadinol, α-cadinol, 3-carene, caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, α-copaene, davanone, davanone B cedrene, citronellol, β-copaene, α-cubebene, (E)-β-damascenone, davana ether, davanon ether, davanone B, cis-davanone, α-dehydro-ar-himachalene, γ-dehydro-ar-himachalene, β-elemene, δ-elemen, α-epi-7-epi-5-eudesmol, epi-longipinanol, 7-epi-silphiperfol-5-ene, eudesma-5-en-11-ol, α-eudesmol, β-eudesmol, γ-eudesmol acetate, farnesyl butanoate, germacrene D, germacren-D-4-ol, guaiol, α-humulene, humulene epoxide I, isospathulenol, T-muurolol, nerolidol, (E)-nerolidol, nordavanone, β-selinene, silphiperfol-4,7 (14)-diene, silphiperfol-5-ene, silphiperfol-5-en-3-ol A, silphiperfol-5-en-3-one A, silphiperfol-5-en-3-one B, silphiperfol-6-α-ol, silphiperfolen isomer, spathulenol [ |
borneol, bornyl acetate, camphene, camphor, 3 (10) -carene-2-ol, trans-carveol, cis-carvone, cis-carvyl acetate, trans-carvyl acetate, cembrene, cis-chrysanthenol, chrysanthenone, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, trans-chrysanthenyl acetate, 1,4-cineole, 1,8-cineole, cuminyl acetate, p-cymenene, eugenol, geranyl isobutanoate, 2-hydroxy-1,8-cineole, isobornyl formate, isobornyl propionate, lavandulol, lavandulyl butanoate, lavandulyl caproate, lavandulyl isovalerate, limonene, ment-1,5-dien-7-ol, p-menth-1-en-8-ol, p-menth-2-en-1-ol, myrcene, linalool, β-myrcene, myrtanal, myrtenal, myrtenol, E-myrtenol, neryl isobutanoate, neryl propionate, β-ocimene, E-β-ocimene, Z-β-ocimene, trans-ocimene, trans-β-ocimene, trans-ocimenol, α-pinene, trans-pinocamphone, cis-piperitol, trans-piperitol, piperitone, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, β-pinene, 2 (10) -pinen-2-one, pinocarvone, terpenyl acetate, α-terpenyl acetate, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, α-terpineol, 1-terpineol, 4-terpineol, cis-β-terpineol, δ-terpineol acetate, terpinolene, α-terpinolene, α-terpinyl acetate, 3-thujanol, α-thujenal, α-thujene, α-thujone, tricyclene, 4-tujanol, sabinaketone, sabinene, cis-sabinene hydrate, trans-sabinene hydrate, trans-sabinol[ |
lupeol, phytol isomer [ |
agarospirol [ |
estragol (methyl chavicol), elemicine [ |
Spiroterpenoids: methyleugenol [ |
| A. absinthium | allo-aromadendrene, ar-curcumene, α-(E)-bergamotene, bicyclogermacrene, α-bisabolene, (Z)-α-bisabolene, β-bisabolene, α-bisabolol, bisabolol oxide, bisabolol oxide B, β-bourbonene, cadinene, γ-cadinene, δ-cadinene, α-calacorene, caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene, (E)-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, α-cedrene, α-copaene, γ-curcumene, cyperene, diepi-α-cedrene, curcumene, β-elemene, elemol, epi-β-santalene, β-eudesmol, (E,E)-farnesal, (Z,E)-α-farnesene, (E,E)-farnesyl acetate, (E,E)-farnesyl 3-methylbutanoate, (E)-β-farnesene, germacrene D, guaiazulene, α-gurjunene, β-gurjunene, γ-gurjunene, guaiazulene, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, α-himachalene, α-humulene, γ-humulene, humulene oxide II, α-isocomene, β-isocomene, γ-muurolene, nerolidol, (E)-nerolidol, (E)-nerolidyl propanoate, petasitene, pethybrene, presilphiperfol-7-ene, α-santalene, β-santalene, β-selinene, silfinen-1-en, silphiperfol-6-ene, 7-α-silphiperfol-5-ene, spathulenol [ |
allo-ocimene, Artemisia ketone, borneol, bornyl acetate, bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, camphene, camphor, carvacrol, (Z)-carveol, carvone, chrysanthenol, (Z)-chrysanthenol, chrysanthenyl acetate, (Z)-chrysanthenyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, p-cymen-8-ol, (E)-epoxyocimene, (Z)-epoxyocimene, (Z)-β-epoxyocimene, (E)-6,7-epoxyocimene, (Z)-6,7-epoxyocimene, epoxyocymene, eugenol, α-fenchene, fenchone, geranial, geraniol, geranyl acetate, geranyl isovalerate, geranyl 2-methylbutanoate, geranyl 3-methylbutanoate, geranyl pentanoate, isobornyl acetate, isobornyl propanoate, iso-3-thujanol, isothujyl acetate, lavandulol, lavandulyl acetate, limonene, linalool, β-linalool, (E)-linalool oxide, (Z)-linalool oxide, linalyl acetate, linalyl butanoate, linalyl 3-methylbutanoate, linalyl propionate, lyratyl acetate, p-menth-3-en-9-ol, 3-methylbutanoate, myrcene, β-myrcene, neral, nerol, (Z)-nerolidol, neryl acetate, neryl 2-methylbutanoate, neryl 3-methylbutanoate, neryl 2-methylpropanoate, (E)-β-ocimene, (Z)-β-ocimene, phellandrene, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, phellandrene epoxide, pinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, 2-β-pinene, pulegone, sabinene, (E)-sabinene hydrate, (Z)-sabinene hydrate, (E)-sabinol, sabinyl acetate, (E)-sabinyl acetate, santolinatriene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, α-terpineol, terpinene-4-ol, terpinolene, α-terpinylacetate, α-thujene, thujol, α-thujone, β-thujone, (E)-thujone, (Z)-thujone, thujyl acetate, thujyl alcohol, thymol, tricyclene, (E)-verbenol, (Z)-verbenol [ |
1-(E)-8-isopropyl-1,5-dimethyl-nona-4,8-dienyl-4-methyl-2,3-dioxa-bicyclo(2, 2, 2)oct-5-ene, iso-1-(E)-8-isopropyl-1,5-dimethyl-nona-4,8-dienyl-4-methyl-2,3-dioxa-bicyclo(2,2,2)oct-5-ene, vulgarol A, vulgarol B [ |
nd 1 | estragole, methyleugenol [ |
nd |
| A. annua | aristolon, bicyclogermacrene, β-bourbonene, β-cadinene, γ-cadinene, δ-cadinene, cis-cadin-4-en-7-ol, epi-α-cadinol, caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene, cis-β-caryophyllene, trans-β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, β-chamigrene, α-copaene, cubebin, β-cubeben, cubenol, β-elemen, γ-elemen, α-farnesan, trans-β-farnesane, germacren A, germacren B, germacren D, β-gurjunene, γ-gurjunen, humulene, α-humulene, isoledene, (–)- isolongifolen-9-one, kopaene, trans-β-kopaene, α-longipinene, γ-muurolene, nerolidol, nootkaton, β-selinene, selin-11-en-ol isomer, selin-3,11-dien-6α-ol, spathulenol [ |
Artemisia trien, artemisinin alcohol, artemisinin ketone, borneol, bornyl acetate, camphene, camphor, α-campholenal, cis-carveol, trans-carveol, carvone, cis-chrysanthenol, 1,8-cineole, cuminal, cis-β-O-cymene, trans-β-O-cymene, p-cymene, dehydro-1,8-cineol, dehydrosabinaketone, dehydrosabinene, eugenol, α-felandrene, ipsdienol, limonene, linalool, p-mentha-2,4 (8)-diene, myrcene, myrcenol, myrtenal, myrtenol, myrtenyl acetate, neryl acetate, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-pinene oxide, trans-pinocarveol, cis-pinocarveol acetate, pinocarvone, piperitone, sabinene, cis-sabinene hydrate, trans-sabinene hydrate, santolin alcohol, santolinatriene, α-terpineol, 4-terpineol, δ-terpineol, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, α-terpinolene, α-terpinene, thujen, α-thujone, α-thujene, verbenol, verbenone, yomogi alcohol [ |
vulgarone [ |
nd | nd | arteannuic acid, 2-H-1-benzopiranzone, benzyl benzoate, benzyl 3-methylbutanacetate, 1-dodekene, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol, hexanal, 2-hexenyl 2-methylbutanoate, cis-2-hexenyl 3-methylbutanoate, isovalerate hexanoate, cis-jasmon, 2-methyl-2-butenyl 3-methylbutanoate, 3-methyl-3-butenyl 3-methylbutanoate nonanal, nonadecane, propyl 2-methylbutanoate [ |
| A. dracunculus | acoradiene, ar-curcumen, α-bergamotene, bicyclermacren, α-bisabolol, β-bisabolen, δ-cadinene, α-epi-cadinol, caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene, E-caryophyllene, E-β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, α-cedrene, α-copaene, elemene, δ-elemene, γ-elemene farnesane, cis-trans-α-farnesene, (E)-β-farnesene, (E,E)-farnesane, E,E-α-farnesane, germacrene D, germacrene-D-4-ol, gleenol, α-himachalene, α-humulene, β-sesquiphellandrene, spathunelol, spatulenol, α-zingiberene [ |
allocimene, artemisinic ketone, borneol, bornyl acetate, camphene, camphor, 4-carene, ∆3-carene, carvacrol, trans-carveol, carvone, E-carvone oxide, 2-allo-cimene, 1,8-cineole, citronellol, citronellol acetate, citronellol formate, o-cymene, p-cymene, (E)-β-O-cymene p-mentha-1,3,8-triene, ethyl geranyl, geraniol, geranyl acetate, β-elemene, endo-isofenchene, α-fenchene, geranial, (E)-β-ionone, isobornyl acetate, isoterpinolene, limonene, D-limonene, linalool, myrcene, β-myrcene, myrtenal, nerol, neryl acetate, α-trans-ocimene, allo-ocimene, cis-β-ocimene, cis allo-ocimene, trans β-ocimene, trans-allo-ocimene, β-ocimene, β-ocimene Y, E-β-ocymene, Z-β-ocymene, neo-allo-ocymene cis allo-ocymen hydrate, phellandrene, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, α-pinene, β-pinene, 2-β-pinene, p-pinene, pinocarveol, pseudolimonene, sabinene, trans-sabinene acetate, cis-sabinene hydrate, β-sesquifelandrene, α-terpenyl acetate, terpineol, 4-terpineol, α-terpineol, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, α-terpinolene, trans-4 thujanol, α-thujene, thymol, tricyclen [ |
phytol [ |
squalene [ |
(Z)-anethole, asarone, carpaci, dillapiole, elemycin, estragole (methylchavicol, p-allylanisole), eugenol, isoelemycin, isoeugenol methyl ether, isoeugenol methyl trans-anethole, 3-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol, methyl eugenol, prestragol [ |
Isocoumarins: 3-(1-Z-butenyl) isocoumarin = (Z)-artemidin, 2-(1-E-butenyl)-isocoumarin = (E)-artemidin [ |
| A. vulgaris | aromadendrene, α-trans-bergamotene, bicyclogermacrene, β-bisabolene, α-bisabololene, β-burbonen, α-cadinol, α-calacorene, caryophylla-4(14),8(15)-diene-5-α-ol, caryophyllene, trans-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, α-cedrene, β-chamigrene, α-copaen, cubebene, davanone, α-elemene, β-elemene, β-eudesmol, farnesene, farnesyl acetate, germacrene D, germacrene D-4-ol, α-humulene, humulene epoxide II, humulene oxide, α-isocomene, lanceol acetate, ledol, β-longipinene, modhephene, epi-α-muurolol, (E)-nerolidol, petasitene, presilphiperfol-7-ene, trans-salvene, salvial-4(14)-en-1-one, epi-β-santalene, silphin-1-ene, 7-α-silphiperfol-5-ene, silphiperfol-5-en-3-ol (Z)-β-farnesene, silphiperfol-4,7(14)-diene, spathulenol, valeranone [ |
Artemisia alcohol, Artemisia ketone, artemisyl acetate, borneol, bornyl acetate, camphene, camphor, trans-carveol, carvone, cis-chrysanthenol, chrysanthenyl acetate, 1,8-cineol, cuminol, cymene, p-cymene-8-ol, dehydrosabinaketone, α-fenchen, isoborneol, isobornyl acetate, iso-3-thujanol, limonene, linalool, menthol, methyleugenol, p-mentha-1,4-dien-7-ol, β-myrcene, (E)-β-ocymen, (Z)-β-ocymen, α-pinene, β-pinene, trans-pinocarveol, piperitone, sabinaketone, sabinene, cis-sabinene hydrate, santolina triene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, α-terpineol, 4-terpineol, terpinolene, 3-thujanol, α-thujene, α-thujone, β-thujone, cis-thujone, thymol, trans-verbenol, verbenyl acetate [ |
phytol, γ-terpineol [ |
nd | nd | nd |
1 nd—no data.
Biological activities of Artemisia species.
| Direction of Activity | Species | Extract/Essential Oil | Part | Classification | Compounds | Model/Assay | Short Description of Performed Studies | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antitumor activity | A. abrotanum | Essential oil | Aerial part | Monoterpenoids | Borneol, cymene, camphor, terpineol, 1,8-cineole, and aromadendrene | In vitro | Decrease in the survival of neoplastic cells of the RD (rhabdomyosarcoma). The viability of RD cells after the application of the essential oil at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL was 29.679%, 20.833%, and 20.256%, respectively. | [ |
| Methanolic extract | Leaves | Phenolic acids | Chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids | In vitro | Methanolic extract of A. abrotanum leaves in serial concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 µg/mL and its components (including chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid) inhibits the proliferation of cells of the Jurkat line (T-lymphoblastic leukemia line, IC50 = 82.64 µg/mL), MCF-7 line (breast adenocarcinoma line, IC50 = 71.04 µg/mL), HeLa line (cervical adenocarcinoma line, IC50 = 49.97 µg/mL), and HT-29 line (colorectal adenocarcinoma line, IC50 = 54.75 µg/mL). | [ |
||
| A. dracunculus | hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, acetonitrile and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) | Leaves | Polyphenols, alkamides | nt * | In vitro (mouse lymphoma L5178YD cells) | Inhibition of the proliferation of mouse lymphoma cells (L5178YD) due to the presence of polyphenols and alkamides in leaf extracts. In the control group the tumor cell count was 17.969 × 106, the acetonitrile extract from A. dracunculus leaves reduced the cell count to 0.1 × 106. | [ |
|
| Alleviating allergy symptoms | A. abrotanum | Essential oil and isolated flavonoids | Aerial part | Monoterpenoids, flavonoids | 1,8-Cineole, davanone, linalool, centaureidine dimethylether, casticin and quercetin | In vivo | Relief of symptoms of allergic rhinitis with possible concomitant allergic conjunctivitis, symptoms of bronchial obstruction, and symptoms of exercise-induced asthma by using a nasal spray with a mixture of essential oils and flavonoids present in A. abrotanum. | [ |
| Digestion-stimulating activity | A. absinthium | Ethanol | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo | Change in postprandial hemodynamics in the gastric digestive phase with increased hyperemia, probably due to the effects of bitter compounds contained in the herb of the plant. | [ |
| Appetite-stimulating activity | A. absinthium | nt | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vivo | Enrichment of sheep fodder with silage containing A. absinthium increases the amount of fodder consumed, improves digestion, induces nitrogen retention, and has a positive effect on the development of microorganisms involved in nitrogen assimilation. | [ |
| nt | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vivo | Improvement in nutrient supply and digestion, faster growth, improvement in carcass quality, and the amount of fatty acids among Hanwoo steers. | [ |
||
| Antiulcer activity | A. absinthium | carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, hexane | Aerial part and root | nt | nt | In vivo (rats) | Decrease in gastric juice volume, reduction in gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and decrease in the digestion rate. | [ |
| Hepatoprotective activity | A. absinthium | Hydro-methanol | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (rats) | A. absinthium extracts (in dose 500 mg/kg) inhibit liver microsomal enzymes (20%) that are responsible for the metabolism of xenobiotics. | [ |
| Methanol | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (rats) | Methanolic extracts from the herb of the plant (in dose 50 mg/kg) protect liver cells by reducing ALAT (alanine aminotransferase) and ASPAT (aspartate aminotransferase) levels and by reducing oxidative damage. | [ |
||
| Aqueous | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (mice) | Protection of the liver due to the immunomodulatory and/or antioxidant properties of A. absinthium (in dose 500, 100, or 200 mg/kg body weight/day). | [ |
||
| A. dracunculus | Hydro-ethanol | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (rats) | The extract (at dose 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) decreased the levels of ALAT, ASPAT, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin and increased total protein levels. | [ |
|
| A. vulgaris | Hydro-ethanol | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vivo (mice) | Prophylactic protective effect limiting inflammation, cellular edema, apoptotic cell count, and hyperemia of the hepatic parenchyma of hydro-ethanolic extract (at dose 600 mg/kg). | [ |
|
| Antispasmolytic activity | A. vulgaris | Chloroform and methanol | Herb | Sesquiterpenoids | Yomogin and 1,2,3,4-diepoxy-11(13)-eudesmen-12,8-olide | In vivo (guinea pigs) | Antagonism toward H1 histamine receptors. | [ |
| Anthelmintic activity | A. absinthium | Aqueous and an ethanolic | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vivo (sheep) | Extracts from A. absinthium (in dose 2 g/kg body weight) cause paralysis and/or death of Haemonchus contortus nematodes and reduce (80.49%) the number of the parasite’s eggs in the host’s feces. | [ |
| Essential oil | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vivo (mice) | Lethal effect on Trichinella spiralis larvae. | [ |
||
| Ethanolic | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (rabbits) | Lethal effect of A. absinthium ethanolic extract on Ascaris suum eggs and Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae. | [ |
||
| Ethanolic extract | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vivo (sheep), in vitro (parasite motility inhibition test) | Lethal effect on H. contortus tested in vivo; reduction in its mobility in vitro. | [ |
||
| A. vulgaris | Methanol | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (rats) | Extract (at dose 300 mg/kg) inhibited activity against T. spiralis by 75.6% and 63.5% in the tongue, 53.4% and 37.7% in the diaphragm, 67.8% and 46.2% in the quadriceps, and 66.7% and 60.5% in the biceps–triceps muscles of rats. | [ |
|
| Antiprotozoal activity | A. absinthium | Aqueous and ethanolic extracts | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vitro (mice) | Lethal effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from A. absinthium on Plasmodium berghei (in dose 74 mg/kg). | [ |
| Hydro-ethanolic | Herb | nt | nt | In vitro (chloroquine-resistant (K1) and chloroquine-sensitive (CY27) strains of Plasmodium berghei) | Lethal effect of the hydro-ethanolic extract P. berghei. IC50 = 0.46 μg/mL for the K1 strain and IC50 = 0.195 μg/mL for the CY27. | [ |
||
| nt | Herb powdered | nt | nt | In vivo (human) | Lethal effect of capsuled powdered herb of A. absinthium in dose 500 mg on Entamoeba histolytica. | [ |
||
| Essential oil | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vitro | Lethal activity against the promastigotes and amastigotes forms of the protozoa Leishmania aethiopica and Leishmania donovani. MIC for both microorganisms in the promastigote form was 0.1565 μL/mL. | [ |
||
| Ethanol | Aerial part | Flavonoids, sesquiterpenoid lactone | Artemetin, casticin, hydroxypelenolide | In vitro | Lethal activity in vitro against Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi | [ |
||
| Essential oil | Aerial part | Sesquiterpenoids | (E)-Caryophyllene and 3,6-dihydrochamazulene | In vitro | Lethal effect of the essential oil on T. cruzi and on Trichomonas vaginalis. The compounds likely to be responsible for this activity are (E)-caryophyllene and 3,6-dihydrochamazulene. | [ |
||
| Aqueous and ethanolic | Aerial part | Sesquiterpenoids lactones | Artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin | In vitro | Inhibition (100%) of Naegleria fowleri growth by sesquiterpenoid lactones from A. absinthium. | [ |
||
| Aqueous | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vitro | Inhibition (88.9%) of A. absinthium aqueous extract against Plasmodium falciparum. | [ |
||
| A. annua | Methanol, ethanol, aqueous | Herb | Sesquiterpene lactone | Artemisinin | In vivo/In vitro | Lethal activity against Artemisia castellani of artemisinin and methanolic, ethanolic, and aqueous extracts from A. annua herb. | [ |
|
| n-Hexane, ethanol, and water | Leaves and seeds | nt | nt | In vitro | Compounds present in A. annua seed and leaf extracts have lethal activity against L. donovani. | [ |
||
| A. d racunculus | Hydro-ethanol | Herb | nt | nt | In vitro | The extract (at dose (100–1000 μg/mL) inhibited the development of the promastigote form of Leishmania major. The recorded MIC values of the extract after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h were: 962.03, 688.36 and 585.51 μg/mL. | [ |
|
| Immunostimulating activity | A. absinthium | Ethanolic | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (mice) | Induction of dendritic cell maturation by increasing the level of CD40 surface expression and by induction of cytokines. It was found that at 100 μg/mL extract the proliferation of T-lymphocytes was reduced by 78.2% relative to the control. | [ |
| nt | Herb | Polysaccharides | nt | In vivo (mice) | Induction of TH1 immune response and stimulation of nitric oxide production by macrophages. | [ |
||
| Immunosuppressive activity | A. annua | Ethanol | Herb | nt | nt | In vitro/In vivo | Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and reduction in IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b antibody levels after the administration of A. annua whole-plant extract (at dose 0.25, 0.5, and 1. 0 mg). | [ |
| nt | Herb | Sesquiterpene lactone | Artemisinin | In vivo (mice) | Artemisinin obtained from A. annua inhibits late-type hypersensitivity response and has a suppressive effect on calmodulin responsible for activation of T lymphocytes. | [ |
||
| A. d racunculus | Aqueous | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (mice) | The extract (at dose 100 mg/kg) reduced IL-17 (interleukin 17) and IFN-γ (interferon gamma) production and intensification of the phagocytosis process carried out by macrophages. | [ |
|
| Aqueous | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (mice) | Lowering of IL-17 and IL-23 (interleukin-23) levels and reduction in the infiltration of leukocytes into brain cells. | [ |
||
| Hydro-ethanol | Leaves | nt | nt | In vivo (mice) | Increased neutrophil levels and decreased lymphocyte levels after intraperitoneal administration of the hydroethanolic extract from the leaves (at dose 200 mg/kg). | [ |
||
| Cytotoxic activity | A. absinthium | Methanol | Leaves | nt | nt | In vitro | Inhibition of proliferation of breast cancer cells of MDA-MB-231 (50% at 20 g/mL) and MCF-7 lines (50%, at 25 g/mL). | [ |
| Essential oil | Aerial part | Sesquiterpenoids | (E)-Caryophyllene, germacrene D | In vitro | The essential oil, in particular (E)-caryophyllene and/or germacrene D, is toxic to tumor lines A548, NCI-H292, HCT116, MCF-7, and SK-MEL-5. | [ |
||
| A. annua | Ethyl acetate | Aerial part | Polyphenols | Caffeic acid, syringic aldehyde, dicaffeoylquinic acid isomer, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, dicaffeoylquinic acid isomer, mearnsetin 3-O-hexoside isomer, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, ferulic acid, caffeoylferuloylquinic acid isomer, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, diosmetin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, diferuloylquinic acid, quercetin, dicaffeoylferuloylquinic acid isomer, 3-O-methylquercetagetin, luteolin, 8-methoxykaempferol, 3,5-dimethoxyquercetagetin, caffeoyldiferuloyl quinic acid, kaempferol, 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone, and 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone | In vitro | Polyphenols present in A. annua inhibit adhesion of cancer cells to endothelial cells and inhibit epithelial–mesenchymal transition. | [ |
|
| nt | Herb | Sesquiterpenoid lactone | Artemisinin | In vivo | Regression of prostate cancer in a patient treated (at dose 5 mg/day) with capsules containing a concentrate with A. annua and bicalutamide. | [ |
||
| Methanol | Leaves | nt | nt | In vitro | Methanolic extract from A. annua leaves collected in Egypt showed significant cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, human lung cancer cell line, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. | [ |
||
| A. vulgaris | Methanol | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vitro | Inhibition of tumor cell growth in cancer cell lines: MCF-7 (IC50 = 190 ng/mL), HeLa (IC50 = 284 ng/mL), A7R5 (IC50 = 382 ng/mL), 293T (IC50 = 317 ng/mL), and SW-480 (IC50 = 778 ng/mL). | [ |
|
| Analgesic activity | A. absinthium | Methanolic | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (mice) | Reduction in temperature-induced pain in mice at doses of 300 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg. | [ |
| Essential oil/Aqueous | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vivo (mice) | Reduction in episodes in the writhing test and delay in pain response in the hot plate test in mice after the administration of A. absinthium essential oil (at doses of 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg) or aqueous extract (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg). | [ |
||
| A. annua | Essential oil | Herb | Monoterpenoids | Camphor, 1,8-cineol, and α-pinene | In vivo (mice) | Administration of essential oil (at dose 400 mg/kg) from A. annua herb, camphor, 1,8-cineol, and α-pinene in mice reduces (57%) writhing episodes caused by acetic acid. | [ |
|
| A. vulgaris | Hydro-ethanol | Aerial part | Flavonoids, phenolic acids | Rutoside, hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, and caffeic acid and its derivatives. | In vivo (mice) | Mild peripheral antinociceptive effect of extract (at dose 100 and 250 mg/kg). | [ |
|
| Inhibiting the activity of carbonic anhydrase I and II | A. dracunculus | Dichloromethane | Herb | Phenylpropanoid derivatives, sterols, coumarin | trans-Anethole, stigmasterol, herniarin, (2E,4E)-N-isobutylundeca-2,4-diene-8,10-diynamide, (2E,4E)-1-(piperidin-1-yl)undeca-2,4-diene-8,10-diyn-1-one and 1-(4’-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropane | In vitro | Compounds present in herbal extracts reduce the activity of carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I) and II (hCA II) (IC50 = 0.02 μg/mL for hCA I, and IC50 = 0.31 μg/mL for hCA II). | [ |
| Neuroprotective activity | A. absinthium | Methanol | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vivo (rats) | Methanolic extract (at dose 100 and 200 mg/kg) from A. absinthium, because of its antioxidant potential, reduces brain damage, inhibits lipid peroxidation, and restores the activity of enzymes involved in reducing oxidative stress. | [ |
| Aqueous | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (rats) | Protective effect of A. absinthium aqueous extract (at dose 200 mg/L) on glial cells and the dopaminergic system when exposed to lead. | [ |
||
| Herb | Sesquiterpenoid dimer | Caruifolin D | In vitro (BV2 microglial cells) | Caruifolin D in Absinthii herba inhibits the production of proinflammatory microglia mediators and reactive oxygen species and also inhibits protein C kinase and stress-activated kinases. | [ |
|||
| Antidepressant activity | A. absinthium | Methanol | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vivo (mice) | Shortening of the period of mouse immobility in the forced swim test (at dose 1000 mg/kg) and in the tail suspension test (at dose 500 mg/kg). | [ |
| A. dracunculus | Ethanol | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (mice) | Increased resistance to stressful situations and reduction in stress-related levels of inflammatory cytokines. | [ |
|
| Ethanol | Herb | Phenolic acids, flavonoids | Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid or luteolin and quercetin | In vivo (mice) | Phenolic compounds and flavonoids contained in the A. dracunculus herb extract (at dose dose of 200 mg/kg) reduce the immobility response time in mice in the writhing test and in the forced swim test. | [ |
||
| Ethanol | Herb | Coumarins | Herniarin, skimmin c | In vitro | Mild inhibition of hMAO-A (human monoamine oxidase A) and hMAO-B (human monoamine oxidase B) by extracts of A. dracunculus and compounds. Herniarin and skimmin c showed the inhibitory effects against hMAO A (IC50 = 51.76 and 73.47 μM, respectively) and hMAO B (IC50 = 0.84 and 1.63 mM, respectively). | [ |
||
| Procognitive activity | A. absinthium | Ethanol | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vitro (human cortical brain cells) | Extract in concentration 29 mg/mL had affinity for human muscarinic (99.8%) and nicotinic receptors (99.8%) responsible for cognitive functions. | [ |
| Neurotrophic activity | A. absinthium | Methanol, ethanol and aqueous | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vitro (PC12D cells (cell line of rat pheochromocytoma tumor) | Methanolic, ethanolic, and aqueous extracts from A. absinthium induce the nerve growth factor, which stimulates development of neurites. | [ |
| Nephroprotective activity | A. annua | Essential oil | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vivo (rats) | Administration of A. annua essential oil to rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride prevents kidney damage. | [ |
| Stabilizing cell membrane activity | A. absinthium | Hydroalcoholic | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vitro | Hydroalcoholic extract from A. absinthium prevents hemolysis of erythrocytes. | [ |
| Auxiliary action in obesity treatment | A. annua | Essential oil | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vitro | Reduction in fat droplet accumulation and inhibition of PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma), C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein), SREBP-1c (Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1), FAS, and ACC (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase) protein expression under the influence of A. annua essential oil. | [ |
| Hydro-ethanol | Leaves | nt | nt | In vivo (mice) | Reduction in insulin resistance, liver steatosis, and fibrosis. Lowering the levels of SREBP-1c, ChREBP (carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein), and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2). Inhibition of TGF-β1 and connective tissue growth factor. | [ |
||
| Hypoglycemic activity | A. dracunculus | Ethanol | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo | Encapsulated ethanolic extract of A. dracunculus (at dose 1000 mg for 90 days) decrease in glycated hemoglobin (5.8% in the control group, 5.6% in the test group), area under the curve for insulin (56.136 to 27.426 pmol/L in the control group, 44.472 to 23.370 pmol/L in the test group), total insulin secretion (0.45 to 0.23 in the control group, 0.35 to 0.18 in the test group), and systolic blood pressure (120 mm Hg in the control group, 113 mmHg in the test group), and increase in HDL-C. | [ |
| Hypolipemic activity | A. vulgaris | Aqueous | Root | nt | nt | In vivo (rat) | Normalized serum lipid profile, a significant increase in paraoxonase-1 activity, and decrease in serum malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels and in hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity. |
[ |
| Antihypertensive activity | A. vulgaris | Aqueous and chloroform | Aerial part | nt | nt | In vivo (rats) | A 10% solution of the aqueous extract inhibiting the hypertensive effect of noradrenaline. | [ |
| Bronchodilatory activity | A. vulgaris | Methanol | Aerial part | Alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, tannins, and terpenoids | nt | In vivo (rabbit jejunum and guinea pig trachea) | Anticholinergic and Ca2+ antagonist mechanisms. Histamine H1 antagonism in the ileum and trachea. | [ |
| Normalizing the profile of thyroid hormones | A. dracunculus | Aqueous | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo (rats) | Extract (at dose 300 mg/kg) caused increase in thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels, decrease in thyrotropin levels, increase in total antioxidant capacity, increase in glutathione, and decrease in malondialdehyde levels. | [ |
| Estrogenic activity | A. vulgaris | Ethyl acetate | Aerial part | Flavonoids | Eriodictyol and apigenin | In vivo (rats) | Antagonism toward the estrogen receptor and activation of gene transcription. Induction of gene transcription by eriodictyol and apigenin. Anti-implantation activity and estrogenic activity on female Wistar rats. | [ |
| Insect repellent activity | A. abrotanum | Toluene extract | Herb | Monoterpenoids, coumarins, phenolic acids | Camphor, coumarin and thujyl alcohol, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid | In vivo | Toluene extract from the herb A. abrotanum and the individual components of the extract showed an insect repellent effect against Ixodes ricinus and Aedes aegypti. After 4 and 8 h from the time of applying the ethanolic suspension of the toluene extract from the herb A. abrotanum, the recorded repellency rates were, respectively, 69.1% and 56.8% against Ixodes ricinus, and 100% and 86.7% against Aedes aegypti. | [ |
| A. dracunculus | Essential oil | Herb | nt | nt | In vitro | Inhibition of Calliphora vomitoria egg laying on fresh beef, on which the essential oil of A. dracunculus herb (at dose 0.05 μL/cm2) was applied. | [ |
|
| Essential oil | Herb | nt | nt | In vitro | Larvacidal effect against Anopheles stephensi under the influence of nanoemulsion of A. dracunculus essential oil (consisting of 0.35% tarragon oil, 10% of Tween 20 and deionized water). | [ |
||
| Anti-animal parasites activity | A. abrotanum | Reduction in the number of eggs of Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm), Syphacia obvelata, and Aspiculuris tetraptera (rodent pinworms) in the feces of mice after administration of ethanolic extract from A. abrotanum leaves. | [ |
|||||
| A. annua | Water, 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution, dichloromethane, and methanol | Leaves | Sesquiterpenoid lactones | Artemisinin | In vivo | Extracts from A. annua leaves inhibit the growth of larvae and the hatching of eggs of Haemnochus contortus (parasite of sheep and goats). | [ |
|
| Antiplasmodial activity | A. abrotanum | Ethanol/water (1/1) | Leaves | nt | nt | In vitro/Hemolysis assay | Notable antiprotozoal activity against P. falciparum under the influence of A. abrotanum-AgNPs in concentration ranging from 0.6 to 7.5 µg/mL. The inhibition dependent on concentration was 50%, 90%, and 99%. | [ |
| Antimalarial activity | A. annua | Methanol | Herb | nt | nt | In vivo | Improvement in malaria symptoms after treating patients with infusion of A. annua herb. Inactivation of protozoan calcium pump. | [ |
| Hydro-ethanol and aqueous | Leaves | nt | nt | In vivo | Lethal activity of hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts from A. annua leaves (at dose 20 mg/kg) against P. falciparum and P. berghei. | [ |
||
| nt | Herb | Sesquiterpenoid lactones | Artemisinin | In vitro | Interference of artemisinin with protein metabolism and mitochondrial activity of Plasmodium spp. protozoa. | [ |
||
| nt | Leaves | Sesquiterpenoid lactones | Artemisinin | In vitro | Synergism of action of artemisinin and other compounds present in A. annua leaves against P. falciparum. | [ |
||
| A. vulgaris | Ethanol | Leaves | nt | nt | In vitro | Activity against Plasmodium yoelii and P. berghei. The extract at doses of 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg significantly inhibited parasitemia by 79.3%, 79.6%, and 87.3%, respectively. | [ |
* nt—not tested.
Possible applications of Artemisia species in cosmetology as recommended by the CosIng database [
| Species | INCI Name | Description | Functions |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. abrotanum | Artemisia abrotanum extract | Extract of the whole plant of the Southernwood, A. abrotanum | Skin protecting |
| Artemisia abrotanum leaf/stem extract | Extract of the flowers, leaves, and stems of the Southernwood, A. abrotanum | Moisturizing |
|
| A. absinthium | Artemisia absinthium extract | Extract of the whole herb of the Wormwort, A. absinthium | Skin conditioning |
| Artemisia absinthium herb extract | Extract obtained from the flowering herb of the Wormwort, A. absinthium | Perfuming | |
| Artemisia absinthium herb oil | “Wormwood Oil”, essential oil obtained from the flowering herb of the Wormwort, A. absinthium. It contains thujyl alcohol, thujyl acetate, thujone, phellandrene, cadinene, and a blue oil | Perfuming | |
| Artemisia absinthium oil | Volatile oil obtained from the whole plant of the Wormwort, A. absinthium | Antimicrobial | |
| Artemisia absinthium/Chamaecyparis obtusa wood extract | Extract of the whole plant, A. absinthium, and the wood of C. obtusa | Antimicrobial |
|
| A. annua | Artemisia annua (leaf/stem)/Ficus carica fruit/Ginkgo biloba leaf extract | Extract of the leaves and stems of A. annua, the fruit of F. carica, and the leaves of G. biloba | Skin conditioning |
| A. annua callus extract | Extract of the callus of A. annua grown in culture | Antimicrobial |
|
| Artemisia annua extract | Extract of the whole herb, A. annua | Fragrance | |
| Artemisia annua flower/leaf/stem extract | Extract of the flowers, leaves, and stems of A. annua | Skin conditioning—miscellaneous | |
| Artemisia annua herb oil | Essential oil obtained from the whole herbs of the plant A. annua | Perfuming | |
| Artemisia annua leaf extract | Extract obtained from the leaves of the plant A. annua | Antiseborrheic |
|
| Artemisia annua leaf/stem extract | Extract of the leaves and stems of A. annua | Skin conditioning | |
| Artemisia annua meristem cell extract | Extract of the cultured meristem cells of A. annua | Antioxidant | |
| Artemisia annua oil | Volatile oil obtained from the whole plant, A. annua | Antioxidant |
|
| Artemisia annua seed extract | Extract of the seeds of A. annua | Antioxidant | |
| Artemisia annua/Citrus junos fruit/Pinus densiflora leaf extract | Extract of the whole plant A. annua, the fruit of C. junos, and the leaves of P. densiflora | Skin protecting | |
| A. dracunculus | Artemisia dracunculus flower | Flower of A. dracunculus | Skin conditioning |
| Artemisia dracunculus herb extract | Extract obtained from the whole herb of the Tarragon, A. dracunculus | Perfuming | |
| Artemisia dracunculus leaf/stem extract | Extract of the leaves and stems of the Tarragon, A. dracunculus | Fragrance | |
| Artemisia dracunculus oil | Essential oil obtained from the whole herbs of the Tarragon, A. dracunculus | Perfuming |
|
| Artemisia dracunculus root extract | Extract of the roots of the Tarragon, A. dracunculus | Skin conditioning | |
| Artemisia dracunculus seed/Anthemis nobilis seed/Hypericum androsaemum seed extract | Extract of the seeds of the Tarragon, A. dracunculus, A. nobilis, and H. androsaemum | Skin conditioning | |
| A. vulgaris | Artemisia vulgaris extract | Extract of the whole plant of the Common Mugwort, A. vulgaris | Skin conditioning |
| Artemisia vulgaris herb extract | Extract obtained from the whole herb of the Common Mugwort, A. vulgaris | Perfuming | |
| Artemisia vulgaris leaf extract | Extract of the leaves of A. vulgaris | Antioxidant |
|
| Artemisia vulgaris oil | Volatile oil obtained from the whole herb of the Common Mugwort, A. vulgaris | Perfuming |
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; Rzepiela, Agnieszka 3 ; Klin, Paweł 4 ; Szopa, Agnieszka 1
1 Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
2 Department of Dermatology, Cosmetology and Aesthetic Surgery, The Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc 19a, 25-516 Kielce, Poland
3 Museum of Pharmacy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Floriańska 25, 31-019 Kraków, Poland
4 US Army Health Clinic, Urlas Kaserne, Building 8156, 91522 Ansbach, Germany